Strong gravitational lensing by AGNs as a probe of the quasar-host relations in the distant Universe

A rare case of a quasar acting as a gravitational lens allows a precise determination of the mass of the quasar's host galaxy and offers a new path to studying the connections between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies. The tight correlations found between the mass of supermassive black holes and the luminosities, stellar masses and velocity dispersions of their host galaxies are often interpreted as a sign of their co-evolution. Studying these correlations across redshift provides a powerful insight into the evolutionary path followed by the quasar and its host galaxy. While the mass of the black hole is accessible from single-epoch spectra, measuring the mass of its host galaxy is challenging as the active nucleus largely overshines its host. Here we present a technique to probe quasar-host relations beyond the local Universe with strong gravitational lensing, hence overcoming the use of stellar population models or velocity dispersion measurements, both prone to degeneracies. We study in detail one of the three known cases of strong lensing by a quasar to accurately measure the mass of its host and to infer a total lensing mass within the Einstein radius. The lensing measurement is more precise than any other alternative technique and compatible with the local scaling relation between the mass of the black hole and the stellar mass. The sample of such quasar-galaxy or quasar-quasar lensing systems should reach a few hundred with Euclid and the Rubin-Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, thus enabling the application of such a method with statistically significant sample sizes.

Automated summary

A rare case of a quasar acting as a gravitational lens allows precise determination of the mass of the quasar's host galaxy, providing new insights into the connections between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies. By studying correlations between the mass of supermassive black holes and the properties of their host galaxies across redshift, we gain a powerful understanding of their co-evolution. The technique of strong gravitational lensing offers a more precise measurement of host galaxy mass compared to other methods, and can be applied with statistically significant sample sizes with upcoming telescopes.