Characterization of CcTFL1 Governing Plant Architecture in Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.)

Growth habits are among the essential adaptive traits acted upon by evolution during plant speciation. They have brought remarkable changes in the morphology and physiology of plants. Inflorescence architecture varies greatly between wild relatives and cultivars of pigeon pea. The present study isolated the CcTFL1 (Terminal Flowering Locus 1) locus using six varieties showing determinate (DT) and indeterminate (IDT) growth habits. Multiple alignments of CcTFL1 sequences revealed the presence of InDel, which describes a 10 bp deletion in DT varieties. At the same time, IDT varieties showed no deletion. InDel altered the translation start point in DT varieties, resulting in the shortening of exon 1. This InDel was validated in ten varieties of cultivated species and three wild relatives differing in growth habits. The predicted protein structure showed the absence of 27 amino acids in DT varieties, which was reflected in mutant CcTFL1 by the absence of two alpha-helices, a connecting loop, and shortened beta-sheet. By subsequent motif analysis, it was found that the wild-type protein had a phosphorylation site for protein kinase C, but the mutant protein did not. In silico analysis revealed that the InDel-driven deletion of amino acids spans, containing a phosphorylation site for kinase protein, may have resulted in the non-functionality of the CcTFL1 protein, rendering the determinate growth habit. This characterization of the CcTFL1 locus could be used to modulate growth habits through genome editing.

Automated summary

The CcTFL1 locus plays a crucial role in determining the growth habits of pigeon pea. An InDel mutation in this gene leads to changes in the protein structure and functionality, which in turn determines the growth habits of the plant. This study provides valuable insights into the potential use of genome editing to modulate plant growth habits.