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The emerging role of the gut mycobiome in liver diseases

GUT MICROBES (2023)

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Article Microbiology

Host Factors Associated with Gut Mycobiome Structure

Natalia Szostak et al.

Summary: The human gut is inhabited by many organisms, including bacteria and fungi, that may affect human health. Research on human gut mycobiome is rare, but recent studies have shown its significant role in human health. This study investigated the gut mycobiota of a large European population and found that diet, age, and marital status were associated with the variation in the gut fungal community.

MSYSTEMS (2023)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Mapping the human gut mycobiome in middle-aged and elderly adults: multiomics insights and implications for host metabolic health

Menglei Shuai et al.

Summary: This study investigated the determinants and long-term stability of the gut mycobiome in middle-aged and elderly individuals. It also explored the ecological links between gut fungi, bacteria, and faecal metabolome, as well as the potential influence of gut fungi on metabolic health through interactions with gut bacterial functions and metabolites. The results showed that the composition of the gut mycobiome was temporally stable and mainly influenced by age, long-term habitual diet, and host physiological states. Dairy consumption was found to be associated with certain gut fungi, while other gut fungi were associated with insulin resistance and blood cholesterol levels through interactions with gut bacterial diversity and faecal histidine.

GUT (2022)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

The fecal mycobiome in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Munevver Demir et al.

Summary: The study found that the fecal fungal composition of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with disease severity. Non-obese NAFLD patients have a distinct fungal ratio in their feces compared to other types of patients. Antifungal treatment in a mouse model can reduce liver damage from steatohepatitis.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Long-term antibiotic exposure promotesmortality after systemic fungal infection by driving lymphocyte dysfunction and systemic escape of commensal bacteria

Rebecca A. Drummond et al.

Summary: Antibiotics increase susceptibility to invasive candidiasis by impairing antifungal immunity and increasing the risk of systemic bacterial co-infection. Vancomycin has a similar effect by reducing the frequency of Th17 cells in the gut. In humans, antibiotics are associated with an increased risk of invasive candidiasis and death.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Intestinal Candida albicans Promotes Hepatocarcinogenesis by Up-Regulating NLRP6

Zherui Liu et al.

Summary: This study found that patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) had decreased diversity of the gut mycobiome and increased abundance of Candida albicans compared to patients with liver cirrhosis. The colonization of C. albicans in animal models promoted tumor growth and affected plasma metabolome. Furthermore, the expression of NLRP6 in the intestine was increased in the presence of C. albicans. However, C. albicans colonization had no effect on tumor growth in mice lacking NLRP6.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Fecal Fungi Dysbiosis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Ningning You et al.

Summary: The study found that there are significant differences in the gut fungal structure of NAFLD patients, and some fungi may be associated with NAFLD development, liver injury, and lipid metabolism. Therefore, research on gut fungi may have important value for diagnosing and monitoring NAFLD.

OBESITY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Josep M. Llovet et al.

Summary: Liver cancer, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), poses a significant global health challenge with rising incidence projected to exceed 1 million cases by 2025. Infection by hepatitis B and C viruses remains a major risk factor for HCC, while non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is emerging as a more common risk factor in Western countries. Advances in systemic therapies for HCC, including immunotherapies and targeted therapies, are expected to revolutionize the management of this disease.

NATURE REVIEWS DISEASE PRIMERS (2021)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Factors determining the mortality in cirrhosis patients with invasive candidiasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Nipun Verma et al.

Summary: This study revealed a high mortality rate in patients with liver cirrhosis and invasive candidiasis, with key factors such as ICU admission, ACLF, high MELD, peritonitis, and candidemia contributing to the increased mortality.

MEDICAL MYCOLOGY (2021)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

How biological sex of the host shapes its gut microbiota

Francesco Valeri et al.

Summary: The gut microbiota is a complex system that is influenced by various factors, including sex. Despite limited understanding of the mechanisms behind sex-related differences, it is suggested that sex hormones, dietary habits, and antibiotics may have a direct impact on the composition of the gut microbiota. More research is needed to fully grasp the role of sexual hormones, particularly testosterone, in shaping the gut microbiota.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Potential Probiotic Strains of Saccharomyces and Non-Saccharomyces: Functional and Biotechnological Characteristics

Pilar Fernandez-Pacheco et al.

Summary: This study evaluated 20 yeast strains with potential probiotic characteristics, showing different capabilities in various properties tested. Through principal component analysis, promising yeasts for use as health-promoting probiotics were identified.

JOURNAL OF FUNGI (2021)

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Article Genetics & Heredity

Population study of the gut microbiome: associations with diet, lifestyle, and cardiometabolic disease

Rebecca L. Walker et al.

Summary: The study shows that overall microbial diversity decreases with increasing 10-year CVD risk and body mass index measures. It links lifestyle factors, especially diet and exercise, to microbial diversity, and reveals microbial associations with CVD, diabetes, prescription medications, anthropometric measurements, and blood tests. The findings suggest that the gut microbiome may contribute to CVD pathogenesis and support new hypothesis generation around shared mechanisms influencing metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and CVD risk.

GENOME MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Fungi of the human gut microbiota: Roles and significance

J. Christian Perez

Summary: Fungi are important components of the gut microbiota and can influence the host's health by affecting immune responses. Further research on the fungi inhabiting the human body is needed to understand how the microbiota contribute to health and disease.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Biology

The gut commensal fungus, Candida parapsilosis, promotes high fat-diet induced obesity in mice

Shanshan Sun et al.

Summary: The study found that the gut commensal Candida parapsilosis is a causative fungus for the development of high fat-diet induced obesity in mice, highlighting the therapeutic strategy targeting gut fungi. In addition, the results suggest that fungi could represent possible targets for combating obesity.

COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Microbiology

Intestinal mycobiota in health and diseases: from a disrupted equilibrium to clinical opportunities

Xiaoyan Wu et al.

Summary: Gut fungi are crucial in modulating various organ functions and may present new opportunities for treating human diseases.

MICROBIOME (2021)

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Review Oncology

The gut microbiome: what the oncologist ought to know

K. A. Lee et al.

Summary: The gut microbiome (GM) plays a crucial role in human pathologies and has become a focus in oncology research, with emerging evidence supporting its effects on cancer development and responses to therapies. Understanding of the complex interrelationships between GM, cancer, the immune system, nutrition, and medication is based on clinical trials, observational studies, and evolving understanding of cancer biology.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF CANCER (2021)

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Article Genetics & Heredity

Gut microbial determinants of clinically important improvement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Vinod K. Gupta et al.

Summary: This study identified taxonomic and functional signatures of the gut microbiome associated with minimum clinically important improvement (MCII) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, suggesting potential for modifying the gut microbiome as a future treatment for RA.

GENOME MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Physiology

Dynamic Changes of the Fungal Microbiome in Alcohol Use Disorder

Phillipp Hartmann et al.

Summary: The study revealed dynamic changes in the intestinal fungal microbiome in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD), and demonstrated that improved liver health after alcohol abstinence in AUD patients was associated with lower abundances of specific fungal genera and species, as well as changes in serum anti-fungal IgG levels. These findings suggest that intestinal fungi could be a potential therapeutic target to improve the outcome of patients with ALD.

FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Association of Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes With Gut Microbial Diversity A Microbiome-Wide Analysis From Population Studies

Zhangling Chen et al.

Summary: This study found that higher microbiome alpha diversity, as well as more butyrate-producing gut bacteria, were associated with lower incidence of type 2 diabetes and reduced levels of insulin resistance in individuals without diabetes, providing insights into the etiology, pathogenesis, and potential treatment of type 2 diabetes.

JAMA NETWORK OPEN (2021)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

The role of gut mycobiome in health and diseases

Lin Zhang et al.

Summary: The gut microbiome contains microbes from different kingdoms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Recent studies have shown that intestinal fungi play a crucial role in host immunity and inflammation. Advances in sequencing methods have improved our understanding of gut fungi in health and their impact on various diseases.

THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN GASTROENTEROLOGY (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Fungi participate in the dysbiosis of gut microbiota in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis

Sara Lemoinne et al.

GUT (2020)

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Letter Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Gut mycobiome of primary sclerosing cholangitis patients is characterised by an increase of Trichocladium griseum and Candida species

Malte Christoph Ruehlemann et al.

GUT (2020)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

The Candida albicans exotoxin candidalysin promotes alcohol-associated liver disease

Huikuan Chu et al.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2020)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

The gut-liver axis in liver disease: Pathophysiological basis for therapy

Agustin Albillos et al.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2020)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

The global, regional, and national burden of cirrhosis by cause in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Sadaf G. Sepanlou et al.

LANCET GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY (2020)

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Review Rheumatology

The microbiome in rheumatology: Where are we and where should we go?

Julia Manasson et al.

ANNALS OF THE RHEUMATIC DISEASES (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

NLRP6 inflammasome

Runzhi Li et al.

MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Contribution of the Intestinal Microbiome and Gut Barrier to Hepatic Disorders

Daniel M. Chopyk et al.

GASTROENTEROLOGY (2020)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Gut microbiota and diabetes: From correlation to causality and mechanism

Wei-Zheng Li et al.

WORLD JOURNAL OF DIABETES (2020)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Therapeutic manipulation of gut microbiota by polysaccharides of Wolfiporia cocos reveals the contribution of the gut fungi-induced PGE2 to alcoholic hepatic steatosis

Shanshan Sun et al.

GUT MICROBES (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Structural characterization of phosphorylated Pleurotus ostreatus polysaccharide and its hepatoprotective effect on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mice

Zhen Duan et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2020)

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Sex Differences in Gut Microbiota

Yong Sung Kim et al.

WORLD JOURNAL OF MENS HEALTH (2020)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Hepatocellular Carcinoma Is Associated With Gut Microbiota Profile and Inflammation in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Francesca Romana Ponziani et al.

HEPATOLOGY (2019)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Gut microbiome analysis as a tool towards targeted non-invasive biomarkers for early hepatocellular carcinoma

Zhigang Ren et al.

GUT (2019)

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Burden of liver diseases in the world

Sumeet K. Asrani et al.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2019)

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The gut mycobiota: insights into analysis, environmental interactions and role in gastrointestinal diseases

Mathias L. Richard et al.

NATURE REVIEWS GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY (2019)

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Review Nutrition & Dietetics

Autism Spectrum Disorders and the Gut Microbiota

Antonella Fattorusso et al.

NUTRIENTS (2019)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Intestinal Fungal Dysbiosis and Systemic Immune Response to Fungi in Patients With Alcoholic Hepatitis

Sonja Lang et al.

HEPATOLOGY (2019)

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Impact of early events and lifestyle on the gut microbiota and metabolic phenotypes in young school-age children

Huanzi Zhong et al.

MICROBIOME (2019)

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Gut pathobionts underlie intestinal barrier dysfunction and liver T helper 17 cell immune response in primary sclerosing cholangitis

Nobuhiro Nakamoto et al.

NATURE MICROBIOLOGY (2019)

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Fungal dysbiosis in cirrhosis

Jasmohan S. Bajaj et al.

GUT (2018)

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Modeling the epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease demonstrates an exponential increase in burden of disease

Chris Estes et al.

HEPATOLOGY (2018)

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Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention

Zobair Younossi et al.

NATURE REVIEWS GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY (2018)

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The Intestinal Microbiome in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Puneet Puri et al.

CLINICS IN LIVER DISEASE (2018)

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Article Microbiology

Fungal Diversity of Human Gut Microbiota Among Eutrophic, Overweight, and Obese Individuals Based on Aerobic Culture-Dependent Approach

Francis M. Borges et al.

CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY (2018)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

CPT2 downregulation adapts HCC to lipid-rich environment and promotes carcinogenesis via acylcarnitine accumulation in obesity

Naoto Fujiwara et al.

GUT (2018)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Linking the gut and liver: crosstalk between regulatory T cells and mucosa-associated invariant T cells

Muhammad Atif et al.

HEPATOLOGY INTERNATIONAL (2018)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Protective effect of polysaccharide from Agaricus bisporus in Tibet area of China against tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in mice

Yang Liu et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2018)

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Investigating Colonization of the Healthy Adult Gastrointestinal Tract by Fungi

Thomas A. Auchtung et al.

MSPHERE (2018)

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Alcoholic liver disease

Helmut K. Seitz et al.

NATURE REVIEWS DISEASE PRIMERS (2018)

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Management of an Outbreak of Exophiala dermatitidis Bloodstream Infections at an Outpatient Oncology Clinic

Amber Vasquez et al.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2018)

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Fungal microbiota dysbiosis in IBD

Harry Sokol et al.

GUT (2017)

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Fungi in the healthy human gastrointestinal tract

Heather E. Hallen-Adams et al.

VIRULENCE (2017)

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The Antioxidative, Antiaging, and Hepatoprotective Effects of Alkali-Extractable Polysaccharides by Agaricus bisporus

Shangshang Li et al.

EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE (2017)

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Intestinal fungi contribute to development of alcoholic liver disease

An-Ming Yang et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2017)

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The gut mycobiome of the Human Microbiome Project healthy cohort

Andrea K. Nash et al.

MICROBIOME (2017)

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The Human Microbiota in Health and Disease

Baohong Wang et al.

ENGINEERING (2017)

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Saccharomyces boulardii Administration Changes Gut Microbiota and Attenuates D-Galactosamine-Induced Liver Injury

Lei Yu et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2017)

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Review Immunology

Crosstalk between the gut and the liver via susceptibility loci: Novel advances in inflammatory bowel disease and autoimmune liver disease

Xinyang Li et al.

CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2017)

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Intestinal microbiota contributes to individual susceptibility to alcoholic liver disease

M. Llopis et al.

GUT (2016)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Hepatoprotective effects of polysaccharide isolated from Agaricus bisporus industrial wastewater against CCl4-induced hepatic injury in mice

Jiafu Huang et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2016)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Alcohol and liver disease in Europe - Simple measures have the potential to prevent tens of thousands of premature deaths

Nick Sheron

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2016)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body

Ron Sender et al.

PLOS BIOLOGY (2016)

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Identification of Adjuvantic Activity of Amphotericin B in a Novel, Multiplexed, Poly-TLR/NLR High-Throughput Screen

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PLOS ONE (2016)

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Microbiota-Modulated Metabolites Shape the Intestinal Microenvironment by Regulating NLRP6 Inflammasome Signaling

Maayan Levy et al.

CELL (2015)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

NAFLD: A multisystem disease

Christopher D. Byrne et al.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2015)

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Obesity changes the human gut mycobiome

M. Mar Rodriguez et al.

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The Gut Microbiota and Liver Disease

Cristina Llorente et al.

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Recent progress in the study of the interactions of amphotericin B with cholesterol and ergosterol in lipid environments

Daniel Michal Kaminski

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Kingdom-Agnostic Metagenomics and the Importance of Complete Characterization of Enteric Microbial Communities

Jason M. Norman et al.

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SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE FUNGEMIA, A POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCE OF THE TREATMENT OF CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE COLITIS WITH A PROBIOTICUM

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L-Carnitine Prevents Progression of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in a Mouse Model with Upregulation of Mitochondrial Pathway

Hisashi Ishikawa et al.

PLOS ONE (2014)

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Article Microbiology

Saccharomyces boulardii Administration Changes Gut Microbiota and Reduces Hepatic Steatosis, Low-Grade Inflammation, and Fat Mass in Obese and Type 2 Diabetic db/db Mice

Amandine Everard et al.

MBIO (2014)

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Liver cirrhosis as a predisposing factor for esophageal candidiasis

Tzu-Ming Ou et al.

ADVANCES IN DIGESTIVE MEDICINE (2014)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Increased T Helper Type 17 Response To Pathogen Stimulation in Patients With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

Janosch Katt et al.

HEPATOLOGY (2013)

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Primary sclerosing cholangitis

Gideon M. Hirschfield et al.

LANCET (2013)

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Human intestinal microbiota composition is associated with local and systemic inflammation in obesity

Froukje J. Verdam et al.

OBESITY (2013)

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Archaea and Fungi of the Human Gut Microbiome: Correlations with Diet and Bacterial Residents

Christian Hoffmann et al.

PLOS ONE (2013)

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Aflatoxin B1-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in developing countries: Geographical distribution, mechanism of action and prevention (Review)

Abdu Selim Hamid et al.

ONCOLOGY LETTERS (2013)

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The Gut Microbiome: A New Frontier in Autism Research

Jennifer G. Mulle et al.

CURRENT PSYCHIATRY REPORTS (2013)

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The human mycobiome in health and disease

Lijia Cui et al.

GENOME MEDICINE (2013)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

IL-1 receptor antagonist ameliorates inflammasome-dependent alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice

Jan Petrasek et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2012)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Serum Metabolic Profiling Study of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Infected with Hepatitis B or Hepatitis C Virus by Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Lina Zhou et al.

JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH (2012)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly

Marcus J. Claesson et al.

NATURE (2012)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography

Tanya Yatsunenko et al.

NATURE (2012)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Leaky gut and the liver: A role for bacterial transllocation in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Yaron Ilan

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Pathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis

Marion J. Pollheimer et al.

BEST PRACTICE & RESEARCH CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY (2011)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Correlation between gastrointestinal fungi and varying degrees of chronic hepatitis B virus infection

Yu Chen et al.

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Hepatitis B virus x protein in the pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma

Michael C. Kew

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Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome

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(1,3)-β-Glucans Activate Both Dectin-1 and NLRP3 Inflammasome in Human Macrophages

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Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis of Intestinal Regular Fungal Species in Fecal Samples From Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection

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Systemic phaeohyphomycosis resembling primary sclerosing cholangitis caused by Exophiala dermatitidis

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A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins

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Liver cirrhosis

Detlef Schuppan et al.

LANCET (2008)

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Bacterial infections, sepsis, and multiorgan failure in cirrhosis

Puneeta Tandon et al.

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Etiopathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis

Roger Chapman et al.

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TP53 mutations and hepatocellular carcinoma:: insights into the etiology and pathogenesis of liver cancer

S. P. Hussain et al.

ONCOGENE (2007)

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PSC-IBD: a unique form of inflammatory bowel disease associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis

EV Loftus et al.

GUT (2005)

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Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and autoimmune liver diseases

P Muratori et al.

CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY (2003)

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Altered DNA mutation spectrum in aflatoxin B1-treated transgenic mice that express the hepatitis B virus X protein

CR Madden et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2002)

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Dual effects of hepatitis B virus X protein on the regulation of cell-cycle control depending on the status of cellular p53

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