The inter- and multi- generational epigenetic alterations induced by maternal cadmium exposure

Exposure to cadmium during pregnancy, from environmental or lifestyle factors, has been shown to have detrimental fetal and placental developmental effects, along with negatively impacting maternal health during gestation. Additionally, prenatal cadmium exposure places the offspring at risk for developing diseases in infancy, adolescence, and adulthood. Although given much attention, the underlying mechanisms of cadmium-induced teratogenicity and disease development remain largely unknown. Epigenetic changes in DNA, RNA and protein modifications have been observed during cadmium exposure, which implies a scientific premise as a conceivable mode of cadmium toxicity for developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD). This review aims to examine the literature and provide a comprehensive overview of epigenetic alterations induced by prenatal cadmium exposure, within the developing fetus and placenta, and the continued effects observed in childhood and across generations.

Automated summary

Exposure to cadmium during pregnancy has harmful effects on fetal and placental development, as well as maternal health. It also increases the risk of diseases in offspring during infancy, adolescence, and adulthood. The mechanisms behind cadmium-induced teratogenicity and disease development are still largely unknown, but epigenetic changes in DNA, RNA, and protein have been observed. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of these epigenetic alterations induced by prenatal cadmium exposure and their long-term effects.