Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis in Asymptomatic Zoo Herbivores in Poland

Simple Summary Paratuberculosis is a bacterial infection occurring globally in ruminants. Although it has a known impact on animal health and welfare, diagnosis is complicated by high animal densities, the chronic nature of the disease, the variable course of infection, and the immune response. The aim of the current study was to confirm whether Mycobacterium avium sp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infections occur in zoo animals in Poland. Faeces samples (n = 131) were collected for analysis from different species of animals from eight zoos in Poland. Our study provides the first confirmation of MAP in bongo antelope and confirms that MAP is present in Polish zoological gardens and requires monitoring, which can be easier now due to new legislation. Mycobacterial infections are significant issues in zoo animals, influencing animal welfare, conservation efforts, and the zoonotic potential of pathogens. Although tuberculosis is recognised to be highly dangerous, paratuberculosis can also lead to animal losses and is potentially dangerous for humans. The aim of the current study was to confirm whether Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infections are currently present in zoos in Poland. Faeces samples (n = 131) were collected from different animal species from eight zoos in Poland. The faeces were decontaminated and inoculated into Herrold's Egg Yolk Media. The species was determined using commercial DNA testing. The IS900 was checked using RT-PCR. The culture was positive in seven samples: five with M. avium, one with Mycobacterium fortiatum, and one without any identified Mycobacterium species. RT-PCR confirmed MAP genetic material in nine animals. Our findings represent the first confirmation of MAP in bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus), indicating that it is present in Polish zoological gardens. Fortunately, the disease can be monitored more easily due to recent legislation (the Animal Health Law).

Automated summary

This study confirms the presence of MAP infections in Polish zoos and specifically identifies its presence in bongo antelope. The findings highlight the importance of monitoring and protecting animal health in zoo settings.