4.7 Review

Microalgal polyunsaturated fatty acids: Hotspots and production techniques

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Recent progress in extraction/transesterification techniques for the recovery of oil from algae biomass

Zaara Ali et al.

Summary: The exploration of alternative and sustainable sources of fuel production is crucial due to increasing demand, shortages in affordable fossil fuels, and environmental pollution. Natural microalgae associated with bacteria have shown promise as an energy source as they thrive in all natural environments and contribute to the carbon cycle. However, the extraction of lipids from microalgae cells is complex due to their cell structure and characteristics. Current dry extraction methods consume more energy than the extraction itself. A cost-effective and efficient technology for biodiesel extraction from microalgae is still lacking. Studies suggest that eliminating the drying step and extracting lipids in one step through techniques like supercritical method, ionic liquids, Eutectic solvents, and transesterification could be optimal. Effective lipid extraction technique remains a major constraint. Fuel production from wet microalgae biomass is desirable as it eliminates energy-intensive processes like dewatering and drying. Further research and exploration are needed to implement and optimize wet extraction techniques.

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Biological hydrogen with industrial potential: Improvement and prospection in biohydrogen production

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Article Plant Sciences

Reconstitution and expression of mcy gene cluster in the model cyanobacterium Synechococcus 7942 reveals a roll of MC-LR in cell division

Yanli Zheng et al.

Summary: By utilizing synthetic biology, the biosynthetic gene cluster of MC-LR in Microcystis aeruginosa was reassembled and expressed in a model cyanobacterium, achieving autotrophic production of MC-LR. The study revealed that the expression of MC-LR caused abnormal cell division and filamentation, and further investigation demonstrated that MC-LR inhibits cell division by irreversibly competing for the GTP-binding site of the cell division protein FtsZ. This research lays the foundation for understanding the biosynthetic pathway of microcystins and reveals a mechanism of how blooming cyanobacteria gain a competitive edge.

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Biomass and eicosapentaenoic acid production from Amphora sp. under different environmental and nutritional conditions

Yi Tong Cheah et al.

Summary: This study optimized the culture conditions for extracting eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) from diatoms such as Amphora sp. It was found that adding 10 g/L of glucose and sucrose resulted in the fastest growth rate and highest EPA yield. The study also revealed that photoautotrophic cultivation conditions led to higher EPA yield and specific fatty acid composition.

BIOTECHNOLOGY AND APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY (2023)

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From lab to application: Cultivating limnetic microalgae in seawater coupled with wastewater for biodiesel production on a pilot scale

Ze Yu et al.

Summary: The technology of cultivating salt-tolerant limnetic microalgae in seawater reduces the freshwater demand and costs of biodiesel production. This study optimized the diameter of the photobioreactors (PBRs) to 0.2 m and established a 1000 L algal cultivation system using seawater supplemented with monosodium glutamate wastewater. The biomass productivity and lipid productivity in this system showed promising results, meeting biodiesel standards and achieving a higher output-to-input ratio compared to traditional methods.

WATER RESEARCH (2023)

Article Food Science & Technology

An investigation on conjugated linoleic acid content, fatty acid composition, and physicochemical characteristics of Iranian Kurdish butter oil

Rezgar Faraji Sarabmirza et al.

Summary: This study investigates the physicochemical and quality properties, fatty acid composition, and triglyceride composition of Iranian Kurdish butter oil. The results show that ewe's milk butter has higher conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content compared to cow's milk butter, making it a superior natural source of CLA.

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Efficient Co-production of Docosahexaenoic Acid Oil and Carotenoids in Aurantiochytrium sp. Using a Light Intensity Gradient Strategy

Feng-Wei Yin et al.

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APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (2023)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Structural properties of the extracellular biopolymer (β-D-xylo-α-D-mannan) produced by the green microalga Gloeocystis vesiculosa Nageli

Lukas Capek et al.

Summary: The freshwater green coccal microalga Gloeocystis vesiculosa synthesized an exopolysaccharide with a high molecular weight of 6.8 x 10(5) g/mol. Chemical analysis revealed that it mainly consisted of Manp (63.4 wt%), Xylp and its 3-O-Me-derivative (22.4 wt%), and Glcp (11.5 wt%). NMR analysis showed that the exopolysaccharide had an alternating branched 1,2- and 1,3-linked α-D-Manp backbone terminated by a single β-D-Xylp and its 3-O-methyl derivative at O2 of the 1,3-linked α-D-Manp residues.

CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH (2023)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Highly efficient co-production of fucoxanthin and eicosapentaenoic acid by heterotrophic cultivation of a newly isolated microalga Nitzschia sp. FZU62

Ruijuan Ma et al.

Summary: In this study, a microalga strain Nitzschia sp. FZU62 capable of co-producing fucoxanthin and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was isolated and identified. The optimal conditions for flask culture were determined, and three fed-batch culture strategies were explored to improve the heterotrophic performance. The study achieved superior fucoxanthin and EPA productions compared to previous literature reports, providing new insights and guidance for the commercial production of microalgae.

ALGAL RESEARCH-BIOMASS BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS (2023)

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Enhanced production of high-value polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) from potential thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp.

Ajeet Singh Chauhan et al.

Summary: Considering the increasing health concerns, urban population tends to adopt a healthy lifestyle and incorporate nutritional food supplements to mitigate common health risks. The consumption of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs is on the rise, thus alternative commercial production methods are being developed. Microbial sources are emerging platforms to meet the global demand for omega PUFAs. Marine oleaginous protist Aurantiochytrium sp. has been identified as a potential source for substantial production of DHA and SFA. The objective of this research was to enhance PUFA yield by optimizing glucose concentration and nitrogen ratio. The maximum lipid and DHA yield and content were achieved at 30 g/L glucose, while the relative PUFA content was highest at 10 g/L glucose, with remaining SFA potentially usable for biodiesel.

BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY (2023)

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Enhancing Docosahexaenoic Acid Production of Isochrysis galbana from Starch-Rich Food Processing Byproducts

Fengru Ge et al.

Summary: The study found that using leftover dough hydrolysates as carbon resources significantly enhanced the cell growth and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production of Isochrysis galbana. The addition of different concentrations of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) also affected the DHA yield.

FERMENTATION-BASEL (2023)

Review Energy & Fuels

Advances in Biodiesel Production from Microalgae

Emilia Neag et al.

Summary: Biofuels are a renewable, eco-friendly, and cost-effective energy source that can decrease dependence on fossil fuels. Researchers explored various methods for obtaining high biodiesel yields from microalgae biomass. This study provides an overview of the feasibility of using microalgae for biodiesel production. It discusses the transesterification process for converting microalgae oil into biodiesel, including the use of non-catalytic and catalytic transesterification. The application of homogenous, heterogeneous, and enzymatic catalysts is reviewed. Further improvements are needed to enhance the efficiency and reduce the cost of current technologies for biodiesel production from microalgae. Future research should focus on developing effective catalysts for this process.

ENERGIES (2023)

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Study on the Effect of Spray Drying Process on the Quality of Microalgal Biomass: a Comprehensive Biocomposition Analysis of Spray-Dried S. acuminatus Biomass

Haiyang Zhang et al.

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BIOENERGY RESEARCH (2022)

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Co-cultivation of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Aurantiochytrium limacinum for polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids production

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Summary: In this study, co-cultivation of Phaeodactylum tricornutum with Aurantiochytrium limacinum was used as a unique strategy to achieve the desired fatty acid composition. The initial cell density ratio was modulated to overcome the dominance of A. limacinum and regulate the proliferation of both species, resulting in the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), as well as monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and pigments.

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Expression and characterization of a novel lipase from Bacillus licheniformis NCU CS-5 for application in enhancing fatty acids flavor release for low-fat cheeses

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Summary: A novel lipase from Bacillus licheniformis NCU CS-5 was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli cells, showing high activity under optimal conditions and adaptability to various organic solvents and metal ions. The lipase exhibited strong binding affinity towards pNPP among different substrates.

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Effect of different cell disruption methods on lipid yield of Schizochytrium sp.

Mustafa Hac Isa et al.

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Fucoxanthin and docosahexaenoic acid production by cold-adapted Tisochrysis lutea

Fengzheng Gao et al.

Summary: The study successfully developed a winter strain of Tisochrysis lutea with high productivity at lower temperatures, maintaining similar biomass, fucoxanthin, and DHA productivities as at 30 degrees C. The winter strain showed a stable phenotype after one year of cultivation, expanding the outdoor production seasons for this species.

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Supercritical fluid extraction and pressurized liquid extraction processes applied to eicosapentaenoic acid-rich polar lipid recovery from the microalga Nannochloropsis sp

Maria J. Jimenez Callejon et al.

Summary: This study investigates the extraction and fractionation of saponifiable lipids from Nannochloropsis sp. microalgae using green techniques. The research successfully obtained extracts rich in neutral saponifiable lipids and polar lipids, with high levels of EPA in the polar lipid fraction.

ALGAL RESEARCH-BIOMASS BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS (2022)

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A simple and efficient strategy for fucoxanthin extraction from the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum

Jingwen Sun et al.

Summary: In this study, an innovative method for extracting fucoxanthin from P. tricornutum was proposed. The fucoxanthin was extracted using an ethanol extraction method and purified through a two-step ethanol precipitation process. Under the optimal conditions, the recovery rate and purity of fucoxanthin reached 80.04% and 79.35%, respectively. This eco-friendly method provides a potential approach for large-scale production of fucoxanthin.

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Production of polyunsaturated fatty acids by Schizochytrium (Aurantiochytrium) spp.

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Summary: Dietary consumption of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 LC-PUFA), especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), has various health benefits. Traditional sources of these fatty acids, such as fish oil, are limited and of variable quality. Therefore, alternative sources are being sought. DHA derived from certain marine protists (heterotrophic thraustochytrids) has been commercially produced for high-value dietary use, but it is too expensive for use in aquaculture feeds. Aquaculture is currently dependent on wild-caught fish oil as a source of omega-3 LC-PUFA, which restricts sustainable expansion. Schizochytrium spp. (now Aurantiochytrium spp.) is of particular interest as it has shown to be a good producer of DHA and EPA. Various strategies have been developed to improve the production and economics of omega-3 PUFA in Schizochytrium spp.

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Heterotrophic vs autotrophic production of microalgae: Bringing some light into the everlasting cost controversy

Jesus Ruiz et al.

Summary: The debate over the economical choice between heterotrophic and autotrophic cultivation of microalgae continues. A study analyzed the costs and limitations of both methods, finding that autotrophic cultivation shows potential to compete with heterotrophic production if the production costs can be further reduced.

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Algae as Food in Europe: An Overview of Species Diversity and Their Application

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Improved fillet quality in harvest-size Atlantic salmon fed high n-3 canola oil as a DHA-source

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Summary: New research suggests that high n-3 VLC-PUFA canola oil can be an effective and safe source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and other n-3 PUFA for sustainable salmon farming. Including high n-3 canola oil in the diet of Atlantic salmon improves fillet pigmentation and reduces fillet melanin spots without compromising fish growth.

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Competition of Dual Roles of Ionic Liquids during In Situ Transesterification of Wet Algae

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Changes in volatile and fatty acid compositions of selected microalgal suspensions with high pressure homogenization

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Summary: This study presents the first report on the analysis of fatty acids and volatile compounds in high pressure homogenization (HPH)-treated microalgal suspensions using chemometrics methods. The findings indicate that HPH has minimal impact on the fatty acid profile but may trigger various (bio)chemical reactions such as carotenoid degradation, lipid oxidation, Maillard reaction, and synthesis of long-chain fatty acids. The results highlight the potential of manipulating the volatile profile of microalgae by controlling specific pressure levels of HPH.

ALGAL RESEARCH-BIOMASS BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS (2022)

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CRITICAL REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION (2021)

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Polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish tissues more closely resemble algal than terrestrial diet sources

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HYDROBIOLOGIA (2021)

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Influence of refining stages on the physicochemical properties and phytochemicals of canola oil

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Summary: The canola oil samples showed variations in free fatty acidity, peroxide numbers, viscosity, oleic and linoleic acid contents, campesterol contents, and stigmasterol contents at different refining steps. The refining treatments aimed to remove undesirable ingredients and produce higher quality oils in crude canola oil. Refining processes also provide removing unwanted substances and specific functions for removing certain minor constituents.

JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION (2021)

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Time-course effects of Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) on Chlorella pyrenoidosa: Growth inhibition and adaptability mechanisms

Xin Zhang et al.

Summary: TDCPP, a widely used flame retardant, inhibits the growth of freshwater green-algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa in a time-dependent manner. The impairment of photosynthetic function, particularly the PSII reaction center, is the main mechanism of TDCPP toxicity towards the algae.

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Isolation and optimization of a novel thraustochytrid strain for DHA rich and astaxanthin comprising biomass as aquafeed supplement

Pratik R. Pawar et al.

Summary: A marine organism belonging to the Thraustochytrids family was isolated from mangroves in Mumbai, India, identified as Aurantiochytrium limacinum. Optimal process parameters resulted in the production of high oil content dry cell weight in a short cultivation period. This strain is a promising candidate for aquafeed production due to its ability to simultaneously synthesize DHA and astaxanthin.

3 BIOTECH (2021)

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Sulfonated Sargassum horneri carbon as solid acid catalyst to produce biodiesel via esterification

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Summary: The solid acid catalyst prepared by sulfonated Sargassum horneri carbon efficiently catalyzes the esterification reaction of oleic acid and methanol for biodiesel preparation. By optimizing the conditions, the conversion rate of oleic acid can reach 96.4%, and the catalyst can still maintain a high conversion rate after four cycles of use.

BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Bioremediation of Pyropia-processing wastewater coupled with lipid production using Chlorella sp.

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BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Metabolites on Haemostasis-Current Perspectives in Cardiovascular Disease

Jacek Golanski et al.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

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Jing Yang et al.

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TRENDS IN FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (2021)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Optimized production and enrichment of α-linolenic acid by Scenedesmus sp. HSJ296

Weixian Chen et al.

Summary: The optimized production process of alpha-linolenic acid from Scenedesmus sp. HSJ296 resulted in high yields of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly alpha-linolenic acid, providing a basis for the production of high-value lipids from microalgae.

ALGAL RESEARCH-BIOMASS BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS (2021)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Optimization of green extractions for the recovery of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from Crypthecodinium cohnii

Marina Stramarkou et al.

Summary: This study aimed to recover omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) from Crypthecodinium cohnii using various extraction techniques like ultrasound assisted extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis, and homogenisation assisted extraction. Results showed that ultrasound assisted extraction was effective in recovering total fatty acids, while homogenisation assisted extraction was efficient in recovering DHA content.

ALGAL RESEARCH-BIOMASS BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS (2021)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

UVB exposure stimulates production of vitamin D3 in selected microalgae

Anita Ljubic et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates the potential of UVB-exposed microalgae as a new, vegan, natural, and sustainable source of vitamin D-3. UVB exposure stimulated the production of vitamin D-3 in certain microalgal species, while impacting the levels of other substances like proteins and carotenes.

ALGAL RESEARCH-BIOMASS BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS (2021)

Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Photoautotrophic production of eicosapentaenoic acid

Wenjia Gu et al.

Summary: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an essential omega-3 fatty acid for both humans and animals, with a growing global demand for it. Alternative sources such as heterotrophic production and genetically modified organisms have been explored to address potential supply shortages. Widely used species for large-scale EPA production include Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Nannochloropsis, with considerations on economic factors and sustainability.

CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The biopolymer ulvan from Ulva fasciata: Extraction towards nanofibers fabrication

Marwa A. Madany et al.

Summary: This study aims to extract ulvan from Ulva fasciata for biomedical and industrial applications in nanofiber manufacturing. Characterization techniques include FT-IR, DSC, XRD, GPC, and NMR, revealing the composition and structure of the extracted ulvan. Utilizing deionized water as a solvent, ulvan/PVA nanofibers with satisfactory mechanical properties were produced, highlighting the potential eco-friendly approach for ulvan extraction and nanofiber production.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2021)

Article Engineering, Chemical

Raw Glycerol Based Medium for DHA and Lipids Production, Using the Marine Heterotrophic Microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii

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Summary: Using crude glycerol and corn steep liquor as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, for lipid production with microalga C. cohnii in a batch culture showed promising results with reduced process costs and increased lipid productivity.

PROCESSES (2021)

Article Plant Sciences

Temperature Acclimation of the Picoalga Ostreococcus tauri Triggers Early Fatty-Acid Variations and Involves a Plastidial ω3-Desaturase

Charlotte Degraeve-Guilbault et al.

Summary: This study reveals the mechanism of fatty acid unsaturation in response to temperature changes, identifies the important role of desaturases in this process, and elucidates the regulatory relationship of specific fatty acids in different lineages.

FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE (2021)

Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Strategies for enhancing terpenoids accumulation in microalgae

Peng-Wei Huang et al.

Summary: Terpenoids, a large class of compounds in nature, are important in food and pharmaceutical fields, and microorganisms, especially microalgae, are promising sources for terpenoid production. Genetic engineering and fermentation strategies play vital roles in increasing terpenoid yields, while solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction are common downstream processes in industrial production.

APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (2021)

Article Biology

Regulatory mechanisms of lipid biosynthesis in microalgae

Hui Chen et al.

Summary: Microalgal lipids are promising feedstocks for biofuel production, particularly triacylglycerol, but addressing fundamental biological questions such as lipid biosynthesis regulation is crucial for commercial use. Understanding of microalgal lipid biosynthesis and potential solutions to obstacles provide valuable guidance for future research and application of microalgae-based lipids.

BIOLOGICAL REVIEWS (2021)

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Ultrahigh-cell-density heterotrophic cultivation of the unicellular green alga Chlorella sorokiniana for biomass production

Hu Jin et al.

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BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING (2021)

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Impact of organic carbon acquisition on growth and functional biomolecule production in diatoms

Thomas Kiran Marella et al.

Summary: Diatoms are unicellular photosynthetic protists that play a vital role in marine and freshwater habitats. Despite their ability to synthesize high-value compounds, their bottleneck in commercialization is the inability to achieve high-density growth. Acquiring diverse carbon sources through various mechanisms promotes higher production of biomass, lipids, and carbohydrates.

MICROBIAL CELL FACTORIES (2021)

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Beneficial Outcomes of Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Human Health: An Update for 2021

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NUTRIENTS (2021)

Article Microbiology

A Novel Method for Non-invasive Estimation of Primary Productivity in Aquatic Ecosystems Using a Chlorophyll Fluorescence-Induced Dynamic Curve

Hui Chen et al.

Summary: Researchers have developed a novel method using chlorophyll fluorescence induced dynamic (OJIP) curve to estimate Chl a content and photosynthetic microalgal cell density in water samples. Experimental results show strong linear relationships between OJIP curve integrals and Chl a contents and cell densities for various microalgal cultures and natural communities.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

Proceedings Paper Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Investigation on algae oil extraction from algae Spirogyra by Soxhlet extraction method

S. Aravind et al.

Summary: The demand for energy is increasing rapidly due to modernization, and finding alternative sources such as biofuels is important. Algae, as an organic source, have been identified as a potential raw material for biodiesel production. Solvent extraction method from algae can result in high oil extraction rates, which is crucial for biofuel production.

MATERIALS TODAY-PROCEEDINGS (2021)

Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

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