4.6 Review

Screening for NAFLD-Current Knowledge and Challenges

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a systematic review

Zobair M. Younossi et al.

Summary: A comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted to assess the global and regional prevalence, incidence, and mortality of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The results showed that the global prevalence of NAFLD is 30% and increasing, highlighting the need for urgent and comprehensive strategies to raise awareness and address NAFLD on local, regional, and global levels.

HEPATOLOGY (2023)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Validation of the new 2021 EASL algorithm for the noninvasive diagnosis of advanced fibrosis in NAFLD

Clemence M. Canivet et al.

Summary: This study validates the algorithm proposed by EASL in its latest 2021 guidelines for the diagnosis of advanced fibrosis in NAFLD. The algorithm shows high accuracy in noninvasive tests and effectively reduces the need for liver biopsy.

HEPATOLOGY (2023)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Dietary patterns and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Korean adults: a prospective cohort study

Jialei Fu et al.

Summary: This study aimed to investigate the association between dietary patterns and the risk of NAFLD. The findings showed that a prudent dietary pattern was associated with a lower risk of NAFLD, while a flour-based food and meat pattern was associated with a higher risk of NAFLD.

BMJ OPEN (2023)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Primary Care Providers and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Needs Assessment Survey

Kendall B. Islam et al.

Summary: The study found that primary care providers had uncertainties and inconsistencies in diagnosing and managing NAFLD. They had some awareness of the importance of fibrosis but lacked knowledge about FIB-4. However, they showed positive attitudes toward potential tools and guidelines to improve NAFLD management, and time constraint was not a major barrier.

DIGESTIVE DISEASES AND SCIENCES (2023)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

PNPLA3 eGenotype and Diabetes Identify Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease at High Risk of Incident Cirrhosis

Vincent L. Chen et al.

Summary: The PNPLA3-rs738409 genotype and diabetes can be used to identify the risk of cirrhosis in patients with NAFLD. Patients with PNPLA3-rs738409 genotype and diabetes had a similar incidence rate of cirrhosis to those with high-risk FIB4 scores. These findings suggest that PNPLA3 genotyping may improve prognostication and allow for prioritization of intensive intervention in NAFLD patients.

GASTROENTEROLOGY (2023)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Meta-analysis: Enhanced liver fibrosis test to identify hepatic fibrosis in chronic liver diseases

Alexander Hinkson et al.

Summary: This review summarized the evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of the Enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) test for staging of hepatic fibrosis. The meta-analysis revealed considerable variability in the ability of ELF to stage fibrosis across different liver diseases.

ALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (2023)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Non-obese or lean non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was associated with increased risk of cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Ning Chen et al.

Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the independent associations of NAFLD, especially non-obese or lean NAFLD, and BMI on risks of cancer in patients with T2DM. The study found a significant association between NAFLD and increased risk of cancer, particularly for non-obese or lean patients. This suggests that screening and management of NAFLD should be strengthened, especially for patients with lower or normal weight, in order to improve cancer prevention and management in patients with T2DM.

BMJ OPEN DIABETES RESEARCH & CARE (2023)

Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Blood Endotoxin Levels as Biomarker of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Josefin Soppert et al.

Summary: This study provides evidence that blood endotoxin levels are associated with gut permeability and disease stage in patients with NAFLD. Blood endotoxin levels can serve as a diagnostic biomarker for NAFLD and can be used for staging during disease progression.

CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY (2023)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Clinical decision support automates care gap detection among primary care patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Ashley Spann et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the ability of an electronic health record-embedded clinical decision support system to risk stratify and identify care gaps in patients with NAFLD. The results showed that NAFLD patients often lacked annual screening labs in primary care settings, and only a small percentage of patients received further evaluation and treatment.

HEPATOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS (2023)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Low Accuracy of FIB-4 and NAFLD Fibrosis Scores for Screening for Liver Fibrosis in the Population

Isabel Graupera et al.

Summary: This study found that FIB-4 and NFS have suboptimal accuracy for screening fibrosis in low-prevalence populations, with a high risk of overdiagnosis and a non-negligible percentage of false-negatives. Waist circumference emerges as a potential method for identifying individuals at risk for liver fibrosis in the general population.

CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY (2022)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

An exploration of barriers and facilitators to implementing a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease pathway for people with type 2 diabetes in primary care

Lucy Gracen et al.

Summary: From the perspective of healthcare practitioners, there is a gap in clinical practice for the implementation of clear, evidence-based guidelines for NAFLD in people with type 2 diabetes. By focusing on comorbidity prevention and integrating NAFLD as a diabetes complication to be addressed during established cycles of care, many barriers to implementing a NAFLD pathway in primary care could be overcome.

DIABETIC MEDICINE (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Intestinal Barrier and Its Dysfunction in Patients with Metabolic Diseases and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Roberta Forlano et al.

Summary: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasing cause of liver disease worldwide, mirroring the epidemics of obesity and metabolic syndrome. There is an increasing body of evidence showing a crucial role of the crosstalk between the gut and the liver in the development and progression of NAFLD. Gut permeability is an important factor associated with the development of NAFLD, type-2 diabetes, and obesity, and may be a potential therapeutic target for NAFLD patients.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

Article Economics

Cost-effectiveness and potential value of pharmaceutical treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Vinod K. Rustgi et al.

Summary: A Markov model was used to evaluate the clinical and economic impact of a hypothetical pharmaceutical intervention for NAFLD. The results showed that drug treatment reduced liver-related mortality and had a certain cost-effectiveness, but the drug price needs to be moderate for reasonable value.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ECONOMICS (2022)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Primary Care and Endocrinology Clinical Settings Co-Sponsored by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD)

Kenneth Cusi et al.

Summary: This article provides evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) for endocrinologists, primary care clinicians, and other stakeholders. The guideline includes 34 evidence-based clinical practice recommendations and contains relevant citations.

ENDOCRINE PRACTICE (2022)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

An international survey on patterns of practice in NAFLD and expectations for therapies-The POP-NEXT project

Vlad Ratziu et al.

Summary: This international survey revealed differences and deficiencies in the patient care pathways and management of NAFLD patients among different countries. It highlighted issues such as delayed and suboptimal referral, incomplete screening for comorbidities, limited availability of nonpharmacological interventions, and monitoring practices not aligned with current guidelines.

HEPATOLOGY (2022)

Article Nutrition & Dietetics

European guideline on obesity care in patients with gastrointestinal and liver diseases- Joint ESPEN/UEG guideline

Stephan C. Bischoff et al.

Summary: This guideline provides evidence-based advice on how to care for patients with chronic gastrointestinal diseases and concomitant obesity, with a focus on multidisciplinary care.

CLINICAL NUTRITION (2022)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Prevalence and predictors of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in subjects with morbid obesity and with or without type 2 diabetes

Erminia Lembo et al.

Summary: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of biopsy-proven non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in a cohort of patients with morbid obesity, with or without type 2 diabetes (T2D), and to identify non-invasive predictors of NASH severity. The findings showed a higher prevalence of NASH in patients with morbid obesity and T2D, and T2D was found to increase the risk of NASH. Additionally, there was an inverse correlation between BMI and biopsy-proven NASH.

DIABETES & METABOLISM (2022)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Effect of common genetic variants on the risk of cirrhosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease during 20 years of follow-up

Magnus Holmer et al.

Summary: The study found that the PNPLA3 G/G genotype is associated with an increased rate of severe liver disease in patients with NAFLD, while overall mortality is not affected by any genetic variant.

LIVER INTERNATIONAL (2022)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Real-world management of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis differs from clinical practice guideline recommendations and across regions

Quentin M. Anstee et al.

Summary: Despite the availability of reference guidelines for the management of NASH patients, there are differences in clinical practice in the real world, particularly in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Wider establishment and reference to guidelines may help improve how physicians identify and manage NASH patients.

JHEP REPORTS (2022)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Hepatocellular carcinoma in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with or without cirrhosis: a population-based study

Kanokwan Pinyopornpanish et al.

Summary: This study identified major risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. In non-cirrhotic NAFLD patients, older male patients with a history of smoking, diabetes, and elevated alanine aminotransferase had the highest risk of developing HCC.

BMC GASTROENTEROLOGY (2021)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Untargeted metabolomics as a diagnostic tool in NAFLD: discrimination of steatosis, steatohepatitis and cirrhosis

Mario Masarone et al.

Summary: The study utilized metabolomics analysis to differentiate metabolic profiles of different stages in NAFLD patients, revealing key metabolites that could potentially serve as biomarkers for disease progression. Additionally, the use of an ensemble machine learning model demonstrated high accuracy in predicting clinical stages of NAFLD.

METABOLOMICS (2021)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Dietary patterns and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Ammar Salehi-sahlabadi et al.

Summary: The study suggests that healthy and western dietary patterns may be associated with the risk of NAFLD. These findings can be utilized to develop interventions promoting healthy eating habits for the prevention of NAFLD.

BMC GASTROENTEROLOGY (2021)

Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

NAFLD: Reporting Histologic Findings in Clinical Practice

Elizabeth M. Brunt et al.

Summary: Liver biopsy plays a crucial role in the evaluation of NASH, providing specific means of diagnosis and patient identification. This White Paper sponsored by AASLD NASH Task Force focuses on histopathological evaluation of NASH, distinctions from other liver diseases, and special situations such as advanced fibrosis and pediatric cases. Semiquantitative methods for evaluating disease activity and fibrosis are discussed, along with scoring tables and a suggested reporting model. Figures are included to highlight key histopathologic elements of NASH.

HEPATOLOGY (2021)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Liver function tests and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: Changes in upper normal limits, does it really matter?

Roberta Forlano et al.

Summary: Lowering the upper limit of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) may decrease the percentage of individuals with significant disease while still having normal ALT levels, but could increase the proportion of individuals with elevated ALT and no evidence of advanced disease. Overall, liver function tests have limited ability to distinguish between different stages of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. Therefore, risk stratification for MAFLD should involve a combination of risk factors rather than relying solely on liver function tests.

WORLD JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2021)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Ozone as Modulator of Resorption and Inflammatory Response in Extruded Nucleus Pulposus Herniation. Revising Concepts

Maria de los Angeles Erario et al.

Summary: Ozone therapy for extruded disc herniation acts by modulating the immune response, activating macrophages to phagocytose the extruded nucleus pulposus. It facilitates the transition from an inflammatory phase to a reparative phase of macrophages. Further studies are needed to confirm this mechanism.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis-2021 update

Annalisa Berzigotti et al.

Summary: The article provides the latest update to the EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the use of non-invasive tests for assessing liver disease severity and prognosis, with a focus on topics with relevant evidence published in the last 5 years.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Modelling the cost effectiveness of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease risk stratification strategies in the community setting

Stephen E. Congly et al.

Summary: Utilizing 2D ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE) for strategies proved to be the most cost-effective in diagnosing >= F2 fibrosis. For >= F3 fibrosis, using FIB-4 followed by SWE was the most effective and least costly strategy. Further evaluation is needed for the timing of repeating non-invasive strategies to enhance the cost-effective management of NAFLD.

PLOS ONE (2021)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

The Association Between Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease, Stroke, and Extrahepatic Cancers

Nicolette Veracruz et al.

Summary: NAFLD is associated with increased risks of CVD and stroke or cerebrovascular disease among adults, as well as potentially increased risk of breast and colorectal cancers. However, due to the low quality of evidence, strong conclusions cannot be made to modify screening policies for CVD, stroke, or cancer in patients with NAFLD.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEPATOLOGY (2021)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Screening in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in the Primary Care Setting

Joana Vieira Barbosa et al.

Summary: NAFLD is a major public health issue globally, with its burden expected to increase. Patients with T2DM are at high risk for NASH and advanced fibrosis, urging for NAFLD screening. A simple algorithm can efficiently identify high-risk individuals in primary care or diabetology clinics.

HEPATOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Mechanisms of Fibrosis Development in NASH

Robert F. Schwabe et al.

GASTROENTEROLOGY (2020)

Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Intestinal microbiome and NAFLD: molecular insights and therapeutic perspectives

Haiming Hu et al.

JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY (2020)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease burden: Australia, 2019-2030

Leon A. Adams et al.

JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY (2020)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Interface Between Primary Care and Hepatology Clinics

Harendran Elangovan et al.

HEPATOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

The European NAFLD Registry: A real-world longitudinal cohort study of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Timothy Hardy et al.

CONTEMPORARY CLINICAL TRIALS (2020)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Is the Fastest Growing Cause of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Liver Transplant Candidates

Zobair Younossi et al.

CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY (2019)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Obesity and Weight Gain Are Associated With Progression of Fibrosis in Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Yejin Kim et al.

CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY (2019)

Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Global Perspectives on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Zobair Younossi et al.

HEPATOLOGY (2019)

Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: From pathophysiology to therapeutics

Stergios A. Polyzos et al.

METABOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL (2019)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Altered amino acid concentrations in NAFLD: Impact of obesity and insulin resistance

Melania Gaggini et al.

HEPATOLOGY (2018)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

High red and processed meat consumption is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance

Shira Zelber-Sagi et al.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2018)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Molecular phenomics and metagenomics of hepatic steatosis in non-diabetic obese women

Lesley Hoyles et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2018)

Article Primary Health Care

GPs' experiences and perceptions of early detection of liver disease: a qualitative study in primary care

Holly C. Standing et al.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF GENERAL PRACTICE (2018)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Magnetic resonance imaging and transient elastography in the management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

Ma Ai Thanda Han et al.

EXPERT REVIEW OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (2017)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Development and Validation of an Algorithm to Identify Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in the Electronic Medical Record

Kathleen E. Corey et al.

DIGESTIVE DISEASES AND SCIENCES (2016)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Histology of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Adults and Children

David E. Kleiner et al.

CLINICS IN LIVER DISEASE (2016)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis

Giovanni Targher et al.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2016)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

The multiple-hit pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

Elena Buzzetti et al.

METABOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL (2016)

Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

GUIDELINES Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): summary of NICE guidance

Jessica Glen et al.

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2016)

Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

GUIDELINES Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): summary of NICE guidance

Jessica Glen et al.

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2016)

Review Medical Laboratory Technology

Gut-liver axis, nutrition, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Irina A. Kirpich et al.

CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (2015)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Sugar-sweetened beverage, diet soda, and fatty liver disease in the Framingham Heart Study cohorts

Jiantao Ma et al.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2015)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Hepatocellular cancer: The impact of obesity, type 2 diabetes and a multidisciplinary team

Jessica Dyson et al.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2014)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Primary care practitioners survey of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Adnan Said et al.

ANNALS OF HEPATOLOGY (2013)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Dawn M. Torres et al.

CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY (2012)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Increases Risk of Death Among Patients With Diabetes: A Community-Based Cohort Study

Leon A. Adams et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY (2010)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Insulin Resistance in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

E. Bugianesi et al.

CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL DESIGN (2010)

Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Weighty Connection

Brad Q. Starley et al.

HEPATOLOGY (2010)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Antibiotics protect against fructose-induced hepatic lipid accumulation in mice:: Role of endotoxin

Ina Bergheim et al.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2008)

Review Cell Biology

Adipocyte dysfunctions linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes

Adilson Guilherme et al.

NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY (2008)

Letter Gastroenterology & Hepatology

FIB-4: A simple, inexpensive and accurate marker of fibrosis in HCV-infected patients

Anais Vallet-Pichard et al.

HEPATOLOGY (2006)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

DE Kleiner et al.

HEPATOLOGY (2005)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Serum markers detect the presence of liver fibrosis: A cohort study

WMC Rosenberg et al.

GASTROENTEROLOGY (2004)