The Origins of Millet Cultivation (Panicum miliaceum and Setaria italica) along Iberia's Mediterranean Area from the 13th to the 2nd Century BC

The introduction of the cultivation of millets (Panicum miliaceum and Setaria italica) along Iberia's Mediterranean zone appears to stem from different origins which themselves hinged on their own specific historical developments. The earliest traces in the northeast, presumably of trans-Pyrenean origin, were brought to light in Bronze Age contexts (13th century BC) in Western Catalonia, notably in the Cinca River Valley. The different species of millets from southern and eastern Iberia, by contrast, come from later 10th-8th century BC contexts under Phoenician influence. Their expansion can be linked to the cultivation of fruit trees (vineyards and others) throughout the 9th-7th centuries BC. The cultivation of millets into the intermediate geographical zone between these two areas is difficult to characterise as it is not possible to identify either a northern or southern in-fluence. In any case, different types of millet saw a wide expansion from the 7th century BC onwards, especially in settlements in the hinterland of the colony of Emporion. This study thus focuses on the history of the cultivation of millets along Iberia's Mediterranean zone from the Late Bronze Age to the Second Iron Age.

Automated summary

The cultivation of millets (Panicum miliaceum and Setaria italica) in Iberia's Mediterranean zone has multiple origins and development patterns. The earliest traces in the northeast can be traced back to the Bronze Age, while millets in southern and eastern Iberia were influenced by Phoenician culture in the 10th-8th centuries BC. From the 7th century BC onwards, millet cultivation expanded widely.