Horse Grimace Scale Does Not Detect Pain in Horses with Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome

Stomach ulcers (known as equine gastric ulcer syndrome [EGUS]) are a common finding in horses However, the amount of pain horses with EGUS might experience is currently unknown and this knowledge could allow for better clinical decision making and improved horse welfare. The study aim was to assess the use of a pain scale score system, the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS), in horses suffering from EGUS. Facial photographs for HGS evaluation were taken of all horses. Gastroscopy is the gold standard procedure for diagnosis of EGUS, and involves examining the stomach with a video-endoscope. Horses (n = 61) were divided into groups based on the presence and severity of EGUS as determined via gastroscopy. Horses with concurrent lameness or other signs of illness were excluded. Comparisons were made of the HGS between horses, with and without gastric lesions. This is the first study investigating the use of the HGS in horses with and without EGUS. The HGS scores were not influenced by the presence or severity of EGUS and no significant differences were noted between groups. Further studies investigating the use of different pain scales in horses with EGUS are needed. Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is a highly prevalent and presumptively painful condition, although the amount of pain horses might experience is currently unknown. The aims of this study were to determine if the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) could identify pain behaviours in horses with and without EGUS and if severity would be positively associated with the HGS score. Horse grimace scale scores were assessed blindly using facial photographs by seven observers and involved evaluation of 6 facial action units as 0 (not present), 1 (moderately present) and 2 (obviously present). Lameness examination, serum amyloid A (SAA) measurement and gastroscopy evaluation were performed on all horses. Horses (n = 61) were divided into two and three groups based on the presence (yes, no) and severity (none, mild, moderate-severe) of EGUS, respectively. Presence of lameness and elevated SAA ( >= 50 mu g/mL) were used as exclusion criteria. Inter-observer reliability was analyzed by intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). HGS scores between groups were compared using Welch's and Brown Forsythe tests (p < 0.05). Overall, HGS ICC was excellent (0.75). No significant differences (p = 0.566) were observed in HGS scores between horses with and without gastric lesions (mean, 95% CI; 3.36, 2.76-3.95 and 3, 1.79-4.20, respectively). HGS was not influenced by the presence or severity of EGUS in this current study. Further studies investigating the use of different pain scales in horses with EGUS are needed.

Automated summary

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a pain scale system, the Horse Grimace Scale, in horses with gastric ulcers. Facial photographs were used to assess the pain scores, and the results showed that the Horse Grimace Scale was not influenced by the presence or severity of gastric ulcers. Further studies using different pain scale systems are needed for horses with gastric ulcers.