Effect of Citrus Pellet on Extrusion Parameters, Kibble Macrostructure, Starch Cooking and In Vitro Digestibility of Dog Foods

Simple Summary Recently, there has been widespread social and environmental pressure for the efficient reuse of agricultural industry residues due to the global intensification of food production, which creates large quantities of food co-products. Citrus Pulp Pellet (CPP) is the solid waste part of orange juice production, characterized by a good proportion of soluble and fermentable fiber. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of increasing amounts of CPP on the extrusion process and kibble characteristics as well as on the digestibility of dog foods. Five diets with different CPP inclusions (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) were developed for adult dogs and produced in a single screw extruder. The inclusion of CPP in the formula had an impact on the extrusion traits, influencing the processing parameters and the characteristics of the final product; therefore, the beneficial effects of this ingredient cannot be generalized. However, recycling and proper use of co-products in pet foods improve sustainable agriculture by transforming low-quality co-products into high-quality foods. This, in compliance with current legislation, we strongly encourage the food industry to find new end-uses for refusals such as the CPP exemplified in the present study. Fiber supplemented extruded foods are produced by pet food companies to help with several specific health conditions. The fiber material, however, is difficult to incorporate efficiently into dry kibble diets for dogs. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of citrus pulp pellet (CPP), the solid waste part of the production of orange juice characterized by a good proportion of soluble and fermentable fiber, on extrusion traits, kibble macrostructure, starch gelatinization and in vitro digestibility of dog foods. A control formula (CO) was developed for dogs. CPP was added to CO at different inclusion levels: 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. Foods were extruded in a single screw extruder using two different die diameters (d(d)): 5 mm and 7 mm. CPP inclusion with 5 mm d(d) did not affect bulk and piece density and resulted in a lower impact on kibble expansion; It also resulted in greater starch gelatinization and kibble expansion compared to the 7 mm d(d) configuration (p < 0.01). In addition to the nutritional implications, recycling and proper uses of this material exemplified in the present study by the exploration of CPP as a fiber source to dogs, this method can improve sustainable agriculture by transforming low-quality materials into high-quality foods.

Automated summary

The addition of citrus pulp pellet (CPP) in dog food can affect extrusion process, kibble characteristics, and digestibility, but the impact is not universal. However, recycling and proper use of co-products in pet foods can transform low-quality co-products into high-quality foods, thus promoting sustainable agriculture.