Development of an ultrasensitive microfluidic assay for the analysis of Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in blood

Letter Clinical Neurology

Plasma GFAP in presymptomatic and symptomatic familial Alzheimer's disease: a longitudinal cohort study

Antoinette O'Connor et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY (2023)

Article Clinical Neurology

Serum GFAP and NfL Levels Differentiate Subsequent Progression and Disease Activity in Patients With Progressive Multiple Sclerosis

Christian Barro et al.

Summary: Neurodegeneration and astrocytic activation are characteristic pathological features of progressive MS. sNfL and sGFAP can be used as tools to stratify patients based on progression and disease activity status.

NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION (2023)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Characterization of pre-analytical sample handling effects on a panel of Alzheimer's disease-related blood-based biomarkers: Results from the Standardization of Alzheimer's Blood Biomarkers (SABB) working group

Inge M. W. Verberk et al.

Summary: Pre-analytical sample handling can impact Alzheimer's disease blood-based biomarkers. Different collection tube types resulted in varying values of assessed markers, with delayed centrifugation and storage affecting A beta and t-tau. Standardized operating procedures for plasma handling were constructed to facilitate the incorporation of blood-based biomarkers into research and clinical settings.

ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA (2022)

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Article Medical Laboratory Technology

Pre-analytical stability of serum biomarkers for neurological disease: neurofilament-light, glial fibrillary acidic protein and contactin-1

Zoe Y. G. J. van Lierop et al.

Summary: The study found that most pre-analytical handling variations had little effect on NfL and CNTN1 levels, while GFAP showed good stability under all pre-analytical variables. For sample handling, it is recommended to store serum NfL at room temperature for up to 6 hours or at room temperature for up to 24 hours, and to perform a maximum of two freeze-thaw cycles for serum CNTN1.

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AND LABORATORY MEDICINE (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Current and Future Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis

Jennifer Yang et al.

Summary: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating autoimmune disorder with a lack of effective treatment for the progressive form. Neurofilament light chain (NfL) has emerged as a potential biomarker for predicting MS disease activity and progression, but it is not specific to MS and can be influenced by age, BMI, and blood volume. Other biomarkers of axonal damage, neuronal damage, glial dysfunction, demyelination, and inflammation have also been studied, but they may face similar limitations as NfL. A comprehensive panel including cellular studies, miRNAs, EVs, metabolomics, metabolites, and the microbiome could provide a more useful approach. Further research using advanced technology and statistical approaches is needed to identify novel and useful biomarkers for MS.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Serum GFAP differentiates Alzheimer's disease from frontotemporal dementia and predicts MCI-to-dementia conversion

Patrick Oeckl et al.

Summary: This study reveals differences in serum levels of GFAP in AD and bvFTD, showing an early increase in MCI-AD and superior diagnostic performance for AD compared to NfL.

JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY (2022)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in Blood as a Disease Biomarker of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders

Hyunjin Kim et al.

Summary: Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is released into body fluids by damaged astrocytes and can be detected in blood using single-molecule array technology. This protein shows potential as a biomarker for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and its pathogenic antibodies against aquaporin 4 on astrocytes.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Biomarkers of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Biology, Taxonomy, Clinical Relevance, and Current Research Status

Dorota Konickova et al.

Summary: The understanding of neurodegenerative diseases has shifted in the past 20 years, from being seen as well-defined entities to complex and heterogeneous processes. Diagnosis primarily requires brain imaging techniques or invasive tests, but identifying specific proteinopathies is difficult due to overlap in clinical diagnoses. Laboratory methods to identify biomarkers are urgently needed to improve diagnosis, monitor disease progression, and evaluate treatment effects.

BIOMEDICINES (2022)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Differences between blood and cerebrospinal fluid glial fibrillary Acidic protein levels: The effect of sample stability

Joel Simren et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates large stability differences of GFAP in CSF and serum, but this disparity does not seem to fully explain the stronger association of serum GFAP with A beta pathology.

ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA (2022)

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Article Neurosciences

A Combination of Neurofilament Light, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, and Neuronal Pentraxin-2 Discriminates Between Frontotemporal Dementia and Other Dementias

Katharina Bolsewig et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates the diagnostic potential of a combination of novel biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood for differentiating frontotemporal dementia (FTD) from other neurodegenerative disorders.

JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE (2022)

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Article Psychiatry

Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein is elevated in cognitively normal older adults at risk of Alzheimer's disease

Pratishtha Chatterjee et al.

Summary: The study found that plasma GFAP levels are elevated in cognitively normal older adults at risk of AD, indicating that astrocytic damage or activation may start from the pre-symptomatic stage of the disease and is associated with brain Aβ load. The potential of plasma GFAP to contribute to a diagnostic blood biomarker panel, along with plasma Aβ 1-42/Aβ 1-40 ratios, for cognitively normal older adults at risk of AD was highlighted by the observations from the present study.

TRANSLATIONAL PSYCHIATRY (2021)

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Review Clinical Neurology

A candidate biomarker of glial fibrillary acidic protein in CSF and blood in differentiating multiple sclerosis and its subtypes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

MengJiao Sun et al.

Summary: The study found that levels of CSF-GFAP are associated with MS and its different subtypes, reflecting varying degrees of astrocyte damage in different MS subtypes. Progressive MS is more closely linked to increased cerebrospinal fluid GFAP levels than relapsing-remitting MS, suggesting GFAP may be a useful marker of disease progression. Additionally, blood GFAP levels in MS patients are higher than those in the control group, warranting further verification with a larger sample size in the future.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND RELATED DISORDERS (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Differences Between Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Levels Across the Alzheimer Disease Continuum

Andrea L. Benedet et al.

Summary: The study suggests that plasma GFAP is a sensitive biomarker for detecting reactive astrogliosis and Aβ pathology in early stages of AD, outperforming CSF GFAP. Plasma GFAP levels accurately discriminate between Aβ-positive and Aβ-negative individuals, with higher accuracy than CSF GFAP.

JAMA NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein detects Alzheimer pathology and predicts future conversion to Alzheimer dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment

Claudiaf Cicognola et al.

Summary: Plasma GFAP can detect AD pathology in patients with MCI and predict conversion to AD dementia, showing potential clinical utility.

ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases

Oskar Hansson

Summary: Biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases play a crucial role in improving diagnostic workup and therapy monitoring, with emerging blood-based markers and discussions on their implementation in clinical practice and trials.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Pathological Computed Tomography Features Associated With Adverse Outcomes After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury A TRACK-TBI Study With External Validation in CENTER-TBI

Esther L. Yuh et al.

Summary: Pathological CT features after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) were found to have different prognostic implications, with some patterns of injury associated with worse outcomes than others. This study supports the need for TBI-specific education and systematic follow-up for patients with mTBI and specific CT features.

JAMA NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Effects of pre-analytical procedures on blood biomarkers for Alzheimer's pathophysiology, glial activation, and neurodegeneration

Nicholas J. Ashton et al.

Summary: The study revealed significant effects of tube types and freeze-thaw cycles on blood biomarker levels. It is recommended to use the same tube type for measurements in research studies, establish individual concentration cut-offs for different biomarkers, and limit freeze-thaw cycles to less than 3 times.

ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology