Mussels blow rings: Jet behavior affects local mixing

Benthic suspension feeders such as dreissenid mussels (Dreissena polymorpha and D. rostriformis bugensis) are often found in remarkably dense aggregations (i.e.>10(5) mussels m(- 2)), which is surprising, given their high clearance rates and limited mixing within the benthic boundary layer. Results from flow visualization in flow chamber experiments indicate that there is indeed limited mixing around mussel aggregations at low flows and that siphonal jets can increase mixing around and above these aggregations. Using particle image velocimetry (PIV) to further investigate the underlying hydrodynamics of these jets, we characterized differences in velocity and vorticity among four siphonal behaviors (e.g., slow flux, streaming, exhalant jets, and inhalant jets), including both continuous and pulsatile jets, the latter of which generate free vortex rings. Incorporating these hydrodynamic characteristics into a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model revealed that siphonal jets increased mixing, expressed as vertical diffusivity in the benthic boundary layer. These differences were most pronounced at slow vs. fast cross-stream velocities, but those differences diminished several body lengths (i.e. 10(-1) m to 10(-2) m) downstream. The results from PIV measurements and CFD modeling suggest that benthic suspension feeders can influence patterns of local mixing, which would affect mass transport and biogeochemical processes in the near-bed region. This underscores the need for physical-biologically linked models to incorporate the behavior of benthic suspension feeding invertebrates.