☆ 4.7 Review

Recent Progress in Multiple Sclerosis Treatment Using Immune Cells as Targets

PHARMACEUTICS (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Design, synthesis, and evaluation of PD-L1 degraders to enhance T cell killing activity against melanoma

Yang Liu et al.

Summary: Inhibitors targeting immune checkpoint provide a promising anticancer therapy by reversing immunosuppression and enhancing immune cell lethality to tumor cells. This study reports the development of PROTAC-based PD-L1 degraders that improve T cell killing activity against melanoma. Among the designed degraders, CRBN-ligand-based compound BMS-37-C3 shows the most potent activity in degrading PD-L1 and enhancing T cell killing ability.

CHINESE CHEMICAL LETTERS (2023)

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Review Pathology

The Immune Response in Multiple Sclerosis

Sofia Rodriguez Murua et al.

Summary: Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease affecting the central nervous system, characterized by immune dysregulation and resulting in demyelination, neuronal damage, and degeneration. Genetic and environmental factors are believed to play a role in the onset and progression of this disease.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE (2022)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Rituximab for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: a review

Clara Grazia Chisari et al.

Summary: Evidence has shown the involvement of B cells in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis, with B-cell-depleting therapies like rituximab (RTX) being considered as a treatment option. While RTX has demonstrated efficacy in reducing inflammation, relapses, and new brain lesions in RRMS patients, its off-label use varies among Northern European countries. The review highlights RTX as a potential alternative treatment option for MS management, especially amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and concerns about infection risks.

JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY (2022)

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Editorial Material Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Longitudinal Analysis Suggests Epstein--Barr as Cause of Multiple Sclerosis

[Anonymous]

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (2022)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Effectiveness and safety of cladribine in MS: Real-world experience from two tertiary centres

Steffen Pfeuffer et al.

Summary: Oral cladribine has shown significant efficacy in treating multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, particularly among those who have not been previously treated or have used platform substances. However, patients switching from natalizumab may experience disease reactivation post cessation, while those with dimethyl fumarate pre-treatment may face severe lymphopenia and subsequent herpes virus infections.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS JOURNAL (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Macrophage-targeted nanomedicine for chronic diseases immunotherapy

Yuejia Song et al.

Summary: This review summarizes the recent progress of macrophage-targeted nanomedicine for chronic diseases immunotherapy. The origin, polarization, and biological functions of macrophages are introduced. The disorder of macrophages in different chronic diseases is reviewed, and the pathological contributions of macrophages in representative diseases are discussed in detail. Strategies to regulate macrophages for disease immunotherapy, with a focus on bio-functional nanomaterials, are summarized. Methods for macrophage-targeting delivery nanosystems are discussed. Finally, the potential clinical translation and the development of novel macrophage-targeting nanomedicine for precise, effective, and biosafe therapy are speculated.

CHINESE CHEMICAL LETTERS (2022)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Efficacy and safety of ofatumumab in recently diagnosed, treatment-naive patients with multiple sclerosis: Results from ASCLEPIOS I and II

Jutta Gaertner et al.

Summary: The study showed that ofatumumab is more effective and safer than teriflunomide in recently diagnosed, treatment-naive patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. Compared with teriflunomide, ofatumumab significantly reduced the annualized relapse rate, delayed confirmed disability worsening, and delayed progression independent of relapse activity.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS JOURNAL (2022)

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Article Neurosciences

Identification of early neurodegenerative pathways in progressive multiple sclerosis

Max Kaufmann et al.

Summary: This study identified multicellular mechanisms of progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis and traced their origin in relation to spatially distributed stages of neurodegeneration by using spatial transcriptomics and proteomics. Defunct trophic and anti-inflammatory intercellular communications were discovered within areas of early neuronal decline in MS patients. Proteins associated with neuronal damage in patient samples showed mechanistic concordance with in vivo knockdown and central nervous system (CNS) disease models. This study provides a new framework for drug development strategies and uncovers new therapeutic opportunities to slow disease.

NATURE NEUROSCIENCE (2022)

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Article Neurosciences

Neuroinflammatory disease disrupts the blood-CNS barrier via crosstalk between proinflammatory and endothelial-to-mesenchymal-transition signaling

Zhonglou Sun et al.

Summary: Breakdown of the blood-central nervous system barrier is a significant feature in neuroinflammatory disorders. In this study, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition was found to occur in the CNS and play a crucial role in BCNSB dysfunction. Multiple components of the IL-10-ARF6-ALK-SMAD1/5 pathway could be targeted for the treatment of neuroinflammatory disorders.

NEURON (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus associated with multiple sclerosis

Kjetil Bjornevik et al.

Summary: This study suggests that multiple sclerosis may be caused by Epstein-Barr virus, with no direct association with other viral infections. These findings provide clues to the primary cause of MS.

SCIENCE (2022)

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Review Immunology

Cytokine Regulation and Function in T Cells

Chen Dong

Summary: T lymphocytes play a key role in cellular immunity, with significant heterogeneity in CD4(+) T cells leading to the identification of various subsets with unique roles in immunity and pathology. Understanding cytokine regulation and function has provided innovative treatment options for many human diseases.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGY, VOL 39 (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Alemtuzumab: A Review in Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

Yahiya Y. Syed

Summary: Alemtuzumab is an effective treatment option for patients with highly active RRMS, with maintained treatment benefits over up to 9 years. It has an acceptable tolerability profile and convenient treatment regimen.

DRUGS (2021)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Apparent changes in the epidemiology and severity of multiple sclerosis

Nils Koch-Henriksen et al.

Summary: The incidence of MS appears to be increasing, but the disease has become milder. Understanding these trends and the reasons behind them is crucial for clinical management and treatment decisions.

NATURE REVIEWS NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Antigen Presentation by B Cells in Multiple Sclerosis

Scott S. Zamvil et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Genetics & Heredity

Construction of a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network to determine the key regulators of the Th1/Th2 imbalance in multiple sclerosis

Hanieh Azari et al.

Summary: Studies show that irregular control of immune response noncoding RNAs can lead to multiple sclerosis, with miR-210-3p and miR-544a irregularities disrupting the Th1/Th2 balance. Investigating ncRNAs and lncRNAs can offer novel biomarkers for understanding the development of multiple sclerosis.

EPIGENOMICS (2021)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Modulators for Multiple Sclerosis

Reshmi Roy et al.

Summary: Fingolimod was the first-in-class S1P receptor modulator approved for the treatment of relapsing forms of MS, aiming to modulate immune cell trafficking and reduce infiltration into the central nervous system. Second-generation S1PR modulators have improved selectivity and shorter half-lives, allowing for faster reversal of pharmacological effects and minimizing cardiac-related side effects.

CNS DRUGS (2021)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Anti-CD20 B Cells Depleting Drugs in Multiple Sclerosis

Kelly R. Cotchett et al.

Summary: This article compares the similarities and differences between Rituximab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, and ublituximab in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, discussing their efficacy, safety, route of administration, and cost considerations. Ocrelizumab is the only drug approved for primary progressive MS, while infusion/injection related reactions are common adverse events among all four therapies. Ofatumumab stands out for its subcutaneous injection availability, and ublituximab shows promising results in phase II trials for RMS treatment, with phase III trials comparing its efficacy to teriflunomide.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND RELATED DISORDERS (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Status of Immunotherapy Acceptance in Chinese Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: Analysis of Multiple Sclerosis Patient Survival Report 2018

Ran Zhou et al.

Summary: The study found that highly educated patients with frequent relapses were more willing to receive treatment, while patients with more understanding of the disease opted to be treated. Younger patients, those with severe disease course, and those with more symptoms were more likely to choose treatment. A higher proportion of women chose to be treated with DMTs than with other immunotherapies.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

Macrophages and Autoantibodies in Demyelinating Diseases

Haruki Koike et al.

Summary: Myelin phagocytosis by macrophages is a key feature of demyelinating diseases, with the discovery of specific autoantibodies aiding in the identification of distinct disease entities, though the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Macrophages appear to selectively target specific sites on myelinated fibers for demyelination, indicating the importance of localized components in initiating myelin phagocytosis.

CELLS (2021)

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Review Immunology

Immunosenescence in multiple sclerosis: the identification of new therapeutic targets

Maria Dema et al.

Summary: The number of elderly multiple sclerosis patients is increasing due to improved life expectancy and available treatments. Current treatments cannot halt disability accumulation associated with disease progression, potentially due to the impact of immunosenescence, leading to abnormal immune cell subsets contributing to autoimmune disease development. Strategies including senolytics, regenerative therapies, and rejuvenation of immune cells have been proposed to potentially reverse immunosenescence and benefit MS progression.

AUTOIMMUNITY REVIEWS (2021)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Interferons and Multiple Sclerosis: Lessons from 25 Years of Clinical and Real-World Experience with Intramuscular Interferon Beta-1a (Avonex)

Stanley L. Cohan et al.

Summary: Recombinant interferon was approved as first disease-modifying therapy for MS in 1993, with clinical trials demonstrating its effectiveness. Intramuscular IFN beta-1a has higher patient adherence and lower adverse reactions compared to subcutaneous formulations. MRI studies show that IFN beta-1a treatment reduces lesions, but the benefits of high-efficacy therapies need to be balanced against potential risks.

CNS DRUGS (2021)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Role of environmental factors in multiple sclerosis

Amin Zarghami et al.

Summary: This article reviews the role of environmental factors in the pathogenesis and progression of MS, highlighting factors like tobacco smoking, low vitamin D levels, EBV infection, and the impact of gene-environment interactions. While there is good evidence for certain environmental risk factors increasing the risk of developing MS, the evidence for other environmental factors affecting MS progression is limited. More research is needed in this area to fully understand the impact of environmental factors on the course of MS.

EXPERT REVIEW OF NEUROTHERAPEUTICS (2021)

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Article Immunology

Meningeal B Cell Clusters Correlate with Submeningeal Pathology in a Natural Model of Multiple Sclerosis

Molly E. Church et al.

Summary: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an idiopathic demyelinating disease characterized by meningeal inflammation and accelerated disease progression. Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME) in young dogs is proposed as a natural model for studying neuropathological aspects of MS. The meningeal B cell accumulation in GME correlates significantly with cortical demyelination similar to MS, making it a novel model for studying compartmentalized neuroinflammation and associated pathology in progressive MS.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Multiple Sclerosis: Microglia, Monocytes, and Macrophage-Mediated Demyelination

John W. Prineas et al.

Summary: The study showed that microglia and monocytes play important roles in myelin destruction in early multiple sclerosis patients, with newly identified cell types and a new gray matter lesion observed in MS.

JOURNAL OF NEUROPATHOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulators in multiple sclerosis and other conditions

Marisa P. McGinley et al.

Summary: 3-The S1P signalling pathways play crucial roles in various diseases, with S1PRs being proposed as therapeutic targets, especially in multiple sclerosis where they reduce inflammatory cell migration by regulating lymphocyte levels. Further development of S1PR modulators for other indications is supported by preclinical evidence and ongoing clinical trials.

LANCET (2021)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Cellular immunology of relapsing multiple sclerosis: interactions, checks, and balances

Amit Bar-Or et al.

Summary: The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis is being redefined by new insights from basic and translational studies, indicating involvement of various cell types and subsets in the inflammatory responses. Imbalanced interactions between T cells, myeloid cells, B cells, and their subpopulations play a crucial role in relapsing multiple sclerosis, with patient-specific contributors to these imbalances. Single-cell immune cell profiling techniques reveal functional heterogeneity and plasticity that could impact disease progression and treatment response. Clinical trials with different agents have helped to elucidate disease mechanisms, clarify immune therapy modes of action, and set the stage for new therapeutic strategies.

LANCET NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

The multiple sclerosis prodrome

Naila Makhani et al.

Summary: The prodromal phase of MS, characterized by early signs and symptoms before typical disease onset, has important clinical implications for early recognition and treatment initiation, as well as potential implications for research into MS causes and risk factors.

NATURE REVIEWS NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Review Clinical Neurology

B cells in multiple sclerosis - from targeted depletion to immune reconstitution therapies

Maria T. Cencioni et al.

Summary: This Review discusses the roles of B cells in multiple sclerosis, highlighting the involvement of B cells in disease pathogenesis and the potential mechanisms underlying the abnormalities in B cell function in MS.

NATURE REVIEWS NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Safety of Ocrelizumab in Patients With Relapsing and Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis

Stephen L. Hauser et al.

Summary: This study reports the safety of ocrelizumab treatment for up to 7 years in patients with multiple sclerosis, showing a consistent and manageable safety profile without emerging safety concerns. The rates of the most common serious adverse events, including serious infections and malignancies, were consistent with epidemiologic data ranges. Additionally, long-term, continuous treatment with ocrelizumab was associated with a favorable safety profile in a heterogeneous multiple sclerosis population.

NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Review Immunology

Role of Th22 Cells in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases

Qi Jiang et al.

Summary: Th22 cells are a newly identified CD4(+) T cell subset that secrete cytokines such as IL-22, IL-13, and TNF-alpha. They are distinct from other subsets like Th1, Th2, and Th17, and have been found to play a role in skin inflammatory diseases as well as various autoimmune diseases.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Clinical Neurology

The Role of B Cells in Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis

Jameson P. Holloman et al.

Summary: The success of ocrelizumab in reducing confirmed disability accumulation in PPMS suggests B cells play a role in the pathogenesis. B cells may contribute to disease progression through cytokine production and antigen presentation, with the potential for pro-inflammatory effects, while the benefit of ocrelizumab in PPMS is unlikely to occur through antibody decrement.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor precursor in the immune system is a novel target for treating multiple sclerosis

Zhao-Lan Hu et al.

Summary: The study found that proBDNF from immune cells promotes the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Monoclonal Ab-proB may be a promising therapeutic agent for treating MS.

THERANOSTICS (2021)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Rituximab treatment for multiple sclerosis

Benjamin V. Ineichen et al.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS JOURNAL (2020)

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Review Clinical Neurology

The gut microbiome in neurological disorders

John F. Cryan et al.

LANCET NEUROLOGY (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

3D porous acellular cartilage matrix scaffold with surface mediated sustainable release of TGF-beta 3 for cartilage engineering

Yixing Huang et al.

CHINESE CHEMICAL LETTERS (2020)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Efficacy and Safety of Oral Therapies for Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

Damiano Paolicelli et al.

CNS DRUGS (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

TheCSFProfile Linked to Cortical Damage Predicts Multiple Sclerosis Activity

Roberta Magliozzi et al.

ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY (2020)

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Review Immunology

The role of B cells in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis

Tohid Gharibi et al.

IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Immunology

Microglia in Multiple Sclerosis: Friend or Foe?

Brooke L. Guerrero et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Inhibition of Bruton's tyrosine kinase interferes with pathogenic B-cell development in inflammatory CNS demyelinating disease

Sebastian Torke et al.

ACTA NEUROPATHOLOGICA (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Ofatumumab versus Teriflunomide in Multiple Sclerosis

Stephen L. Hauser et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Review Immunology

Natalizumab in Multiple Sclerosis Treatment: From Biological Effects to Immune Monitoring

Kathy Khoy et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: Insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition

Clare Walton et al.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS JOURNAL (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Efficacy of rituximab in refractory RRMS

Pierre Durozard et al.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS JOURNAL (2019)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

The Multiple Roles of B Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Their Implications in Multiple Sclerosis Therapies

Rui Li et al.

COLD SPRING HARBOR PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICINE (2019)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Efficacy of rituximab in refractory RRMS

Pierre Durozard et al.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS JOURNAL (2019)

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Article Rheumatology

Circulating follicular helper T cells are increased in systemic sclerosis and promote plasmablast differentiation through the IL-21 pathway which can be inhibited by ruxolitinib

Laure Ricard et al.

ANNALS OF THE RHEUMATIC DISEASES (2019)

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Review Immunology

T follicular helper cell heterogeneity: Time, space, and function

Wenzhi Song et al.

IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS (2019)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Valery L. Feigin et al.

LANCET NEUROLOGY (2019)

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Review Immunology

T Follicular Helper Cell Biology: A Decade of Discovery and Diseases

Shane Crotty

IMMUNITY (2019)

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Review Immunology

Immunological Aspects of Approved MS Therapeutics

Paulus S. Rommer et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2019)

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Review Virology

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies: What do we know after 20 years of rituximab

Daniele Focosi et al.

REVIEWS IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2019)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Multiple sclerosis and Fabry disease - diagnostic mixup

Miljenka-Jelena Jurasic et al.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND RELATED DISORDERS (2019)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Treatment of multiple sclerosis - success from bench to bedside

Mar Tintore et al.

NATURE REVIEWS NEUROLOGY (2019)

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Letter Hematology

GA101 P329GLALA, a variant of obinutuzumab with abolished ADCC, ADCP and CDC function but retained cell death induction, is as efficient as rituximab in B-cell depletion and antitumor activity

Sylvia Herter et al.

HAEMATOLOGICA (2018)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Safety and efficacy of cladribine tablets in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Results from the randomized extension trial of the CLARITY study

Gavin Giovannoni et al.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS JOURNAL (2018)

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Letter Hematology

GA101 P329GLALA, a variant of obinutuzumab with abolished ADCC, ADCP and CDC function but retained cell death induction, is as efficient as rituximab in B-cell depletion and antitumor activity

Sylvia Herter et al.

HAEMATOLOGICA (2018)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Safety and efficacy of cladribine tablets in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Results from the randomized extension trial of the CLARITY study

Gavin Giovannoni et al.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS JOURNAL (2018)

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Article Hematology

New insights in Type I and II CD20 antibody mechanisms-of-action with a panel of novel CD20 antibodies

Saskia Meyer et al.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY (2018)

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Review Immunology

The roles of macrophages and microglia in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Fengna Chu et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY (2018)

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Review Immunology

Reassessing B cell contributions in multiple sclerosis

Rui Li et al.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2018)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Comparative Effectiveness of Rituximab and Other Initial Treatment Choices for Multiple Sclerosis

Mathias Granqvist et al.

JAMA NEUROLOGY (2018)

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Article Immunology

Differential Phagocytic Properties of CD45low Microglia and CD45high Brain Mononuclear Phagocytes-Activation and Age-Related Effects

Srikant Rangaraju et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2018)

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Article Immunology

Role of TFH Cells in Promoting T Helper 17-Induced Neuroinflammation

James L. Quinn et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2018)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

The Properties of Cytokines in Multiple Sclerosis: Pros and Cons

Kexin Wang et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL SCIENCES (2018)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Memory B Cells Activate Brain-Homing, Autoreactive CD4+ T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis

Ivan Jelcic et al.

CELL (2018)

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Review Immunology

Dimethyl fumarate treatment in multiple sclerosis: Recent advances in clinical and immunological studies

Gwendoline Montes Diaz et al.

AUTOIMMUNITY REVIEWS (2018)

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Review Immunology

Dendritic cells as gatekeepers of tolerance

Ari Waisman et al.

SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY (2017)

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Review Immunology

Th9 cells in the pathogenesis of EAE and multiple sclerosis

Wassim Elyaman et al.

SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY (2017)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Vitamin D and Neurological Diseases: An Endocrine View

Carolina Di Somma et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2017)

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Article Immunology

Human Blood CD1c+ Dendritic Cells Encompass CD5high and CD5low Subsets That Differ Significantly in Phenotype, Gene Expression, and Functions

Xiangyun Yin et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2017)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

The role of STAT3 and AhR in the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Th17 and Treg cells

Xingxing Liu et al.

MEDICINE (2017)

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Article Clinical Neurology

New insights into the burden and costs of multiple sclerosis in Europe

Gisela Kobelt et al.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS JOURNAL (2017)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Natalizumab-associated PML Challenges with incidence, resulting risk, and risk stratification

Nicholas Schwab et al.

NEUROLOGY (2017)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Ocrelizumab and Other CD20+ B-Cell-Depleting Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis

Jeffrey M. Gelfand et al.

NEUROTHERAPEUTICS (2017)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Ocrelizumab versus Interferon Beta-1a in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis

S. L. Hauser et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2017)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Ocrelizumab versus Placebo in Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis

X. Montalban et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2017)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Fingolimod Protects Against Ischemic White Matter Damage by Modulating Microglia Toward M2 Polarization via STAT3 Pathway

Chuan Qin et al.

STROKE (2017)

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Article Clinical Neurology

New insights into the burden and costs of multiple sclerosis in Europe

Gisela Kobelt et al.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS JOURNAL (2017)

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Review Neurosciences

From Leflunomide to Teriflunomide: Drug Development and Immunosuppressive Oral Drugs in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

Lilian Aly et al.

CURRENT NEUROPHARMACOLOGY (2017)

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Review Immunology

Interleukin-22 in human inflammatory diseases and viral infections

Arezoo Gowhari Shabgah et al.

AUTOIMMUNITY REVIEWS (2017)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Activity of secukinumab, an anti-IL-17A antibody, on brain lesions in RRMS: results from a randomized, proof-of-concept study

Eva Havrdova et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY (2016)

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Review Urology & Nephrology

Development and function of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells

Yuan Min Wang et al.

NEPHROLOGY (2016)

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Review Behavioral Sciences

Sex effects on inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes in multiple sclerosis

Caren Ramien et al.

NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS (2016)

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Review Immunology

Interleukin-22: Immunobiology and Pathology

Jarrod A. Dudakov et al.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGY VOL 33 (2015)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

T cell subsets and their signature cytokines in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases

Itay Raphael et al.

CYTOKINE (2015)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

IFN-β and multiple sclerosis: Cross-talking of immune cells and integration of immunoregulatory networks

Martina Severa et al.

CYTOKINE & GROWTH FACTOR REVIEWS (2015)

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Review Immunology

Development of thymic Foxp3+ regulatory T cells: TGF-β matters

WanJun Chen et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2015)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Glatiramer acetate: long-term safety and efficacy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

Aaron L. Boster et al.

EXPERT REVIEW OF NEUROTHERAPEUTICS (2015)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Alemtuzumab in Multiple Sclerosis: Mechanism of Action and Beyond

Tobias Ruck et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2015)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

B Cells and Autoantibodies in Multiple Sclerosis

Anne-Katrin Proebstel et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2015)

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Review Immunology

The immunogenetics of multiple sclerosis: A comprehensive review

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JOURNAL OF AUTOIMMUNITY (2015)

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Article Immunology

B Cell Antigen Presentation Is Sufficient To Drive Neuroinflammation in an Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis

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JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2015)

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Article Immunology

Expression of GM-CSF in T Cells Is Increased in Multiple Sclerosis and Suppressed by IFN-β Therapy

Javad Rasouli et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2015)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Interleukin-35: Expanding Its Job Profile

Deepali V. Sawant et al.

JOURNAL OF INTERFERON AND CYTOKINE RESEARCH (2015)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Pathogen Resistance Mediated by IL-22 Signaling at the Epithelial-Microbiota Interface

Fernanda Schreiber et al.

JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (2015)

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Article Immunology

Interleukin-22 is increased in multiple sclerosis patients and targets astrocytes

Guillaume Perriard et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION (2015)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

TH17 cells transdifferentiate into regulatory T cells during resolution of inflammation

Nicola Gagliani et al.

NATURE (2015)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Randomized trial of erhuangfang for relapsing multiple sclerosis

Li Zhou et al.

NEUROLOGICAL RESEARCH (2015)

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Article Cell Biology

Proinflammatory GM-CSF-producing B cells in multiple sclerosis and B cell depletion therapy

Rui Li et al.

SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2015)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Glatiramer acetate: long-term safety and efficacy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

Aaron L. Boster et al.

EXPERT REVIEW OF NEUROTHERAPEUTICS (2015)

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Review Immunology

The Treg/Th17 Axis: A Dynamic Balance Regulated by the Gut Microbiome

Sara Omenetti et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2015)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Circulating CCR7+ICOS+ Memory T Follicular Helper Cells in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Xueli Fan et al.

PLOS ONE (2015)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Teriflunomide and Its Mechanism of Action in Multiple Sclerosis

Amit Bar-Or et al.

DRUGS (2014)

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Review Immunology

Macrophages: A double-edged sword in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Zhilong Jiang et al.

IMMUNOLOGY LETTERS (2014)

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Article Immunology

GM-CSF but Not IL-17 Is Critical for the Development of Severe Interstitial Lung Disease in SKG Mice

Aoi Shiomi et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2014)

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Article Cell Biology

Th22 cells are expanded in multiple sclerosis and are resistant to IFN-β

Simona Rolla et al.

JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY (2014)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Oral teriflunomide for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (TOWER): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial

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LANCET NEUROLOGY (2014)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Safety and efficacy of fingolimod in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (FREEDOMS II): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial

Peter A. Calabresi et al.

LANCET NEUROLOGY (2014)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

IL-35-producing B cells are critical regulators of immunity during autoimmune and infectious diseases

Ping Shen et al.

NATURE (2014)

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Editorial Material Clinical Neurology

ATLAS OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 2013: A GROWING GLOBAL PROBLEM WITH WIDESPREAD INEQUITY

Paul Browne et al.

NEUROLOGY (2014)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is a good model of multiple sclerosis if used wisely

David Baker et al.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND RELATED DISORDERS (2014)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Th22 and related cytokines in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases

Tian Tian et al.

EXPERT OPINION ON THERAPEUTIC TARGETS (2013)

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Review Immunology

T-cell-based immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases

Cristina Ulivieri et al.

EXPERT REVIEW OF VACCINES (2013)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Dendritic Cells and Multiple Sclerosis: Disease, Tolerance and Therapy

G. Mohammad Mohammad et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2013)

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Article Immunology

MHC class II-dependent B cell APC function is required for induction of CNS autoimmunity independent of myelin-specific antibodies

Nicolas Molnarfi et al.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE (2013)

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Article Immunology

IL-22 secreting CD4+T cells in the patients with neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis

Wen Xu et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY (2013)

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Article Immunology

Fingolimod phosphate promotes the neuroprotective effects of microglia

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JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY (2013)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands in multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndromes: a meta-analysis of prevalence, prognosis and effect of latitude

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JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY (2013)

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Epitope interactions of monoclonal antibodies targeting CD20 and their relationship to functional properties

Christian Klein et al.

MABS (2013)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Dendritic cell, monocyte and T cell activation and response to glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis

F. Sellebjerg et al.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS JOURNAL (2013)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Impaired regulatory function and enhanced intrathecal activation of B cells in neuromyelitis optica: distinct from multiple sclerosis

Chao Quan et al.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS JOURNAL (2013)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Interferon Beta and Glatiramer Acetate Therapy

Corey A. McGraw et al.

NEUROTHERAPEUTICS (2013)

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Effects of Vitamin D3, Calcipotriol and FTY720 on the Expression of Surface Molecules and Cytolytic Activities of Human Natural Killer Cells and Dendritic Cells

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TOXINS (2013)

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Article Immunology

Antibody-independent B cell effector functions in relapsing remitting Multiple Sclerosis: Clues to increased inflammatory and reduced regulatory B cell capacity

Sara J. Ireland et al.

AUTOIMMUNITY (2012)

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Article Clinical Neurology

TH1/TH2 Cytokine profile in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients treated with Glatiramer acetate or Natalizumab

Celia Oreja-Guevara et al.

BMC NEUROLOGY (2012)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Meningeal inflammation plays a role in the pathology of primary progressive multiple sclerosis

Sung R. Choi et al.

BRAIN (2012)

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Detection of CD4+ T-lymphocytes from hemodialyzed patients by surface plasmon resonance

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CHINESE CHEMICAL LETTERS (2012)

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Phagocytosis of neuronal debris by microglia is associated with neuronal damage in multiple sclerosis

Ruth Huizinga et al.

GLIA (2012)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Dimethyl Fumarate Inhibits Dendritic Cell Maturation via Nuclear Factor κB (NF-κB) and Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and Mitogen Stress-activated Kinase 1 (MSK1) Signaling

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JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2012)

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Article Immunology

IFN-β induces the proliferation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells through upregulation of GITRL on dendritic cells in the treatment of multiple sclerosis

Meiyue Chen et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY (2012)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Regulatory B cells control T-cell autoimmunity through IL-21-dependent cognate interactions

Ayumi Yoshizaki et al.

NATURE (2012)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Glatiramer Acetate Increases Phagocytic Activity of Human Monocytes In Vitro and in Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Refik Pul et al.

PLOS ONE (2012)

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Review Immunology

Follicular Helper CD4 T Cells (T-FH)

Shane Crotty

ANNUAL REVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGY, VOL 29 (2011)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Meningeal inflammation is widespread and linked to cortical pathology in multiple sclerosis

Owain W. Howell et al.

BRAIN (2011)

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Article Immunology

Fingolimod modulates microglial activation to augment markers of remyelination

Samuel J. Jackson et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION (2011)

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Article Immunology

The encephalitogenicity of TH17 cells is dependent on IL-1-and IL-23-induced production of the cytokine GM-CSF

Mohamed El-Behi et al.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2011)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Randomized Trial of Oral Teriflunomide for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis

Paul O'Connor et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2011)

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Article Cell Biology

IL-7 Promotes TH1 Development and Serum IL-7 Predicts Clinical Response to Interferon-β in Multiple Sclerosis

Li-Fen Lee et al.

SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2011)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Abnormal B-Cell Cytokine Responses A Trigger of T-Cell Mediated Disease in MS?

Amit Bar-Or et al.

ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY (2010)

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Article Immunology

Infiltration of Th1 and Th17 cells and activation of microglia in the CNS during the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Aine C. Murphy et al.

BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY (2010)

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Review Immunology

T cells in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

J. M. Fletcher et al.

CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY (2010)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Glatiramer Acetate A Review of its Use in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis and in Delaying the Onset of Clinically Definite Multiple Sclerosis

Natalie J. Carter et al.

DRUGS (2010)

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Review Immunology

IL-6: Regulator of Treg/Th17 balance

Akihiro Kimura et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2010)

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Article Immunology

IL-22RA2 Associates with Multiple Sclerosis and Macrophage Effector Mechanisms in Experimental Neuroinflammation

Amennai D. Beyeen et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2010)

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Article Immunology

Effect of IFN-β therapy on the frequency and function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and Foxp3 gene expression in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS): A preliminary study

Afshin Namdar et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY (2010)

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Article Immunology

Dimethylfumarate inhibits microglial and astrocytic inflammation by suppressing the synthesis of nitric oxide, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 in an in-vitro model of brain inflammation

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JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION (2010)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Oral Fingolimod in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis

Ludwig Kappos et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2010)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Oral Fingolimod or Intramuscular Interferon for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis

Jeffrey A. Cohen et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2010)

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Review Cell Biology

More stories on Th17 cells

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CELL RESEARCH (2009)

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Article Immunology

Distinct regulatory roles of transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-4 in the development and maintenance of natural and induced CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells

Jana Prochazkova et al.

IMMUNOLOGY (2009)

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Article Immunology

Interferon-beta modifies the peripheral blood cell cytokine secretion in patients with multiple sclerosis

Sandra R. Mirandola et al.

INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY (2009)

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Article Immunology

IL-9 as a mediator of Th17-driven inflammatory disease

Elizabeth C. Nowak et al.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE (2009)

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Article Immunology

IFN-β Inhibits Human Th17 Cell Differentiation

Vinod S. Ramgolam et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2009)

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Article Immunology

Production of interleukin 22 but not interleukin 17 by a subset of human skin-homing memory T cells

Thomas Duhen et al.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2009)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Mitoxantrone: benefits and risks in multiple sclerosis patients

V. Martinelli et al.

NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES (2009)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Natalizumab treatment is associated with peripheral sequestration of proinflammatory T cells

P. Kivisakk et al.

NEUROLOGY (2009)

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Article Pediatrics

The Treg/Th17 Cell Balance: A New Paradigm for Autoimmunity

Eli M. Eisenstein et al.

PEDIATRIC RESEARCH (2009)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

IL-9 induces differentiation of TH17 cells and enhances function of FoxP3+ natural regulatory T cells

Wassim Elyaman et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2009)

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Article Immunology

Engagement of the type I interferon receptor on dendritic cells inhibits T helper 17 cell development: Role of intracellular osteopontin

Mari L. Shinohara et al.

IMMUNITY (2008)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

The type IIFN induction pathway constrains Th17-mediated autoimmune inflammation in mice

Beichu Guo et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2008)

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Article Immunology

TGF-β and IL-6 drive the production of IL-17 and IL-10 by T cells and restrain TH-17 cell-mediated pathology

Mandy J. McGeachy et al.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2007)

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Article Immunology

Glatiramer acetate: Mechanisms of action in multiple sclerosis

Wiebke Schrempf et al.

AUTOIMMUNITY REVIEWS (2007)

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Article Immunology

IL-17 plays an important role in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Yutaka Komiyama et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2006)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells

E Bettelli et al.

NATURE (2006)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis

CH Polman et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2006)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

The expression and function of chemokines involved in CNS inflammation

EE Ubogu et al.

TRENDS IN PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES (2006)

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Article Immunology

Interleukin 17-producing CD4+ effector T cells develop via a lineage distinct from the T helper type 1 and 2 lineages

LE Harrington et al.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2005)

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Article Immunology

IL-23 drives a pathogenic T cell population that induces autoimmune inflammation

CL Langrish et al.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE (2005)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Detection of ectopic B-cell follicles with germinal centers in the meninges of patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis

B Serafini et al.

BRAIN PATHOLOGY (2004)

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Review Immunology

Interleukin-10 and related cytokines and receptors

S Pestka et al.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGY (2004)

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Review Immunology

Interleukin-17 family members and inflammation

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IMMUNITY (2004)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Predominant autoantibody production by early human B cell precursors

H Wardemann et al.

SCIENCE (2003)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

A controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis.

DH Miller et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2003)

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Article Immunology

B cells regulate autoimmunity by provision of IL-10

S Fillatreau et al.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2002)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Mechanisms of action of interferons and glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis

S Dhib-Jalbut

NEUROLOGY (2002)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Oligoclonal bands and antibody responses in Multiple Sclerosis

J Correale et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY (2002)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Encephalitogenic potential of the myelin basic protein peptide (amino acids 83-99) in multiple sclerosis: Results of a phase II clinical trial with an altered peptide ligand

B Bielekova et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2000)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Human interleukin-10-related T cell-derived inducible factor: Molecular cloning and functional characterization as an hepatocyte-stimulating factor

L Dumoutier et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2000)

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