☆ 4.6 Review

Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: A Comprehensive Review of Transmission, Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Prevention

MICROORGANISMS (2023)

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Review Virology

Mechanisms of Neuroinvasion and Neuropathogenesis by Pathologic Flaviviruses

Liset de Vries et al.

Summary: Flaviviruses are globally distributed viruses that cause significant morbidity and mortality. They can reach the central nervous system by disrupting or bypassing the blood-brain barrier, as well as through axonal transport from peripheral nerves. Once in the CNS, flaviviruses cause various neurological symptoms through different mechanisms. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the mechanisms of neuroinvasion and neuropathogenesis of flaviviruses and discusses the potential contributions and timing of each pathway.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2023)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Evaluation of under-testing and under-diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis in Germany

Katharina Schley et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the real-world laboratory testing rates for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Germany, and found that patients with typical TBE symptoms are likely under-tested, leading to under-diagnosis.

BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2023)

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Review Immunology

Severe Arboviral Neuroinvasive Disease in Patients on Rituximab Therapy: A Review

Ronak K. Kapadia et al.

Summary: This study summarizes the clinical findings of patients on rituximab who developed arboviral diseases. The results show that patients on rituximab can experience severe and prolonged course of arboviral infections with a low serologic response.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2023)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Immune Functions of Astrocytes in Viral Neuroinfections

Jernej Jorgacevski et al.

Summary: Neuroinfections of the central nervous system can be caused by various pathogens, with viruses being the most common and potentially deadly. Viral infections not only affect host cells and cellular processes, but also trigger a strong immune response. This response is regulated by microglia and astrocytes, with the latter being one of the first cell types to become infected. Astrocytes are also recognized as potential viral reservoirs and their response can have significant effects on cellular and tissue physiology. This review summarizes current knowledge on virus receptors in astrocytes and their involvement in immune functions of the central nervous system.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2023)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Comparison of Extraction Methods for the Detection of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus RNA in Goat Raw Milk and Cream Cheese

Irene Mueller et al.

Summary: This study compares different virus extraction methods for the detection of TBEV-RNA in goat raw milk and goat raw milk cream cheese. The results show that direct RNA extraction from the aqueous interphase after sample centrifugation is the most effective method for raw milk, while treatment of the samples with TRI Reagent and chloroform prior to RNA extraction is the best method for cream cheese.

FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY (2023)

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Review Virology

T Cells in Tick-Borne Flavivirus Encephalitis: A Review of Current Paradigms in Protection and Disease Pathology

E. Taylor Stone et al.

Summary: The Flaviviridae family consists of diverse arthropod-borne viruses that cause globally relevant diseases in humans. Infection with certain flaviviruses, like West Nile virus, Zika virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, and Powassan virus, can lead to neuroinvasive diseases such as meningitis or encephalitis. T cells have been identified as a contributor to neuroinflammation, but their role in tick-borne flavivirus encephalitis requires further study. Understanding the involvement of T cells in tick-borne flavivirus encephalitis is crucial for improving vaccine safety and efficacy, as well as developing treatments for human disease.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2023)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Tick-borne encephalitis in pediatrics: An often overlooked diagnosis

Assilina Parfut et al.

Summary: Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) transmitted by infected Ixodes ricinus ticks. TBEV-Eu is endemic in 27 European countries, and there has been an increase in TBE incidence, even in countries with low endemicity. Children with TBE may experience severe forms and long-term cognitive impairment. This review comprehensively describes TBEV incidence, transmission routes, clinical manifestations, imaging findings, and long-term outcomes in children, as well as vaccination recommendations in European countries.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES NOW (2023)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Efficacy and safety of intravenous immunoglobulins for the treatment of viral encephalitis: a systematic literature review

Judith N. Wagner et al.

Summary: The data on the efficacy of IVIG therapy in viral encephalitis is heterogeneous, and while generally safe, clear superiority over supportive treatment has not yet been demonstrated. Future trials should focus on investigating the optimal dosing and timing of IVIG, as well as their benefits in immunosuppressed patients.

JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY (2022)

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Review Virology

Alimentary Infections by Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus

Martina Lickova et al.

Summary: Tick-borne encephalitis virus can be transmitted to humans through ticks and the alimentary route, which involves consuming raw milk products from infected ruminants. The alimentary route of TBEV infection is recognized as a contributing factor to the increase in TBE incidence in Europe.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Food-Borne Transmission of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus-Spread, Consequences, and Prophylaxis

Alicja M. M. Buczek et al.

Summary: Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a common viral neurological disease in Eurasia, transmitted through tick bites and consumption of infected milk and dairy products. TBE outbreaks from milk consumption occur in central, eastern, and north-eastern Europe. Consumers of unpasteurised milk are especially vulnerable. Pasteurisation and vaccination are effective prevention measures.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH (2022)

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Review Biology

Ticks and their epidemiological role in Slovakia: from the past till present

Michal Stanko et al.

Summary: In Slovakia, 22 tick species have been identified, with some species posing public health risks. These ticks carry and transmit various pathogens, including tick-borne encephalitis virus, Borrelia bacteria, and Babesia parasites. Incidence rates of tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme borreliosis have been increasing in Slovakia, while human cases of rickettsiosis and anaplasmosis remain sporadic.

BIOLOGIA (2022)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Method for tick-borne encephalitis virus detection in raw milk products

Catherine Hennechart-Collette et al.

Summary: A molecular method based on the international standard was developed to detect TBEV in raw milk products. The recovery rates of TBEV varied under different inoculation levels and conditions. The sensitivity and reliability of the method were confirmed, making it suitable for routine diagnosis and assessment of potential health risks.

FOOD MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Review Microbiology

Potential Mechanisms of Transmission of Tick-Borne Viruses at the Virus-Tick Interface

Mahvish Maqbool et al.

Summary: Ticks are important vectors for transmitting pathogens to humans, animals, and wildlife. Tick-borne viruses are highly pathogenic and pose a significant threat to public health, especially in resource-poor communities. Understanding tick saliva, host interactions, and control strategies is crucial in preventing tick-borne viral diseases.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Integrative RNA profiling of TBEV-infected neurons and astrocytes reveals potential pathogenic effectors

Martin Selinger et al.

Summary: This study provides a comprehensive analysis of alterations in host gene expression during TBEV infection in different cell lines, revealing significant changes in inflammatory and immune response pathways, nervous system development, and mitosis regulation. These changes are likely responsible for the differences in virulence manifestation between TBEV strains.

COMPUTATIONAL AND STRUCTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL (2022)

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Review Microbiology

Human Co-Infections between Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and Other Ixodes-Borne Microorganisms: A Systematic Review

Pierre H. Boyer et al.

Summary: Co-infections in tick-borne diseases are common, involving both ticks carrying multiple pathogenic microorganisms and humans being simultaneously infected with multiple tick-borne microorganisms. A systematic review found possible co-infections between Lyme borreliosis and other tick-borne microorganisms. Most cases of co-infections were characterized by patients having one tick-borne disease and antibodies against another tick-borne microorganism. Co-disease was particularly frequent in patients with high fever and erythema migrans or neurological symptoms linked to tick-borne encephalitis virus or neuroborreliosis.

PATHOGENS (2022)

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Review Microbiology

Recommendations to Improve Tick-Borne Encephalitis Surveillance and Vaccine Uptake in Europe

Michael Kunze et al.

Summary: There has been an increase in reported cases of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe since 2015, reaching a peak in some countries in 2020. However, TBE surveillance is currently limited due to varying diagnostic guidelines, access to testing, and awareness of TBE, resulting in underestimated prevalence and inadequate vaccination recommendations. This review summarizes the findings of a workshop that aimed to improve TBE surveillance and vaccine uptake in Europe. Strategies to address these issues include aligning diagnostic criteria and testing, expanding vaccine recommendations, and increasing public education about the risks of TBEV infection.

MICROORGANISMS (2022)

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Review Microbiology

Epidemiological Trends of Trans-Boundary Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Europe, 2000-2019

Mulugeta A. Wondim et al.

Summary: Tick-borne encephalitis is a neuroinfection widely distributed in the Euro-Asia region, primarily transmitted by infected ticks. The total number of confirmed cases reported in Europe from 2000 to 2019 was 51,519, with a decrease in cases in 2014 and 2015 but an increasing trend since 2015.

PATHOGENS (2022)

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Article Virology

Identification of Host Factors Differentially Induced by Clinically Diverse Strains of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus

Niluka Goonawardane et al.

Summary: Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), spread by ticks, causes neurological disease. There is currently no specific treatment for TBE. The study generated a self-replicating TBEV replicon to compare highly pathogenic and low pathogenic TBEV strains. The study showed that the replicon of the highly pathogenic strain replicated more in mammalian cells, while the difference was related to the NS5 region. The study also found different host cell responses driven by NS5 that may contribute to the different clinical characteristics of TBEV strains.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2022)

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Article Parasitology

Predicting habitat suitability for Ixodesricinus and Ixodespersulcatus ticks in Finland

Ruut Uusitalo et al.

Summary: This study used species distribution modeling techniques to predict the distributions of two tick species in Finland. The results can be used for vector control strategies and modeling the risk for tick-borne diseases.

PARASITES & VECTORS (2022)

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Review Virology

A Journey to the Central Nervous System: Routes of Flaviviral Neuroinvasion in Human Disease

Eleanor M. Marshall et al.

Summary: This review focuses on the mechanisms of arboviral neuroinvasion, specifically on the haematogenous and transneural routes employed by flaviviruses. The gaps in knowledge regarding lesser-studied interfaces and novel routes are identified. The complex balance of pro-inflammatory and antiviral immune responses, particularly in the context of the hypothesized Trojan horse mechanism, is also discussed.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

The epidemiology of infectious diseases in Europe in 2020 versus 2017-2019 and the rise of tick-borne encephalitis (1995-2020)

Victoria A. Jenkins et al.

Summary: Health control measures implemented in Europe in 2020 to combat COVID-19 had varying effects on infectious diseases. While the cases of many diseases decreased, the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis actually increased. This could be attributed to increased outdoor activities and higher tick counts in endemic regions. The World Health Organization recommends vaccination for all age groups, including children, in highly endemic areas.

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES (2022)

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Review Immunology

Serological cross-reactivity among common flaviviruses

Kai Rol Chan et al.

Summary: The Flavivirus genus consists of mosquito-borne or tick-borne viruses and other viruses transmitted by unknown vectors. These viruses pose a significant threat to global health, infecting up to 400 million people annually. This review focuses on the serological cross-reactivity between DENV serotypes, ZIKV, WNV, and JEV. The diagnosis of Flavivirus-associated human disease requires direct and molecular techniques, and various serological assays have been developed. However, interpreting the results of these assays is challenging due to the broad antigenic cross-reactivity of antibodies to these viruses. Neutralization tests remain the gold standard for differentiating these flaviviruses.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Immunology

Quantification of Antiviral Cytokines in Serum, Cerebrospinal Fluid and Urine of Patients with Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Croatia

Snjezana Zidovec-Lepej et al.

Summary: Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a significant arbovirus affecting the human CNS in Europe. Limited data on cytokine response in TBEV infection. TBE patients have higher levels of IL-6 and IFN-gamma in CSF compared to controls. Different clinical samples of TBE patients show a diverse network of early innate immune response cytokines.

VACCINES (2022)

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Article Immunology

Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Foodborne Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Europe, 1980-2021

Meital Elbaz et al.

Summary: This article describes cases of alimentary transmission of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe over the past 4 decades. Most cases occurred during the warmer months and were associated with consuming unpasteurized dairy products from goats. The median incubation period was short, and neuroinvasive disease was common.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Letter Immunology

Breast Milk as Route of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Transmission from Mother to Infant

Jana Kerlik et al.

Summary: This is a case of probable transmission of Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) from an unvaccinated mother to an infant through breast-feeding. It highlights the importance of being cautious when exposed to infected animals or consuming raw food products, especially for individuals who are not vaccinated.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Immunology

Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics and Outcome of Illness Caused by Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus without Central Nervous System Involvement

Petra Bogovic et al.

Summary: Information on febrile illness caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) without central nervous system involvement is limited. This study characterized 98 patients who had TBEV RNA in their blood but no central nervous system involvement at the time of evaluation. The most common symptoms were malaise or fatigue, fever, headache, and myalgias. Laboratory findings showed leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and abnormal liver test results.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Review Biology

Prevention of tick-borne diseases: challenge to recent medicine

Dominika Hromnikova et al.

Summary: Ticks are important vectors and reservoirs of pathogens, causing various diseases in humans and animals. The feeding stage of ticks, during which pathogens are transmitted, is the main focus of research in tick protection against tick-borne diseases. Physiological functions in ticks, controlled by neuropeptides and peptide hormones, may play a role in the transmission of pathogens causing Lyme borreliosis or tick-borne encephalitis. Ticks are not reservoirs or vectors for the spread of COVID-19 disease. Finding new vaccination methods to protect against ticks and their transmissible pathogens is a significant challenge considering global changes and increasing human migration.

BIOLOGIA (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Selected Biomarkers of Tick-Borne Encephalitis: A Review

Monika Gudowska-Sawczuk et al.

Summary: Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an acute disease caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus, with no curative treatment available. The flu-like symptoms in the initial phase of the disease make diagnosis difficult, while the neurological phase affects structures in the central nervous system. Biomarkers such as free light chains and metalloproteinases have shown potential in evaluating TBE.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

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Article Virology

Powassan Viruses Spread Cell to Cell during Direct Isolation from Ixodes Ticks and Persistently Infect Human Brain Endothelial Cells and Pericytes

Jonas N. Conde et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2021)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Changing the Recipe: Pathogen Directed Changes in Tick Saliva Components

Michael Pham et al.

Summary: Ticks are obligatory hematophagous parasites that transmit a wide range of pathogens, including those causing Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis. They secrete pharmacologically active molecules in their saliva to counteract host defense mechanisms and create a conducive environment for pathogen transmission. These bioactive molecules in tick saliva may be manipulated by tick-transmitted pathogens to enhance their survival and evasion of host defenses.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Low Virus-Specific IgG Antibodies in Adverse Clinical Course and Outcome of Tick-Borne Encephalitis

Petra Bogovic et al.

Summary: Serum IgG antibody levels against TBEV at the onset of neurologic involvement are crucial for determining the clinical course and long-term outcome of Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), with low levels associated with more severe clinical manifestations.

MICROORGANISMS (2021)

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Article Virology

New advances in immune components mediating viral control in the CNS

Ilena Vincenti et al.

Summary: Protective immune responses in the CNS must be efficient yet tightly controlled to avoid excessive damage. Understanding anti-viral immune responses is crucial, particularly in the context of neurotropic viruses, to prevent devastating clinical outcomes.

CURRENT OPINION IN VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Enterovirus A71 causing meningoencephalitis and acute flaccid myelitis in a patient receiving rituximab

Ronak K. Kapadia et al.

Summary: This case emphasizes the importance of considering enteroviral infection in patients treated with rituximab, describes a possible clinical course of enteroviral meningoencephalitis and AFM, and illustrates the importance of testing multiple sites for enterovirus infection.

JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Sequential MAVS and MyD88/TRIF signaling triggers anti-viral responses of tick-borne encephalitis virus-infected murine astrocytes

Luca Ghita et al.

Summary: In TBEV-infected mice, astrocytes are important producers of IFN-beta, showing biphasic induction that depends on MAVS initially and later on MyD88/TRIF signaling. Astrocytes play a crucial role in early anti-viral responses, while MAVS deficiency negatively affects this response, resulting in increased TBEV replication. Treatment with inhibiting peptides can reduce late IFN-beta responses in WT astrocytes and block entirely IFN-beta responses in MAVS-deficient astrocytes after TBEV exposure.

JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Health Care Sciences & Services

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated non-pharmaceutical interventions on other notifiable infectious diseases in Germany: An analysis of national surveillance data during week 1-2016 - week 32-2020

Alexander Ullrich et al.

Summary: During the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany, notifications for most infectious diseases drastically decreased, with respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases showing the largest declines.

LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-EUROPE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Double Trouble: Severe Meningoencephalitis Due to Borrelia burgdorferi and Powassan Virus Co-Infection Successfully Treated with Intravenous Immunoglobulin

Igor Dumic et al.

Summary: This case report describes a 76-year-old man with meningoencephalitis caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and Powassan virus co-infection. The patient showed gradual neurological improvement following treatment with IVIG. Treatment for Powassan virus infection is currently supportive, and further research is needed to determine the best approach for patients co-infected with two pathogens.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

The potential impact of climate change on the transmission risk of tick-borne encephalitis in Hungary

Kyeongah Nah et al.

BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Article Immunology

Pathological modeling of TBEV infection reveals differential innate immune responses in human neurons and astrocytes that correlate with their susceptibility to infection

Mazigh Fares et al.

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Evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid CXCL13 concentrations and lymphocyte subsets in tick-borne encephalitis

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: A Quest for Better Vaccines against a Virus on the Rise

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Dermacentor reticulatus is a vector of tick-borne encephalitis virus

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Travel restrictions and lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic-impact on notified infectious diseases in Switzerland

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Investigating novel approaches to tick-borne encephalitis surveillance in Sweden, 2010-2017

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Migratory birds as disseminators of ticks and the tick-borne pathogens Borrelia bacteria and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus: a seasonal study at Ottenby Bird Observatory in South-eastern Sweden

Peter Wilhelmsson et al.

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Disappearance of TBEV Circulation among Rodents in a Natural Focus in Alsace, Eastern France

Laure Bournez et al.

PATHOGENS (2020)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Tick-borne encephalitis outbreak following raw goat milk consumption in a new micro-location, Croatia, June 2019

Maja Ilic et al.

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Geographic distribution of Tick-borne encephalitis virus complex

Jae Hyoung Im et al.

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Maja Potokar et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2019)

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Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe and Russia: Review of pathogenesis, clinical features, therapy, and vaccines

Daniel Ruzek et al.

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Transnational exchange of surveillance data reveals previously unrecognized TBEV microfocus

Lukas Frans Ocias et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH (2019)

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Ixodid ticks and tick-borne encephalitis virus prevalence in the South Asian part of Russia (Republic of Tuva)

Ivan Kholodilov et al.

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Inflammatory Immune Responses in the Pathogenesis of Tick-Borne Encephalitis

Petra Bogovic et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE (2019)

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Exploring the Reservoir Hosts of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus

Anna Michelitsch et al.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2019)

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Detection of new endemic focus of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Hampshire/Dorset border England, September 2019

Maya Holding et al.

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An evaluation of serological methods to diagnose tick-borne encephalitis from serum and cerebrospinal fluid

Chantal Reusken et al.

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Jiri Cerny et al.

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Tick-borne infections and co-infections in patients with non-specific symptoms in Poland

Justyna Dunaj et al.

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Christopher J. Neufeldt et al.

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Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: A Structural View

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The long-term outcome of tick-borne encephalitis in Central Europe

Petra Bogovic et al.

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Structure of tick-borne encephalitis virus and its neutralization by a monoclonal antibody

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Cell-Mediated Immune Responses and Immunopathogenesis of Human Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus-Infection

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Two Cases of Severe Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Rituximab-Treated Patients in Germany: Implications for Diagnosis and Prevention

Philipp A. Steininger et al.

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Tick-borne encephalitis in Japan, Republic of Korea and China

Kentaro Yoshii et al.

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Anne Piantadosi et al.

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An outbreak of tick-borne encephalitis associated with raw goat milk and cheese consumption, Croatia, 2015

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Membrane Anchors of the Structural Flavivirus Proteins and Their Role in Virus Assembly

Janja Blazevic et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2016)

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The 3.8 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of Zika virus

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SCIENCE (2016)

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Transmission and evolution of tick-borne viruses

Doug E. Brackney et al.

CURRENT OPINION IN VIROLOGY (2016)

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West Nile Virus Central Nervous System Infection in Patients Treated With Rituximab: Implications for Diagnosis and Prognosis, With a Review of Literature

Sejal Morjaria et al.

OPEN FORUM INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2015)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Tick-borne encephalitis: A review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management

Petra Bogovic et al.

WORLD JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CASES (2015)

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Structure of Acidic pH Dengue Virus Showing the Fusogenic Glycoprotein Trimers

Xinzheng Zhang et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2015)

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A Preliminary Randomized Double Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Intravenous Immunoglobulin for Japanese Encephalitis in Nepal

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PLOS ONE (2015)

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Receptors and routes of dengue virus entry into the host cells

Christine Cruz-Oliveira et al.

FEMS MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS (2015)

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Tick borne encephalitis without cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis

Dasa Stupica et al.

BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2014)

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Infection and injury of human astrocytes by tick-borne encephalitis virus

Martin Palus et al.

JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY (2014)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Detection and genetic characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) derived from ticks removed from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and isolated from spleen samples of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Croatia

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TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES (2014)

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A toggle switch controls the low pH-triggered rearrangement and maturation of the dengue virus envelope proteins

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NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2014)

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Sequential conformational rearrangements in flavivirus membrane fusion

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ELIFE (2014)

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Review Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Ixodes ricinus and its transmitted pathogens in urban and peri-urban areas in Europe: new hazards and relevance for public health

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FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH (2014)

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Article Infectious Diseases

May early intervention with high dose intravenous immunoglobulin pose a potentially successful treatment for severe cases of tick-borne encephalitis?

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BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2013)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

N-linked glycan in tick-borne encephalitis virus envelope protein affects viral secretion in mammalian cells, but not in tick cells

Kentaro Yoshii et al.

JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY (2013)

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Cryo-EM structure of the mature dengue virus at 3.5-angstrom resolution

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NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (2013)

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Review Parasitology

Driving forces for changes in geographical distribution of Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe

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PARASITES & VECTORS (2013)

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Virus Detection in Questing Ticks is not a Sensitive Indicator for Risk Assessment of Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Humans

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ZOONOSES AND PUBLIC HEALTH (2013)

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Management of suspected viral encephalitis in adults - Association of British Neurologists and British Infection Association National Guidelines

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Heparan Sulfate Facilitates Rift Valley Fever Virus Entry into the Cell

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JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2012)

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Revisiting the Clinal Concept of Evolution and Dispersal for the Tick-Borne Flaviviruses by Using Phylogenetic and Biogeographic Analyses

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Tick-borne encephalitis: Clinical findings and prognosis in adults

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WIENER MEDIZINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT (2012)

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Molecular mechanisms of flavivirus membrane fusion

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AMINO ACIDS (2011)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Viral infections in workers in hospital and research laboratory settings: a comparative review of infection modes and respective biosafety aspects

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2011)

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The Unique Transmembrane Hairpin of Flavivirus Fusion Protein E Is Essential for Membrane Fusion

Richard Fritz et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2011)

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Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus in Ixodes ricinus Ticks Collected in Slovenia

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VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES (2011)

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Rodents as Sentinels for the Prevalence of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus

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VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES (2011)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Tick-borne encephalitis 2010: Epidemiology, risk areas, and virus strains in Europe and Asia-An overview

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TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES (2011)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Transmission of tick-borne pathogens between co-feeding ticks: Milan Labuda's enduring paradigm

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TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES (2011)

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Letter Immunology

European Subtype Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus in lxodes persulcatus Ticks

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EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2011)

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Vaccine failures after active immunisation against tick-borne encephalitis

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VACCINE (2010)

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GAG-binding variants of tick-borne encephalitis virus

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Alternative infectious entry pathways for dengue virus serotypes into mammalian cells

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CELLULAR MICROBIOLOGY (2009)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Tick-borne encephalitis virus - a review of an emerging zoonosis

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JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY (2009)

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Association of the pr Peptides with Dengue Virus at Acidic pH Blocks Membrane Fusion

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JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2009)

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Molecular evidence for tick-borne encephalitis virus in ticks in South Korea

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MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY (2009)

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Characteristics of antibody responses in tick-borne encephalitis vaccination breakthroughs

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VACCINE (2009)

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Influence of climatic factors on dynamics of questing Ixodes ricinus ticks in Slovenia

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Vertical transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus between generations of adapted reservoir small rodents

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Characterization of dengue virus entry into HepG2 cells

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Changing the protease specificity for activation of a flavivirus, tick-borne encephalitis virus

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JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2008)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

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LANCET (2008)

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Modification of intracellular membrane structures for virus replication

Sven Miller et al.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2008)

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Review Immunology

Tick-borne encephalitis incidence in Central and Eastern Europe: consequences of political transition

Sarah E. Randolph

MICROBES AND INFECTION (2008)

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Structure of the immature dengue virus at low pH primes proteolytic maturation

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Article Microbiology

Dissecting the Cell Entry Pathway of Dengue Virus by Single-Particle Tracking in Living Cells

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PLOS PATHOGENS (2008)

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Genetic determinants of virulence in pathogenic lineage 2 West Nile virus strains

Elizabeth M. Botha et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2008)

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Characterization of the early events in dengue virus cell entry by biochemical assays and single-virus tracking

Hilde M. van der Schaar et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2007)

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Functional requirements of the yellow fever virus capsid protein

Chinmay G. Patkar et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2007)

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Genetic characterization of tick-borne flaviviruses: New insights into evolution, pathogenetic determinants and taxonomy

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VIROLOGY (2007)

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The secreted form of dengue virus nonstructural protein NS1 is endocytosed by hepatocytes and accumulates in late endosomes: Implications for viral infectivity

S Alcon-LePoder et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2005)

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Article Virology

The importance of tick-borne encephalitis virus RNA detection for early differential diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis

A Saksida et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY (2005)

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Review Virology

Steps of the tick-borne encephalitis virus replication cycle that affect neuropathogenesis

CW Mandl

VIRUS RESEARCH (2005)

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Article Immunology

Role of the N-linked glycans of the prM and E envelope proteins in tick-borne encephalitis virus particle secretion

A Goto et al.

VACCINE (2005)

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Review Microbiology

A structural perspective of the Flavivirus life cycle

S Mukhopadhyay et al.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2005)

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Conformational changes of the flavivirus E glycoprotein

Y Zhang et al.

STRUCTURE (2004)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Current concepts - Flavivirus encephalitis

T Solomon

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2004)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Tick-borne virus diseases of human interest in Europe

RN Charrel et al.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2004)

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Structure of West Nile virus

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SCIENCE (2003)

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Diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis

H Holzmann

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Molecular aspects of TBE virus research

FX Heinz

VACCINE (2003)

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Role of heparan sulfate for attachment and entry of tick-borne encephalitis virus

H Kroschewski et al.

VIROLOGY (2003)

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B cells and antibody play critical roles in the immediate defense of disseminated infection by West Nile encephalitis virus

MS Diamond et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2003)

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Cleavage of protein prM is necessary for infection of BHK-21 cells by tick-borne encephalitis virus

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JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY (2003)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

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ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH (2003)

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Capsid protein C of tick-borne encephalitis virus tolerates large internal deletions and is a favorable target for attenuation of virulence

RM Kofler et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2002)

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Structure of dengue virus: Implications for flavivirus organization, maturation, and fusion

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CELL (2002)

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Role of metastability and acidic pH in membrane fusion by tick-borne encephalitis virus

K Stiasny et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2001)

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Attenuation of tick-borne encephalitis virus by structure-based site-specific mutagenesis of a putative flavivirus receptor binding site

CW Mandl et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2000)

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Infectious cDNA clones of Langat tick-borne flavivirus that differ from their parent in peripheral neurovirulence

MS Campbell et al.

VIROLOGY (2000)

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Laboratory findings in tick-borne encephalitis - Correlation with clinical outcome

R Kaiser et al.

INFECTION (2000)

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