Hybrid Quantum Dot as Promising Tools for Theranostic Application in Cancer

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In the last few decades, cancer treatment has come a long way, but multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer still has low survival rates. It means that much research is required for an accurate diagnosis and effective therapy. The new era of cancer research could include theranostic approaches and targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents utilizing the nanoparticulate system. Recently, there has been much interest gained among researchers for carbon-based and graphene-based quantum dots due to their higher biocompatibility and ease of biofunctionalization compared to conventional heavy metal quantum dots. Moreover, these quantum dots have various interesting utilities, including bioimaging, biosensing, quantum dots-mediated drug delivery, and their role in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT). The current review highlighted the utility of hybrid quantum dots as a theranostic system in different cancers and discussed the various bio-molecules conjugated hybrid quantum dots investigated for diagnostic/therapeutic applications in cancer. The influence of conjugation of different biomolecules, such as folic acid, PEG, etc., with hybrid quantum dots on their biopharmaceutical attributes (such as aqueous solubility, tumor penetrability, stability of loaded therapeutics in the tumor microenvironment), delivery of drugs specifically to tumor tissues, and its therapeutic outcome in different cancer has also been discussed.

Automated summary

Cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide, and multidrug resistance is a major challenge in cancer treatment. Nanoparticulate systems offer promising approaches for accurate diagnosis and effective therapy, including theranostic strategies and targeted drug delivery using carbon-based and graphene-based quantum dots. This review highlights the use of hybrid quantum dots as a theranostic system in different cancers and discusses the role of biomolecule conjugation in enhancing their biopharmaceutical attributes and therapeutic outcomes in cancer.