Potentially Suitable Geographical Area for Monochamous alternatus under Current and Future Climatic Scenarios Based on Optimized MaxEnt Model

Simple Summary Recently, Monochamus alternatus have broken through their original distribution areas, showing a tendency to spread to higher latitudes and successfully colonizing the newly invaded areas. Hence, it is important to analyze the potential global suitable area of M. alternatus with the latest occurrence coordinates for the monitoring and scientific prevention and control of M. alternatus. The optimized MaxEnt model was first used to predict and analyze the potentially suitable areas for M. alternatus on a global scale. The results showed that the main temperature factors influencing the potential distribution of M. alternatus are monthly mean temperature difference (Bio2), minimum temperature of the coldest month (Bio6), and mean temperature of the warmest quarter (Bio10) and that the main precipitation factors are annual precipitation (Bio12) and precipitation of the driest month (Bio14). Our results indicated that the current and future potential suitable areas of M. alternatus might be distributed worldwide. M. alternatus is considered to be an important and effective insect vector for the spread of the important international forest quarantine pest, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The precise determination of potential suitable areas of M. alternatus is essential to monitor, prevent, and control M. alternatus worldwide. According to the distribution points and climatic variables, the optimized MaxEnt model and ArcGIS were used to predict the current and future potentially suitable areas of M. alternatus worldwide. The optimized MaxEnt model parameters were set as feature combination (FC) = LQHP and beta = 1.5, which were determined by the values of AUC(diff), OR10, and Delta AICc. Bio2, Bio6, Bio10, Bio12, and Bio14 were the dominant bioclimatic variables affecting the distribution of M. alternatus. Under the current climate conditions, the potentially suitable habitats of M. alternatus were distributed across all continents except Antarctica, accounting for 4.17% of the Earth's total land area. Under future climate scenarios, the potentially suitable habitats of M. alternatus increased significantly, spreading to a global scale. The results of this study could provide a theoretical basis for the risk analysis of the global distribution and dispersal of M. alternatus as well as the precise monitoring and prevention of this beetle.

Automated summary

In this study, the optimized MaxEnt model and ArcGIS were used to predict the potential suitable areas of Monochamus alternatus worldwide. The results showed that current and future distribution regions of M. alternatus may cover all continents except Antarctica. This research provides a theoretical basis for risk analysis, monitoring, and prevention of M. alternatus globally.