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Article
Immunology
Santosh Dhakal et al.
Summary: Patients who were vaccinated had lower levels of anti-N antibodies in their plasma and oral fluid after being infected with SARS-CoV-2 compared to those who were infected before vaccination or without vaccination. This raises concerns about using anti-N antibodies as a long-term marker for natural infection surveillance.
OPEN FORUM INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Cell Biology
Irfan Ullah et al.
Summary: COVID-19 convalescent plasmas (CCPs) for plasma therapy are selected based on neutralizing titers and anti-Spike immunoglobulin levels. CCPs with moderate to high Fc-effector activity, despite low neutralizing ability, delay mortality and/or improve survival in SARS-CoV-2-challenged mice. The Fc-effector functions of CCPs contribute to immunity against variant strains.
CELL REPORTS MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Vivek Naranbhai et al.
Summary: This study shows that T cell responses to the Omicron variant are largely preserved in individuals with prior infection, vaccination, or booster vaccination, although a subset of individuals may experience a reduction in T cell reactivity to the Omicron spike protein.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Sam Afkhami et al.
Summary: The study found that using adenoviral vectors with a multivalent vaccine through intranasal immunization can generate better mucosal immune responses, including local and systemic antibody responses, mucosal tissue-resident memory T cells, and mucosal trained innate immunity, and provide protection against multiple viral variants.
Article
Immunology
Jose Maria Diez et al.
Summary: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 hyperimmune globulin effectively neutralizes the virus and induces antibody-dependent cellular toxicity and phagocytosis. It has potential therapeutic value in treating more neutralization-resistant SARS-CoV-2 variants.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Danielle P. Ings et al.
Summary: This study assessed the incidence of COVID-19 infection in individuals suspecting they contracted the virus without confirmatory testing. The majority of these individuals did not have detectable antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Suspected infection was often based on experiencing common respiratory infection symptoms, as well as severe or persistent symptoms, and travel or contact with confirmed cases. Serological testing proved useful in accurately diagnosing past infection with SARS-CoV-2.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Cong Zeng et al.
Summary: This study provides evidence that SARS-CoV-2 spreads through cell-cell contact and the spike glycoprotein plays a crucial role in this transmission. Cell-to-cell transmission is more efficient with SARS-CoV-2 spike compared to SARS-CoV spike, and endosomal membrane fusion is identified as an underlying mechanism. The genuine variants of concern (VOCs) B.1.1.7 (alpha) and B.1.351 (beta) have similar cell-to-cell transmission capability, with some differences in resistance to neutralization and inhibition by vaccinee sera.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2022)
Article
Virology
Shuo Song et al.
Summary: This study suggests that a third booster dose of a heterologous RBD vaccine after two doses of inactivated vaccines can significantly enhance neutralizing antibody responses against various SARS-CoV-2 variants. The findings highlight the potential of heterologous vaccines in the development of next-generation COVID-19 vaccines.
Article
Immunology
Timothy A. Bates et al.
Summary: This study found that individuals who previously recovered from COVID-19 and received vaccination (hybrid immunity) have enhanced immune responses. The effects of post-vaccination breakthrough infections on humoral immune response needs further investigation. However, regardless of whether it occurs before or after vaccination, natural infection substantially boosts the quantity, quality, and breadth of humoral immune response.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Dapeng Li et al.
Summary: This article summarizes representative SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies that have been reported and discusses prospects and challenges for the development of the next generation of COVID-19 preventive or therapeutic antibodies.
ANNUAL REVIEW OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Lauren B. Rodda et al.
Summary: Research found that individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 generate more specific memory B cells, variant-neutralizing antibodies, and a distinct population of memory CD4(+) T cells compared to those who were previously naive. Additional vaccination does not replicate the unique CD4(+) T cell cytokine profile observed in previously infected individuals.
Article
Immunology
Kerri Hagemann et al.
Summary: In the context of COVID-19, the role of NK cells in the immune response has not been well understood. This study demonstrates that antibodies induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection and anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines can activate NK cells, leading to significant immune responses. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the role of NK cells in COVID-19.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Peter Nordstrom et al.
Summary: This retrospective cohort study investigated the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination in individuals who had previously been infected with SARS-CoV-2. The study found that natural immunity provided protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 hospitalization for up to 20 months. Vaccination further reduced the risk of reinfection and hospitalization for up to 9 months, although the differences in absolute numbers, especially in hospitalizations, were small.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Editorial Material
Medicine, General & Internal
Helene Vaillant-Roussel et al.
EXERCER-LA REVUE FRANCOPHONE DE MEDECINE GENERALE
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Lianpan Dai et al.
Summary: The ZF2001 vaccine has been shown to be safe and effective against symptomatic and severe-to-critical Covid-19 in a large cohort of adults for at least 6 months after full vaccination.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Paulina Kaplonek et al.
Summary: The successful development of COVID-19 vaccines has led to reduced morbidity and mortality. However, the emergence of viral variants has affected the efficacy of the vaccines, showing differences between two approved mRNA platforms, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273. Understanding the differences in immune responses induced by these vaccines is important for determining their protective immunity.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Eric S. Geanes et al.
Summary: This study found that individuals who had previous SARS-CoV-2 infection or were vaccinated with the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine produced antibody responses that cross-reacted with related betacoronaviruses. A peptide-conjugate vaccine was also designed to induce cross-reactive antibody binding to SARS-CoV-2 and other related coronaviruses. These findings suggest that conserved epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 can elicit cross-reactive immune responses to both related coronaviruses and host bacteria.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2022)
Article
Biology
Ceri Alan Fielding et al.
Summary: The outcome of infection depends on the ability of viruses to manipulate the infected cells and the immune response. Understanding this process is crucial for understanding disease progression and immunity. SARS-CoV-2 can antagonize innate immunity and decrease NK cell activation through modulation of protein synthesis. Antibody-dependent NK cell activation plays a significant role in disease, and vaccine-induced ADNKA is different from natural infection-induced ADNKA.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Guruprasad R. Medigeshi et al.
Summary: This cross-sectional study found a significant reduction in the neutralising ability of both vaccine-induced and vaccine plus infection induced antibodies against the omicron variant, which might explain immune escape.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Lorenzo De Marco et al.
Summary: This cohort study in Italy showed that the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant was recognized by the cellular component of the immune system in immunized adults, despite mutations in the spike protein. It is reasonable to assume that protection from hospitalization and severe disease will be maintained.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Dean Follmann et al.
Summary: This study evaluated the seropositivity of anti-nucleocapsid antibody (anti-N Ab) in mRNA-1273 vaccinees with breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection. The results showed a lower seroconversion rate in vaccinees, indicating the importance of considering vaccination status when interpreting seroprevalence and seropositivity data based solely on anti-N Ab testing.
ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Immunology
David Goldblatt et al.
Summary: Antibodies against S1 epitopes provide the most accurate prediction of infection by SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Binding antibody titers have the highest statistical correlation. Besides neutralization, antibodies also have multiple protective functions. Cellular responses, including CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) cells, play a significant role in antibody augmentation and viral replication control, especially in the presence of insufficient antibodies. More research is needed on mucosal responses.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Kevin W. Ng et al.
Summary: This study found that prior immunity to HCoV-OC43 S virus can enhance the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and provide a certain level of protection. In addition, vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 S2 elicited antibodies that can neutralize various coronaviruses and provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, repeated S2 vaccination induced broader neutralizing antibody response, preventing repertoire focusing caused by repeated homologous vaccination.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Marianna Karachaliou et al.
Summary: The heterogeneity of the population influences the antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2. Vaccination in infected individuals enhances immune responses and hybrid immunity leads to superior antibody responses. Previously uninfected individuals may require booster doses earlier. Mental diseases are associated with less efficient responses to vaccination.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Tianyang Mao et al.
Summary: This study developed a vaccine strategy called prime and spike, which activates mucosal immune memory within the respiratory tract and induces strong immune responses. It enhances both systemic and local immunity against SARS-CoV-2, and provides full protection against lethal infection in partially immune mice.
Article
Immunology
Fotinie Ntziora et al.
Summary: This study investigated the effectiveness of combining immunity post COVID-19 infection with vaccination (hybrid immunity) compared to vaccination alone in protecting against Omicron infection in a healthcare setting.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Martin J. Scurr et al.
Summary: Measurement of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in whole blood can predict the risk of infection. A low magnitude T cell response is associated with a higher risk of infection, while a high magnitude response significantly reduces the risk.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Biology
Jing Zhang et al.
Summary: This study presents a broad-spectrum vaccine candidate, mos-tri-RBD, which carries key mutations from Omicron and other variants, and is capable of eliciting potent cross-neutralizing antibodies against not only Omicron but also other immune-evasive variants.
Article
Immunology
Kayla A. Holder et al.
Summary: Hybrid immunity induced by vaccination following recovery from SARS-CoV-2 infection is more robust than immunity induced by either infection or vaccination alone. Infection severity influences the strength and character of subsequent vaccine-induced immune responses. One vaccine dose triggers stronger immune responses than in a comparable group never infected with SARS-CoV-2, while the second dose produces only minor lasting increases in immunity.
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Tanushree Dangi et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates that nucleocapsid-specific antibodies can enhance control of SARS-CoV-2 infection and mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against infected cells. These findings provide a rationale for evaluating nucleocapsid-based monoclonal antibody therapies for the treatment of COVID-19.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Yair Goldberg et al.
Summary: This study used data from the Israeli Ministry of Health database to compare the rate of infection with the time since immunity-confering events. The results showed that the protection against reinfection decreased over time for individuals who had previously been infected or vaccinated, but it was still higher than the protection conferred after the same time had elapsed since the second dose of vaccine among those who were previously uninfected. A single dose of vaccine after infection reinforced protection against reinfection.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yao Fan et al.
Summary: Since the COVID-19 pandemic began, the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has emerged as the most mutated and concerning variant. It has shown high transmissibility and immune evasion abilities, rapidly replacing the Delta variant in several regions. However, recent studies suggest that Omicron has reduced pathogenicity and significant resistance to vaccines and antibody therapies. This review summarizes the molecular and clinical characteristics of Omicron, discusses potential therapeutic approaches, and highlights strategies for ending the pandemic.
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Alexandra Schafer et al.
Summary: The study shows that combined use of hu-mAbs is effective for prevention and therapy of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but in vivo protection is influenced by intact effector function.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jordan R. Barrett et al.
Summary: The study demonstrates that a booster dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 is safer and better tolerated than priming doses. The booster dose significantly enhances anti-spike neutralizing antibody titers and other functional antibody responses. These data support the two-dose vaccine regime currently being evaluated in phase 3 clinical trials.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Emma S. Winkler et al.
Summary: This study found that neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies in SARS-CoV-2-infected animals require Fc effector functions for optimal protection, reducing inflammation, improving respiratory mechanics, and being associated with diminished immune signaling and tissue repair.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Emanuele Andreano et al.
Summary: Research suggests that individuals who have been infected or vaccinated for the first time will produce antibodies with increased potency and breadth, allowing for better control of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Ann R. Falsey et al.
Summary: The clinical trial in the United States, Chile, and Peru showed that the AZD1222 vaccine was both safe and effective in preventing symptomatic and severe Covid-19 cases, with an overall estimated efficacy of 74% and a higher efficacy of 83.5% in participants 65 years of age or older. The high vaccine efficacy was consistent across various demographic subgroups, and antibodies increased significantly after each dose.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Suzannah J. Rihn et al.
Summary: The report introduces a range of tools for SARS-CoV-2 research, including a single plasmid reverse genetics system, a panel of antibodies, clinical isolates, and permissive cell lines. These tools have the potential to advance COVID-19 vaccine design, drug testing, and discovery science.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jonathan D. Herman et al.
Summary: The study provides insights into the significant impact of convalescent plasma on modulating humoral responses by focusing on spike/nucleocapsid in recipients.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Review
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Bronwyn M. Gunn et al.
Summary: Antibodies can provide antiviral protection through neutralization and recruitment of innate immune cells via the Fc domain, not only directly restricting viral infection, but also promoting long-term immunity. Monoclonal antibody therapeutics against viruses are increasingly incorporating Fc-enhancing features to control viral infection effectively.
HUMAN VACCINES & IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Harry Kleanthous et al.
Summary: Global vaccination against COVID-19 poses significant challenges in science, logistics, and ethics, with a need for safe, effective, high-volume, affordable vaccines; RBD-based vaccines may be a solution for filling the gap in global demand, offering high production potential and cost-effectiveness as a sole vaccine immunogen.
Article
Immunology
Jose Javier Morales-Nunez et al.
Summary: This review article discusses the essential concepts of NAbs, including their mechanisms of action, production, and detection techniques, as well as providing an overview of the clinical use of antibodies in COVID-19.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ge Song et al.
Summary: This study examines the impact of pre-existing immunity to seasonal endemic coronaviruses on antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2, finding weak evidence of pre-existing cross-reactive serum antibodies in pre-pandemic donors, but evidence of pre-existing cross-reactive memory B cells activated during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Monoclonal antibodies show varying degrees of cross-reactivity with betacoronaviruses, and one neutralizing antibody specific to the S2 subunit of the S protein is identified, suggesting that pre-existing immunity to endemic coronaviruses should be considered in evaluating antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Alexandra Tauzin et al.
Summary: A single dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine can be up to 90% effective, with boosted humoral and T cell responses in previously infected individuals. Therefore, spacing doses may help vaccinate more people in conditions of limited vaccine supply.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Irfan Ullah et al.
Summary: Neutralizing antibodies are effective in treating COVID-19, but the mechanism of immune protection is not fully understood. Real-time imaging revealed that highly potent NAbs can prevent and resolve established infections when administered within three days. Both Fab and Fc effector functions of NAbs are essential for optimal efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Rachel Yamin et al.
Summary: Monoclonal antibodies with optimized Fc domains show superior potency in preventing and treating COVID-19 in animal disease models, reducing the dose required for protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge and for treating pre-infected animals. Selective engagement of activating Fc receptors results in improved efficacy, highlighting the importance of Fc receptor pathways in driving antibody-mediated antiviral immunity. These findings have implications for the development of Fc-engineered monoclonal antibodies with optimal Fc-effector function against COVID-19.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Zijun Wang et al.
Summary: Despite challenges posed by COVID-19 variants, convalescent individuals receiving mRNA vaccines exhibit robust and long-lasting immune responses against circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants, providing hope for effective control of the pandemic.
Review
Genetics & Heredity
Kaiming Tao et al.
Summary: The emergence of multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants has significant impacts on the epidemiological and clinical aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic, including increased virus transmission rates, heightened risk of reinfection, and reduced effectiveness of neutralizing antibodies and vaccines. These variants have introduced new challenges to COVID-19 research, necessitating additional avenues of laboratory, epidemiological, and clinical studies.
NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Conrad E. Z. Chan et al.
Summary: SC31 is a potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody with therapeutic potential for COVID-19, acting through promoting immune responses and neutralizing the virus. It demonstrates good efficacy in animal models, including reducing viral loads, attenuating inflammatory responses, and protecting tissue damage.
Editorial Material
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Shane Crotty
Article
Immunology
Tal Noy-Porat et al.
Summary: This study aimed to investigate the role of Fc-mediated functions in the in-vivo neutralization process of two neutralizing antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2. The engineered antibodies retained virus neutralization activity in vitro. In infection experiments on transgenic mice, antibody treatment rescued mice from death and reduced viral load, indicating the importance of Fc-mediated functions in antibody-mediated protection.
Article
Cell Biology
Matthew J. Gorman et al.
Summary: Newly approved vaccines have shown significant efficacy in limiting disease associated with SARS-CoV-2, single doses may prevent disease through combined Fc/Fab functions, but two doses may be crucial to prevent further transmission of the virus and emerging variants.
CELL REPORTS MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yuanling Yu et al.
Summary: ADCC responses are antibody-regulated immune responses mediated through the Fc fragment, and it is unclear if they contribute to COVID-19 disease development. Interestingly, patients with severe COVID-19 had higher ADCC activities, with recovered patients showing higher levels than deceased patients. This highlights ADCC as a major trait of COVID-19 patients with potential implications for neutralization levels against the virus.
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY
(2021)
Article
Cell Biology
Wen Shi Lee et al.
Summary: During the convalescence from COVID-19, the Fc-dependent functions of SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific antibodies decrease over time. Despite a significant decline in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent phagocytosis activity, they remain detectable in most subjects.
CELL REPORTS MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Cell Biology
Jeremy Dufloo et al.
Summary: Asymptomatic individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 have lower levels of antibody response, but are still able to neutralize the virus and target infected cells. There are differences in antibody levels and functions between asymptomatic individuals and symptomatic cases, but antibody functions are correlated regardless of disease severity. Longitudinal samplings show that antibody functions follow similar kinetics of induction and contraction.
CELL REPORTS MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jingyun Yang et al.
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
M. Alejandra Tortorici et al.
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Virology
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
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