☆ 4.6 Review

Separation of Critical Metals by Membrane Technology under a Circular Economy Framework: A Review of the State-of-the-Art

PROCESSES (2023)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Copper recovery through biohydrometallurgy route: chemical and physical characterization of magnetic (m), non-magnetic (nm) and mix samples from obsolete smartphones

Lidiane Maria Andrade et al.

Summary: As modern electronics become more advanced, printed circuit boards are becoming smaller and more complex, resulting in an increase in copper concentrations in smartphones. Establishing standardized recycling processes to improve metal recovery is challenging. Biohydrometallurgy is a clean and cost-effective process for extracting critical metals from low-grade sources and waste electronic equipment.

BIOPROCESS AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING (2023)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

The role of nanofiltration modelling tools in the design of sustainable valorisation of metal-influenced acidic mine waters: The Aznalcollar open-pit case

J. Lopez et al.

Summary: Acid mine waters (AMWs) are a challenging environmental problem in the Iberian Pyrite Belt. This study evaluated the performance of the Desal DK NF membrane in treating AMW from Aznalc'ollar open-pit. The results showed that NF technology can recover water and concentrate metals from AMWs.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2023)

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Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Solvent extraction of Ni and Co from Ni-laterite leach solutions using a new synergistic system consisting of Versatic 10 acid, Mextral 6103H and Aliquat 336 with elemental mass balance for leaching, precipitation, solvent extraction, scrubbing and stripping

Zhi-gang Xu et al.

Summary: A new synergistic extraction system was investigated for recovering nickel and cobalt from nickel laterite leach solutions. It was found that the addition of Aliquat 336 significantly improved the nickel stripping kinetics, resulting in a high stripping efficiency. The system exhibited excellent extraction, scrubbing, and stripping performance, offering potential for efficient nickel and cobalt recovery and purification.

HYDROMETALLURGY (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Crown-Ether Functionalized Graphene Oxide Membrane for Lithium Recovery from Water

Luisa Baudino et al.

Summary: The transition of the transport sector to electric vehicles has increased the demand for lithium, and a new GO nanocomposite membrane is proposed for lithium recovery through pressure filtration, showing excellent lithium selectivity and high adsorption efficiency.

MEMBRANES (2022)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Nanofiltration membrane with crown ether as exclusive Li+ transport channels achieving efficient extraction of lithium from salt lake brine

Hongwei Li et al.

Summary: A nanofiltration membrane with exclusive Li+ transport channels was designed and prepared, enabling highly efficient Mg2+/Li+ separation. This process is potentially applicable for lithium extraction from salt lake brines with high Mg2+/Li+ mass ratios.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2022)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Extraction kinetics of cobalt and manganese with D2EHPA from lithium-ion battery recyclate

A. Keller et al.

Summary: This study investigates the mass transfer characteristics of separating manganese from cobalt sulfate solutions in the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries using a membrane-based microreactor. It is found that the concentration of di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA), pH, and metal ion concentration significantly affect the extraction efficiency. The introduction of a back-reaction term improves the accuracy of the extraction rate.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH & DESIGN (2022)

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Review Environmental Sciences

A holistic approach for the recovery of rare earth elements and scandium from secondary sources under a circular economy framework - A review

Ayse Yuksekdag et al.

Summary: This review presents six steps to close the loop and recover rare earth elements, and summarizes studies on environmentally friendly, economic, and efficient recovery processes. The obstacles to closing the REE loop in a circular economy and the reasons why secondary sources are not preferred over primary sources are also discussed.

CHEMOSPHERE (2022)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Separation of mono-/di-valent ions via charged interlayer channels of graphene oxide membranes

Qingbo Huang et al.

Summary: In this study, a graphene oxide (GO) membrane with charged interlayer channels was developed for the separation of mono-/di-valent ions. The membrane achieved selective transport of monovalent ions by utilizing size-sieving and electrostatic repulsion. The introduction of polyethyleneimine (PEI) into the interlayer channels not only controlled the charge property but also increased the hydrophilicity of the membrane surface. The optimal GO-PEI membrane exhibited high permeation rates and selectivity for monovalent ions.

JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE (2022)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Sulfuric acid leaching of metals from waste Li-ion batteries without using reducing agent

L. F. Guimaraes et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates a hydrometallurgical method using acid leaching without reducing agents to extract critical metals like cobalt, nickel, and manganese from lithium-ion batteries. The results show that at a temperature of 50°C, a 90% extraction rate can be achieved within 1 hour, making it more efficient than the traditional optimal temperature of 90°C.

MINERALS ENGINEERING (2022)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Effect of pre-concentration on membrane solvent extraction process for the recovery of rare earth elements from dilute acidic leachate

Ayse Yuksekdag et al.

Summary: The pre-concentration and separation processes of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) were investigated in this study. The nitric acid leachate of e-waste was pretreated to improve its quality before concentration. Nanofiltration was used for pre-concentration, resulting in a triplication of REEs concentration under optimum conditions. A flat sheet supported liquid membrane process was successfully utilized to extract REEs from the pre-treated leachate, with bis-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) showing higher separation efficiency compared to di-2,4,4,-trimethylpentyl phosphinic acid (Cyanex 272). The processes of direct membrane solvent extraction and MSX with pre-concentration were optimized, and the pre-concentration step was found to increase the efficiency of the MSX process and enable acid recovery. A more environmentally friendly and economical process scheme involving acid recovery from both nanofiltration permeate and post-MSX leaching residue was proposed.

PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION (2022)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Separation of lithium, nickel, manganese, and cobalt from waste lithium-ion batteries using electrodialysis

Ka Ho Chan et al.

Summary: With the expansion of the lithium-ion battery market and the increasing awareness of environmental protection, the development of green and sustainable technologies for recycling waste lithium-ion batteries has become urgent. This study focuses on the separation and recovery of valuable metals from postconsumer lithium-ion batteries using electrodialysis. The results show that electrodialysis coupled with complexation using EDTA can effectively separate and recover lithium, nickel, manganese, and cobalt with high purity.

RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING (2022)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Development of micro polymer inclusion beads (μPIBs) for the extraction of lanthanum

Charles F. Croft et al.

Summary: Separation based on polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) is an attractive green alternative to conventional solvent extraction. Micro polymer inclusion beads (mu PIBs) offer faster extraction and back-extraction due to their higher specific surface area.

SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Stable ionic liquid-based polymer inclusion membranes for lithium and magnesium separation

Li Xu et al.

Summary: In this study, polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) based on a stable ionic liquid (IL) extractant system were developed for the separation of lithium ions (Li+) from magnesium ions (Mg2+). The TBP-[C4mim][NTf2] system was efficient in extracting Li+ in PIM membranes, with high lithium selectivity and extraction percentage.

SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Nanofiltration-Enhanced Solvent Extraction of Scandium from TiO2 Acid Waste

Sebastian Hedwig et al.

Summary: A tandem nanofiltration solvent extraction route was demonstrated to effectively recover scandium from real-world acid waste, ultimately producing >97% pure (NH4)3ScF6. The process involves several filtration stages, solvent extraction, and precipitation to optimize scandium recovery.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Wet Process Phosphoric Acid Purification Using Functionalized Organic Nanofiltration Membrane

Khaoula Khaless et al.

Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the membrane purification process for pretreated industrial phosphoric acid using a pre-modified nanofiltration membrane. The results showed that the process effectively eliminated impurities, achieving the production requirements of food-grade phosphoric acid.

SEPARATIONS (2022)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Nanofiltration Membranes Modified with a Clustered Multiquaternary Ammonium-Based Ionic Liquid for Improved Magnesium/Lithium Separation

Faizal Soyekwo et al.

Summary: Lithium separation is crucial for overcoming the shortage in lithium supply in the energy sector. By modifying the polyamide thin-film composite membrane with the novel ionic liquid monomer DABIL, the selectivity for lithium extraction is improved, along with increased permeability and antibacterial activity.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2022)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Process Scale-Up of an Energy-Efficient Membrane Solvent Extraction Process for Rare Earth Recycling from Electronic Wastes

Syed Z. Islam et al.

Summary: This study reports on the scale-up and long-term performance of a membrane solvent extraction (MSX) process for separating and recovering high purity rare earth oxides (REOs) from scrap permanent magnets. The MSX process demonstrates high purity and yield of recovered REOs, with a scalable module design for industrial applications.

ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS (2022)

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Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Recovery of scandium from acidic waste solutions by means of polymer inclusion membranes

Sebastian Hedwig et al.

Summary: This study successfully optimized a polymer inclusion membrane (PIMs) system to selectively recover scandium from waste materials, increasing its concentration by more than two orders of magnitude. This research provides a new solution to alleviate the scarcity and unreliable supply of the rare earth element scandium.

HYDROMETALLURGY (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Recycling of printed circuit boards: ultrasound-assisted comminution and leaching for metals recovery

D. M. dos Santos et al.

Summary: The increase in electronic equipment consumption has made recycling processes crucial worldwide. The use of ultrasound technology in the recycling process has shown to enhance efficiency, particularly in the recycling of PCBs. The study found that ultrasound-assisted comminution reduced the particle size distribution of PCBs by 25% in 4 hours. Additionally, the leaching experiments showed that the extraction of aluminum doubled under the effect of ultrasound, while the leaching efficiency for iron decreased by half due to the formation of iron oxide, resulting in lower nickel recovery.

JOURNAL OF MATERIAL CYCLES AND WASTE MANAGEMENT (2022)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Direct production of lithium nitrate from the primary lithium salt by electrodialysis metathesis

Wei-Fen Wen et al.

Summary: In this study, a highly pure and concentrated LiNO3 solution was successfully prepared by electrodialysis metathesis (EDM) method, and the byproduct NaCl can also be used directly without burdening the environment. By integrating the evaporation process, a higher purity LiNO3 solid product can be obtained. This work provides a feasible and cost-effective approach for the green production of LiNO3 on a large scale, and expands its application in NMC synthesis.

JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE (2022)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Efficient Separation of Nd(III) and La(III) Via Supported Liquid Membrane Using EHEHPA (P507) as a Carrier

Lin Li et al.

Summary: This study tested an effective and efficient extraction and separation method for Nd/La using a flat-sheet supported liquid membrane. The results showed that the extraction of La and Nd increased with an increase in the initial pH of the feed solution and P507 concentration. The maximum separation factor of 44.25 was achieved at a low P507 concentration of 5% (v/v).

JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE METALLURGY (2022)

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Article Environmental Studies

Towards the lithium-ion battery production network: Thinking beyond mineral supply chains

Gavin Bridge et al.

Summary: As electricity plays an increasingly important role in decarbonizing economies, the demand for electrical energy storage in the form of battery systems is growing. Two major factors driving this demand are electric vehicles and stationary energy storage. This intersection of battery production with the transport and power sectors has important implications that need to be understood. Current analyses of battery production focus primarily on the supply chain and overlook the organizational and geographical relations, as well as the critical areas of intersection with OEM manufacturing for automotive and power sectors. To address this gap, a global production network (GPN) approach is deployed to highlight the dynamics of battery manufacturing and its intersection with the automotive and power sectors. This alternative account provides insights into key areas of policy concern and contributes to the analysis of the geopolitical economy of energy system transformation.

ENERGY RESEARCH & SOCIAL SCIENCE (2022)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Selective oxidation of water pollutants by surface-complexed peroxymonosulfate during filtration with highly dispersed Co(II)-doped ceramic membrane

Haodan Xu et al.

Summary: Selective pollutant removal was achieved through oxidative filtration on a ceramic membrane doped with highly dispersed cobalt. The oxidative filtration showed insensitivity to chloride, bicarbonate, and humic substances, and utilized more oxidation capacity of PMS compared to the homogeneous PMS/Co2+ system.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2022)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Downstream recovery of Li and value-added metals (Ni, Co, and Mn) from leach liquor of spent lithium-ion batteries using a membrane-integrated hybrid system

Ramesh Kumar et al.

Summary: A novel membrane-integrated hybrid system was developed for recycling valuable metals from discarded lithium-ion batteries and treating the resulting acidic leach liquor. The system demonstrated effective removal of iron and aluminum, and successful separation and concentration of metal ions for reuse. It also achieved crystallization and recovery of Li+.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2022)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Novel molten phase route for composite CO2 separation membranes

M. Starykevich et al.

Summary: Alkali metal nitrates have been successfully utilized as starting chemicals in the production of composite CO2 separation membranes, leading to improved membrane performance. The formation of significant concentrations of oxide ions in the molten phase plays a crucial role in enhancing the separation flux, showing an increase of about 60% at 650 ?.

JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE (2022)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Ultrasonication-assisted construction of neodymium oxide nanoparticles-carbon nanotubes based voltammetric platform for the sensitive determination of chlorogenic acid in tomato juice and fizzy drink

Sehriban Duzmen et al.

Summary: In this study, neodymium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized and decorated onto carbon nanotubes to prepare a sensitive platform for the detection of chlorogenic acid. The proposed platform exhibited improved voltammetric behavior and a lower detection limit for chlorogenic acid.

MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS (2022)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Recent advances in monovalent ion selective membranes towards environmental remediation and energy harvesting

Wenguang Wang et al.

Summary: Advanced membranes are crucial for critical industrial applications to address environmental and energy issues. The development of emerging materials has enhanced the separation performance of membranes, leading to improved efficiency in diverse applications such as water treatment and energy storage.

SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Recovery of water and valuable metals using low pressure nanofiltration and sequential adsorption from acid mine drainage

Charith Fonseka et al.

Summary: This study successfully achieved the recovery of freshwater and valuable metals such as rare earth elements and copper from synthetic acid mine drainage using low pressure nanofiltration and adsorption techniques. The findings highlight the potential of using powdered eggshell as a low-cost adsorbent for organic matter removal. Selective recovery of rare earth elements and copper was achieved through the use of modified metal organic frameworks and amine-grafted mesoporous silica materials.

ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Is it possible to recover lithium compounds from complex brines employing electromembrane processes exclusively?

Cesar H. Diaz Nieto et al.

Summary: Research on developing direct lithium extraction technologies from aqueous sources is important due to the limitations of the currently used evaporitic technology. Electromembrane processes are a promising alternative as they are faster, more adaptable, and sustainable compared to traditional methods. Testing these methods with real brines is crucial for industrial-scale applications.

CURRENT OPINION IN ELECTROCHEMISTRY (2022)

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Review Engineering, Environmental

Advances in membrane separation of urban wastewater effluents for (pre) concentration of microcontaminants and nutrient recovery: A mini review

Dennis Deemter et al.

Summary: This article discusses the recent advances in using ultrafiltration and Nanofiltration membranes to separate microcontaminants from urban wastewater. Conventional membrane systems have advantages such as low pressure and fouling, and higher rejection rates of organic microcontaminants compared to membrane distillation. However, these rejection rates are influenced by factors such as temperature, flow, pressure, surface charge, and concentration. Recent developments in material science have improved the implementation possibilities of different membrane types. Membrane separation systems not only offer cost reducing solutions for urban wastewater treatment, but also provide more efficient remediation of various industrial wastewaters. Additionally, they show great potential for substance recovery from wastewaters in the agricultural, chemical, and consumer industry, promoting more sustainable use of natural resources.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES (2022)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Application of Electrodialysis for the Selective Lithium Extraction towards Cobalt, Nickel and Manganese from Leach Solutions Containing High Divalent Cations/Li Ratio

Soumaya Gmar et al.

Summary: This study investigates the potential implementation of electrodialysis for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries using highly-selective membranes. It was found that monitoring ionic conductivity was not enough to operate electrodialysis effectively when highly selective membranes were used.

RECYCLING (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

The use of computational thermodynamic for yttrium recovery from rare earth elements-bearing residue

Amilton Barbosa Botelho Junior et al.

Summary: Rare earth elements are critical metals due to the risk of supply interruption. Recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment can be an alternative supply source. Aqueous media processes allow extraction and separation of elements even at low concentrations.

JOURNAL OF RARE EARTHS (2021)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Extraction of Scandium from Critical Elements-Bearing Mining Waste: Silica Gel Avoiding in Leaching Reaction of Bauxite Residue

Amilton Barbosa Botelho et al.

Summary: Scandium is a valuable rare-earth element mainly extracted from China. Bauxite residue is considered a potential scandium resource, but extraction efficiency is limited. This study aimed to extract scandium from bauxite residue using sulfuric and phosphoric acid leaching, with the evaluation of H2O2's effect, showing that extraction efficiency is influenced by iron.

JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE METALLURGY (2021)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Rare-earth element extraction from geothermal brine using magnetic core-shell nanoparticles-techno-economic analysis

Jian Liu et al.

Summary: Rare earth elements are critical materials with a wide range of applications, including renewable energy generation and storage. Extracting rare earth metals from geothermal brines presents challenges, but using nanofluid technology can be a cost-effective method for selective extraction.

GEOTHERMICS (2021)

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Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Characteristics of Some Selected Methods of Rare Earth Elements Recovery from Coal Fly Ashes

Aleksandra Rybak et al.

Summary: This article discusses the issues related to recovering rare earth elements from coal fly ashes, emphasizing the increasing demand and wide range of applications for these elements. Various methods are proposed to improve the efficiency of REE recovery, including traditional methods like physical and acid-base leaching, as well as novel techniques such as membrane separation and biological methods.

METALS (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Electric car battery: An overview on global demand, recycling and future approaches towards sustainability

Livia Salles Martins et al.

Summary: The widespread use of Li-ion batteries in electronic devices and vehicles highlights the importance of recycling for sustainable development. Understanding future trends in vehicle design, recycling methods, and policy making is crucial for sustainable growth.

JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (2021)

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Review Engineering, Chemical

Recovery of scandium from various sources: A critical review of the state of the art and future prospects

A. B. Botelho Junior et al.

Summary: The review focuses on the extraction of scandium from various sources with an emphasis on clean technologies and eco-friendly processing to achieve specific sustainable development goals of the United Nations. The study explores the possibility of an ecofriendly process for scandium extraction, providing diversified opportunities for achieving the set goals. Additionally, economic approaches must be deeply evaluated in conjunction with technical studies to address challenges related to acid consumption and downstream refining.

MINERALS ENGINEERING (2021)

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Article Materials Science, Ceramics

Robust ceramic nanofibrous membranes with ultra-high water flux and nanoparticle rejection for self-standing ultrafiltration

Juan Jiang et al.

Summary: A ceramic electrospun nanofibrous membrane with ultra-strong tensile strength was successfully fabricated by using graphene oxide as an additive. The optimized membrane showed high permeation flux and rejection efficiencies under both neutral and acidic water conditions, demonstrating great potential for harsh-environment ultrafiltration applications.

JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY (2021)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Selective separation of Sc(III) and Zr(IV) from the leaching of bauxite residue using trialkylphosphine acids, tertiary amine, tri-butyl phosphate and their mixtures

Amilton Barbosa Junior Botelho et al.

Summary: The study aimed at separating scandium and zirconium from Brazilian bauxite residue through acid leaching and solvent extraction experiments, achieving high separation factors after optimizing various process parameters.

SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Electrodialysis for concentrating cobalt, chromium, manganese, and magnesium from a synthetic solution based on a nickel laterite processing route

G. C. Feijoo et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the use of electrodialysis for recovering cobalt, magnesium, manganese, and chromium ions from an acid multicomponent solution. Results showed successful extraction of Co2+, Mn2+, and Mg(2+) ions above 98%, while the extraction of Cr3+ reached only 83%. The differences in metal transport through the membranes were attributed to lower molar concentration, diffusion coefficient, and Stokes radius of chromium ions.

SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Cobalt Recovery from Li-Ion Battery Recycling: A Critical Review

Amilton Barbosa Botelho Junior et al.

Summary: The growing demand for Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles has brought attention to the Cobalt supply chain. Cobalt, essential to these batteries, mainly comes from the D.R. Congo, posing a risk of supply interruption in the short to medium term. The significant presence of spent batteries highlights the urgent need for Cobalt recovery, requiring the development of greener technologies for sustainable development.

METALS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Incorporation of lanthanum particles to polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane for specific phosphorus uptake: Method comparison and performance assessment

Kok Yuen Koh et al.

Summary: The study developed a lanthanum incorporated polyethersulfone/sulfonated polyphenylenesulfone membrane for phosphorus treatment and compared its performance with a nanofiltration commercial membrane. The membrane fabricated by the in situ method showed higher adsorption capacity, faster kinetics, and higher water permeance than the membrane fabricated by the ex situ method. The results suggest that the in situ method is more effective in removing phosphate from water.

JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Synergistic interaction between organophosphorus extractants for facilitated lanthanum transport through supported liquid membrane

Pouria Zarei et al.

Summary: The development of membrane processes is an effective strategy to improve separation process efficiency. This study examined lanthanum extraction with organic phosphorus extractants in a laboratory system, optimizing results using experimental design techniques. The optimal conditions for extraction and stripping were determined, with high correlation coefficients indicating the validity of the models for predicting lanthanum permeability coefficients.

ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Global-scale impact analysis of mine tailings dam failures: 1915-2020

Kamrul Islam et al.

Summary: Tailings are waste materials generated from mining activities and stored in large dams, failures of which can have serious environmental impacts. Despite the availability of safer technologies for waste management, most mining companies have yet to adopt them.

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS (2021)

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Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Electro-membrane extraction of lithium with D2EHPA/TBP compound extractant

Xiaorong Meng et al.

Summary: The study developed a polymer inclusion membrane (PDT-PIM) composed of D2EHPA and TBP for Li+ electro-membrane extraction. Results showed that the system achieved preferential mass transfer to Li+ in the presence of Na+ and K+ ions, with optimization of carrier composition leading to improved mass transfer rate but reduced selectivity for Li+ relative to Na+ and K+.

HYDROMETALLURGY (2021)

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Review Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Recovery of rare earth elements from waste streams using membrane processes: An overview

Elkhansa Elbashier et al.

Summary: Recovery of rare earth elements (REEs) is essential due to their high costs, limited availability, toxicity, and negative environmental impacts. Membrane processes offer higher selectivity, lower energy requirements, and the potential for zero liquid discharge compared to conventional methods. However, the economic feasibility of using membrane techniques for REE recovery still needs to be thoroughly evaluated.

HYDROMETALLURGY (2021)

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Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Challenges for sustainable lithium supply: A critical review

Amato Alessia et al.

Summary: This article provides a comprehensive evaluation of the lithium supply situation, discussing the environmental impacts of integrating primary production with urban mining strategies and proposing possible alternatives to improve the sustainability of the lithium recycling value chain.

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2021)

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Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

A review of the current progress in recycling technologies for gallium and rare earth elements from light-emitting diodes

R. P. de Oliveira et al.

Summary: The study focuses on recovery techniques for end-of-life LEDs, including physical processes, pyrolysis, and bioleaching, with hydrometallurgical processing identified as the most suitable method. Despite energy consumption, a first pyrometallurgical step is recommended for gallium recovery. The research highlights the need for further investigation in LED recycling technologies and the importance of selecting the appropriate recovery process based on the composition of LEDs.

RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

Recovery of Zinc, Copper, Nickel, and Cobalt from Electroplating Wastewater by Electro-Nanofiltration

S. Lazarev et al.

Summary: This work focuses on the recovery of zinc, copper, nickel, and cobalt from electroplating wastewater using electro-nanofiltration. The study investigates the influence of different nanofiltration membranes and process conditions on the separation efficiency, identifying optimal operating parameters and retention capabilities of the membranes.

RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Preparation of Li2CO3 from high Mg2+/Li+ brines based on selective-electrodialysis with feed and bleed mode

Xiao-Chai Zhang et al.

Summary: This study developed a selective electrodialysis process for extracting lithium ions from brines, which can be optimized and improved by adjusting operational parameters. The extraction of lithium ions from bittern has economic value, and a high purity of Li2CO3 can be obtained in the S-ED process.

JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (2021)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Simultaneous recovery of rare earth elements from waste permanent magnets (WPMs) leach liquor by solvent extraction and hollow fiber supported liquid membrane

Achmad Chusnun Ni'am et al.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND PROCESSING-PROCESS INTENSIFICATION (2020)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Comparison of acid-resistant ceramic and polymeric nanofiltration membranes for acid mine waters treatment

J. Lopez et al.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2020)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Continuous Separation of Radionuclides from Contaminated Water by Shock Electrodialysis

Mohammad A. Alkhadra et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Membrane electrolysis for separation of cobalt from terephthalic acid industrial wastewater

Rui Gao et al.

HYDROMETALLURGY (2020)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

PVC-based hybrid membranes containing metal-organic frameworks for Li+/Mg2+ separation

Chengyi Zhang et al.

JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

Separation and recovery of iron and scandium from acid leaching solution of red mud using D201 resin

Xuekai Zhang et al.

JOURNAL OF RARE EARTHS (2020)

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Editorial Material Multidisciplinary Sciences

Sustainable minerals and metals for a low-carbon future

Benjamin K. Sovacool et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Editorial Material Engineering, Environmental

WEEE under the prism of urban mining

E. Gidarakos et al.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2020)

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Review Engineering, Environmental

Extraction of strategically important elements from brines: Constraints and opportunities

Biplob Kumar Pramanik et al.

WATER RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Geochemistry & Geophysics

Characteristics of Precipitation of Rare Earth Elements with Various Precipitants

Kenneth N. Han

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Selective recovery of lithium and iron phosphate/carbon from spent lithium iron phosphate cathode material by anionic membrane slurry electrolysis

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Nanofiltration Membrane Characterization and Application: Extracting Lithium in Lepidolite Leaching Solution

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Selective separation of lithium from high Mg/Li ratio brine using single-stage and multi-stage selective electrodialysis processes

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A Green and Cost-Effective Method for Production of LiOH from Spent LiFePO4

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Literature Review and Thermodynamic Modelling of Roasting Processes for Lithium Extraction from Spodumene

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Selective separation of cobalt and nickel using a stable supported ionic liquid membrane

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Recovery of Neodymium from Waste Permanent Magnets by Hydrometallurgy Using Hollow Fibre Supported Liquid Membranes

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Recovery of Lithium from Lepidolite by Sulfuric Acid and Separation of Al/Li by Nanofiltration

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Electrodialytic recovery of rare earth elements from coal ashes

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Evaluation of polymer inclusion membrane efficiency in selective separation of lithium ion from aqueous solution

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Selective Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Coal Fly Ash Leachates Using Liquid Membrane Processes

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Integration of nanofiltration membranes in recovery options of rare earth elements from acidic mine waters

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Progress in hydrometallurgical technologies to recover critical raw materials and precious metals from low-concentrated streams

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A critical review on remediation, reuse, and resource recovery from acid mine drainage

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Recovery of sulphuric acid and added value metals (Zn, Cu and rare earths) from acidic mine waters using nanofiltration membranes

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Lithium extraction from complex aqueous solutions using supported ionic liquid membranes

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Mine drainage: Treatment technologies and rare earth elements

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Sustainable development goals in mining

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The application of nanofiltration membrane for recovering lithium from salt lake brine

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Separation of valuable metals in spent LiNi0.46Co0.2Mn0.34O2 battery by shear induced dissociation coupling with ultrafiltration

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Enabling sustainable green close-loop membrane lithium extraction by acid and solvent resistant poly (ether ether ketone) membrane

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Recovery of nickel and cobalt from nickel laterite leach solution using chelating resins and pre-reducing process

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Separation and Recovery of Scandium from Sulfate Media by Solvent Extraction and Polymer Inclusion Membranes with Amic Acid Extractants

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Cost effective recovery of lithium from lithium ion battery by reverse osmosis and precipitation: a perspective

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Application of nanofiltration for Rare Earth Elements recovery from coal fly ash leachate: Performance and cost evaluation

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Application of nanofiltration for acidic waters containing rare earth elements: Influence of transition elements, acidity and membrane stability

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EElectrodialytic concentrating lithium salt from primary resource

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Selective extraction of dysprosium from acidic solutions containing dysprosium and neodymium through emulsion liquid membrane by Cyanex 572 as carrier

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Selective separation and enrichment of neodymium and gadolinium by emulsion liquid membrane using a novel extractant CYANEX® 572

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NdFeB magnet recycling: Dysprosium recovery by non-dispersive solvent extraction employing hollow fibre membrane contactor

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Recovery of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries using precipitation and electrodialysis techniques

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An overview on membrane strategies for rare earths extraction and separation

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A polymer inclusion membrane composed of the binary carrier PC-88A and Versatic 10 for the selective separation and recovery of Sc

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Separation of yttrium from europium using a hollow fiber-supported liquid membrane with 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester as an extractant

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Selective separation of yttrium(III) through a liquid membrane system using 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone as an extractant carrier

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A review of cleaner production in electroplating industries using electrodialysis

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Review on hydrometallurgical recovery of rare earth metals

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Water recovery from acid mine drainage by electrodialysis

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Recovery of gallium from Bayer liquor: A review

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Development of a recycling process for Li-ion batteries

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Metallurgical processes for scandium recovery from various resources: A review

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