Histological Variants of Squamous and Basal Cell Carcinoma in Squamates and Chelonians: A Comprehensive Classification

Simple Summary The present study investigated the histological characteristics of 35 tumors from 21 lizards, 1 snake, 10 tortoises and 3 turtles that were initially diagnosed as squamous or basal cell carcinoma. Based on in-depth re-evaluation of the tissue characteristics, eight tumors initially diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma were re-classified as basal cell carcinomas and three squamous cell carcinomas proved to be non-neoplastic lesions. All squamous and basal cell carcinomas were classified into distinct histological variants. To date, basal cell carcinomas have only been described in two reptile species. In the present study, basal cell carcinomas were diagnosed in seven additional species. While immunohistochemical staining with cyclooxygenase-2 and E-cadherin showed significant differences between the examined squamous and basal cell carcinomas, no immunoreactivity was observed for epithelial antigen clone Ber-EP4 and epithelial membrane antigen. The results of this study provide a proposal classification that allows the differentiation of squamous and basal cell carcinoma and their histological variants in squamates and chelonians. In the present study, the histological characteristics of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) obtained from 22 squamate and 13 chelonian species were retrospectively evaluated. While the examined tissues were originally diagnosed as 28 SCCs and 7 BCCs based on histological evaluation by a specialty diagnostic service, eight SCCs could be re-classified as BCCs and three SCCs proved to be non-neoplastic lesions. In addition, all SCCs and BCCs were classified into distinct histological variants. The SCCs could be categorized as one SCC in situ, three moderately differentiated SCCs, seven well-differentiated SCCs, and six keratoacanthomas. BCCs were classified as five solid BCCs, four infiltrating BCCs, five keratotic BCCs, and one basosquamous cell carcinoma. In addition, the present study reports the occurrence of BCCs in seven reptile species for the first time. In contrast to what has been documented in humans, IHC staining with the commercially available epithelial membrane antigen and epithelial antigen clone Ber-EP4 does not allow differentiation of SCCs from BCCs in reptiles, while cyclooxygenase-2 and E-cadherin staining seem to have discriminating potential. Although the gross pathological features of the examined SCCs and BCCs were highly similar, each tumor could be unequivocally assigned to a distinct histological variant according to the observed histological characteristics. Based on the results of this study, a histopathological classification for SCCs and BCCs is proposed, allowing accurate identification and differentiation of SCCs and BCCs and their histological variants in the examined reptile species. Presumably, BCCs are severely underdiagnosed in squamates and chelonians.

Automated summary

This study investigated the histological characteristics of tumors from reptiles and proposed a histopathological classification for squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) in reptiles. The study found that some tumors initially diagnosed as SCCs were re-classified as BCCs, and some SCCs were non-neoplastic lesions. Additionally, basal cell carcinomas were diagnosed in seven additional reptile species for the first time. Immunohistochemical staining showed differences between the examined SCCs and BCCs, indicating potential for differentiation.