Immunization with Recombinant Accessory Protein-Deficient SARS-CoV-2 Protects against Lethal Challenge and Viral Transmission

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins ORF7a and ORF3a use distinct mechanisms to down-regulate MHC-I surface expression

Najla Arshad et al.

Summary: Two accessory proteins encoded by SARS-CoV-2, ORF3a and ORF7a, down-regulate MHC-I expression through distinct mechanisms, reducing surface MHC-I levels and enabling immune evasion by the virus.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2023)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

COVID-19: Clinical status of vaccine development to date

Sunny Kumar et al.

Summary: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a complex disease with no specific drugs available for treatment. Global vaccination is seen as the only hope for minimizing the severity and mortality. After extensive research and clinical trials, 165 vaccine candidates have been developed, with 28 approved for use and others in different stages of clinical trials. This comprehensive report aims to provide an up-to-date clinical trial status of all discovered vaccines, focusing on the approved candidates, as well as vaccination of medically distinct populations.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (2023)

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Article Microbiology

Live-attenuated vaccine sCPD9 elicits superior mucosal and systemic immunity to SARS-CoV-2 variants in hamsters

Geraldine Nouailles et al.

Summary: In hamsters, compared the live-attenuated vaccine sCPD9, mRNA vaccine BNT162b2, and adenovirus-vectored vaccine with SARS-CoV-2 challenge, sCPD9 vaccine elicited the strongest immune response, including rapid viral clearance, reduced tissue damage, fast differentiation of pre-plasmablasts, strong systemic and mucosal humoral responses, and rapid recall of memory T cells from lung tissue after heterologous SARS-CoV-2 challenge.

NATURE MICROBIOLOGY (2023)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Advanced Materials for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines

Moustafa T. Mabrouk et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has led to millions of deaths globally and emphasized the importance of vaccines. Advanced technologies have enabled rapid development and deployment of COVID-19 vaccines, although access is limited in many developing countries. Different vaccine platforms and nanomaterials have been used to develop COVID-19 vaccines. Continued development of vaccine technologies is crucial for dealing with the ongoing and future pandemics.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins reveal distinct serological signatures in children

Asmaa Hachim et al.

Summary: The antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 in children is less studied compared to adults. This study shows that children have lower levels of antibodies to structural proteins and suggests that antibodies to non-structural proteins can be used to differentiate infection and vaccination. The study also found that the magnitude and kinetics of the antibody response may affect the severity of COVID-19 and long-term protection. Antibodies to internal proteins of the virus may be an important tool for sero surveillance in the pediatric population.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Article Cell Biology

SARS-CoV-2 ORF10 impairs cilia by enhancing CUL2ZYG11B activity

Liying Wang et al.

Summary: The ORF10 protein in SARS-CoV-2 increases the activity of the CUL2(ZYG11B) complex, leading to cilia dysfunction. Exposure to the virus or ORF10 expression in respiratory cells causes cilia damage and specific symptoms related to COVID-19.

JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Virology

SARS-CoV-2 ORF10 antagonizes STING-dependent interferon activation and autophagy

Lulu Han et al.

Summary: A characteristic feature of COVID-19 is the dysregulated immune response and overwhelming inflammatory cytokine storm. This study demonstrates that the ORF10 protein of SARS-CoV-2 interacts with STING, impairing the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and weakening the innate antiviral immunity.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2022)

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Article Immunology

Immune dysregulation and immunopathology induced by SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses - are we our own worst enemy?

Lok-Yin Roy Wong et al.

Summary: Human coronaviruses can cause a wide range of diseases, with severe cases characterized by dysregulated host immune responses and active viral interference. The severity of disease is mainly determined by host immune responses and viral interference.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Review Microbiology

Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19

Ben Hu et al.

Summary: This review summarizes the research progress on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, including virology characteristics, pathogenesis, and recent advances in treatment methods. Furthermore, it discusses in detail the potential wildlife hosts and zoonotic origin of this emerging virus.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Rapid in vitro assays for screening neutralizing antibodies and antivirals against SARS-CoV-2

Jun-Gyu Park et al.

Summary: The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global pandemic with no approved vaccines or antivirals, putting pressure on the scientific community to develop effective treatments.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Loss of furin cleavage site attenuates SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis

Bryan A. Johnson et al.

Summary: The genetic mutation in SARS-CoV-2 resulted in better fitness in some cells but lower replication capacity in human respiratory cell lines. Despite reducing disease symptoms, the Delta PRRA mutant provided protection against rechallenge with the wildtype SARS-CoV-2.

NATURE (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

The Future of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination - Lessons from Influenza

Arnold S. Monto

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamic in vivo using reporter-expressing viruses

Chengjin Ye et al.

Summary: The study presents a novel strategy placing reporter genes upstream of the highly expressed viral nucleocapsid gene to efficiently visualize SARS-CoV-2 in infected cells and organisms. Real-time viral infection can be tracked noninvasively using an in vivo imaging system, helping to identify neutralizing antibodies. The reporter-expressing rSARS-CoV-2 maintained pathogenicity and stability, supporting their use for investigating viral infection, dissemination, pathogenesis, and therapeutic interventions in vivo.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Structural insight reveals SARS-CoV-2 ORF7a as an immunomodulating factor for human CD14+ monocytes

Ziliang Zhou et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 ORF7a interacts efficiently with human CD14(+) monocytes, triggering inflammatory responses such as decreased HLA expression and increased production of proinflammatory cytokines. This suggests that ORF7a may be a key immunomodulating factor in the severe immune response seen in COVID-19 patients.

ISCIENCE (2021)

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Article Virology

Contribution of SARS-CoV-2 Accessory Proteins to Viral Pathogenicity in K18 Human ACE2 Transgenic Mice

Jesus A. Silvas et al.

Summary: The study identified ORF3a and ORF6 as major contributors to viral pathogenesis in SARS-CoV-2, while ORF7a, ORF7b, and ORF8 had little impact on disease outcome. Additionally, the use of a reverse-genetics system to generate recombinant SARS-CoV-2 constructs lays the foundation for developing live attenuated vaccines for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Virology

A Bifluorescent-Based Assay for the Identification of Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern In Vitro and In Vivo

Kevin Chiem et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates the feasibility of using bifluorescent-based assays for rapid identification of hMAbs with neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2, including VoC, both in vitro and in vivo. The results obtained with these bifluorescent-based assays accurately recapitulate those observed with individual viruses, showcasing their potential for advancing our understanding of vaccine efficacy and identifying broadly protective human NAbs for therapeutic treatment of SARS-CoV-2.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Scalable live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate demonstrates preclinical safety and efficacy

Ying Wang et al.

Summary: COVI-VAC is an attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine currently in development, which was engineered by recoding a segment of the viral spike protein and deleting the furin cleavage site for added safety. Studies have shown that intranasal vaccination with COVI-VAC in Syrian golden hamsters resulted in lower tissue viral loads, milder lung pathology, and reduced weight loss compared to those inoculated with wild-type virus. Additionally, COVI-VAC generated similar levels of spike IgG antibodies and plaque reduction neutralization titers as wild-type virus inoculation, and provided protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Development of safe and highly protective live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates by genome recoding

Jakob Trimpert et al.

Summary: This study constructed a series of live attenuated vaccine candidates through large-scale recoding of the SARS-CoV-2 genome, evaluating their safety and efficacy in Syrian hamsters. Two tested viruses were found to be highly immunogenic and induced strong protective immunity without causing clinical symptoms in the animals, showing potential as vaccines to combat the ongoing pandemic.

CELL REPORTS (2021)

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Article Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2 suppresses IFNβ production mediated by NSP1, 5, 6, 15, ORF6 and ORF7b but does not suppress the effects of added interferon

Maya Shemesh et al.

Summary: Type I interferons play a crucial role in combating viral infections, yet SARS-CoV-2 virus has evolved to disrupt immune defenses by blocking IFN beta production through six genes. Despite reducing pSTAT1 levels, the virus still activates antiviral programs and remains sensitive to added interferon, presenting a therapeutic opportunity.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2021)

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Review Immunology

Adenoviral vector vaccine platforms in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Samir Andrade Mendonca et al.

Summary: Adenoviral vector vaccines have been extensively studied as candidates for COVID-19, showing potential to induce potent and balanced immune responses. Several of these vaccines are currently in human clinical trials, supported by government agencies for rapid translational development.

NPJ VACCINES (2021)

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Article Immunology

Adaptive immune determinants of viral clearance and protection in mouse models of SARS-CoV-2

Benjamin Israelow et al.

Summary: Research demonstrates that both humoral and cellular immunity play a role in clearing SARS-CoV-2, and convalescent mice or mice vaccinated with mRNA are protected from infection with both the wild type virus and the B.1.351 variant. This protection is mainly mediated by antibody response rather than cellular immunity.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal