☆ 4.6 Review

Role of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Protein-Induced Activation of Microglia and Mast Cells in the Pathogenesis of Neuro-COVID

CELLS (2023)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Unravelling Pathophysiology of Neurological and Psychiatric Complications of COVID-19 Using Brain Organoids

Jing-Han Ng et al.

Summary: Brain organoid models derived from human pluripotent stem cells provide valuable insights into the neurotropic properties of SARS-CoV-2. While neurons can be infected by SARS-CoV-2, the extent of neurotropism is limited compared to the high susceptibility of choroidal epithelial cells. These studies also shed light on the mechanisms of cellular entry, viral replication, and downstream effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19 may be a result of both direct neuronal invasion and indirect consequences of neuroinflammation.

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Article Immunology

Distinct SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragments activate Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 and induce cytokine release from human macrophages and microglia

Thomas Wallach et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, leads to thromboembolic events and an inflammatory response in the body, including the brain. Machine learning was used to identify RNA fragments derived from the SARS-CoV-2 genome that can activate immune receptors TLR7 and TLR8. Experimental validation confirmed the activation of TLR7 and TLR8 by these RNA fragments, leading to cytokine release and inflammation.

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The prevalence and long-term health effects of Long Covid among hospitalised and non-hospitalised populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Summary: This study systematically synthesized global evidence on the prevalence of persistent symptoms in a general post COVID-19 population. The findings show that regardless of hospitalization status, at least 45% of COVID-19 survivors experience unresolved symptoms for about 4 months. The current understanding of Long Covid is limited by heterogeneous study design, follow-up durations, and measurement methods, hindering effective treatment and management strategies.

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Cytokine Storm Syndrome

Randy Q. Cron et al.

Summary: Cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) is a frequently fatal hyperinflammatory condition that has gained attention during the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. It encompasses various hyperinflammatory disorders associated with multiorgan system failure, including familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). Familial HLH is caused by genetic defects in the perforin pathway, while secondary HLH and MAS often involve NK cell dysfunction. Treatment for HLH involves targeting overactive lymphocytes and macrophages with etoposide and glucocorticoids, but more targeted and safer anticytokine approaches are becoming popular.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF MEDICINE (2023)

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Review Allergy

Steroid-induced secondary immune deficiency

S. Shahzad Mustafa

Summary: Despite being widely used in clinical settings, oral corticosteroids (OCSs) are known to have numerous adverse effects, including immunosuppression. Prolonged use of OCS leads to significant reduction in CD4 lymphocyte count and serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G levels. However, the impact on B cells, IgM, and IgA levels is minimal. Further research is needed to understand the humoral response to vaccinations in individuals treated with prolonged OCS use, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Strategies to mitigate the risk of opportunistic infections in individuals treated with prolonged OCS include limiting dose and duration, completing full vaccination series, considering passive immunization, and prophylaxis against opportunistic infections.

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Biomarker S100B in plasma a screening tool for mild traumatic brain injury in an emergency department

Joella H. Hopman et al.

Summary: This study aimed to determine if the addition of plasma S100B to clinical guidelines could lead to a more selective scanning strategy without compromising safety. The results showed that the use of S100B could further decrease the number of CT scans without causing missed injuries with clinical consequences in patients undergoing mTBI CT scan.

BRAIN INJURY (2023)

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Mast cell activation is associated with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome

Joshua B. Wechsler et al.

ALLERGY (2022)

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Jennifer A. Frontera et al.

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SARS-CoV-2-Mediated Neuropathogenesis, Deterioration of Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Dementia

Risna K. Radhakrishnan et al.

Summary: A significant number of COVID-19 patients and survivors experience neurocognitive impairments. The activation of glial cells in the brain due to SARS-CoV-2-mediated neurotropism and peripheral cytokine storm leads to neuroinflammation, which impairs neurogenesis in the hippocampus. This neuroinflammation-induced deterioration of hippocampal neurogenesis may contribute to the onset and progression of dementia in COVID-19, emphasizing the need for regenerative medicine to manage neurocognitive deficits.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE AND OTHER DEMENTIAS (2022)

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Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 subunit induces neuroinflammatory, microglial and behavioral sickness responses: Evidence of PAMP-like properties

Matthew G. Frank et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to neuroinflammation and neurological symptoms, with the structural protein S1 potentially inducing these processes independently of viral infection. Experimental findings show that S1 causes various physiological and behavioral changes in rats and microglial cells in vitro, as well as alterations in neuroimmune gene and protein expression, suggesting a role in neuroinflammatory processes via receptor engagement.

BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY (2022)

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Review Clinical Neurology

The impact of the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic on stress resilience and mental health: A critical review across waves

Mirko Manchia et al.

Summary: The global public health crisis caused by COVID-19 has had a lasting impact on mental health, with most individuals showing surprising resilience and quick recovery from the pandemic measures. However, vulnerable groups that have been severely impacted by the pandemic still exist, highlighting the need for more comprehensive and integrative assessments of resilience, as well as personalized help and interventions tailored to specific needs for vulnerable groups in future pandemics.

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Post-COVID syndrome: the aftershock of SARS-CoV-2

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Could SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Be Responsible for Long-COVID Syndrome?

Theoharis C. Theoharides

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 infects cells through its spike protein binding to the surface receptor, resulting in acute symptoms known as COVID-19. Increasing evidence suggests the development of a chronic condition called long-COVID, characterized by fatigue and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Studies have found that the spike protein may have neurotoxic effects, causing perivascular inflammation and neuro-inflammation, contributing to long-COVID symptoms.

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SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein S1 Induces Neuroinflammation in BV-2 Microglia

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Summary: The study found that the spike protein S1 of SARS-CoV-2 can induce neuroinflammation in BV-2 microglia through activation of NF-kappa B and p38 MAPK. These findings contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying CNS pathologies of SARS-CoV-2.

MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Editorial Material Multidisciplinary Sciences

Nervous system consequences of COVID-19

Serena Spudich et al.

Summary: Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms behind neurological symptoms is crucial.

SCIENCE (2022)

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Editorial: Role of Neuroinflammation in the Neuropsychiatric and Neurological Aspects of COVID-19

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FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE (2022)

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The ingenious mast cell: Contemporary insights into mast cell behavior and function

Joakim S. Dahlin et al.

Summary: Mast cells play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and surveillance of the human body, releasing various mediators that affect both immune and non-immune cells. Research using animal models has contributed to a better understanding of mast cell function in health and disease.

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Neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2 and neurological diseases of the central nervous system in COVID-19 patients

Shobi Veleri

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which primarily affects the lungs and can lead to hypoxia affecting the brain and other organ systems. The heightened cytokine storm in patients compromises the host's defenses and allows the virus to infect multiple tissues and organs. This can result in encephalitis and other neurological complications, highlighting the vulnerability of the nervous system to SARS-CoV-2.

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Summary: COVID-19 infection can lead to various pathologies and complications, exacerbating existing conditions in multiple body systems. Besides the respiratory organs, adverse effects of COVID-19 have been observed in the nervous, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal/metabolic, immune, and other systems. The post-COVID-19 condition shows overlapping symptoms with ME/CFS.

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Penetration of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein across the Blood-Brain Barrier, as Revealed by a Combination of a Human Cell Culture Model System and Optical Biosensing

Daniel Petrovszki et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the barrier penetration of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in model systems of human organs highly exposed to the infection. The findings showed that the spike protein effectively crossed the human brain endothelial cell barrier and had a lower passage through the intestinal barrier cell layer. These results provide a basis for further research on the mechanism and consequences of spike protein penetration across the blood-brain barrier to the brain.

BIOMEDICINES (2022)

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Article Allergy

Mast cell disorders are associated with decreased cerebral blood flow and small fiber neuropathy

Peter Novak et al.

Summary: This study investigates the neurologic findings in patients with H alpha T and MCAS, revealing reduced orthostatic cerebral blood flow velocity and small fiber neuropathy (SFN), along with mild-to-moderate autonomic dysfunction. The findings suggest that comprehensive autonomic testing may be helpful in explaining neurologic symptoms and guiding treatment in patients with H alpha T and MCAS.

ANNALS OF ALLERGY ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Review Immunology

Fatigue and cognitive impairment in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Felicia Ceban et al.

Summary: Post-COVID-19 syndrome, characterized by persistent symptoms after resolution of acute infection, is associated with significant fatigue and cognitive impairment. This study aimed to quantify the proportion of individuals experiencing fatigue and cognitive impairment 12 or more weeks after COVID-19 diagnosis, and to explore the inflammatory and functional consequences of post-COVID-19 syndrome. The results showed that a significant proportion of individuals continue to experience fatigue and cognitive impairment even after 12 or more weeks of COVID-19 diagnosis. Additionally, some individuals showed elevated levels of inflammatory markers and significant functional impairment.

BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

In silico screening of phytopolyphenolics for the identification of bioactive compounds as novel protease inhibitors effective against SARS-CoV-2

Mithun Rudrapal et al.

Summary: This study identified 31 plant-derived polyphenolic compounds with strong binding affinity, of which 6 compounds showed significant binding affinities against SARS-CoV-2 proteases, with taxifolin and morin exhibiting the highest affinities. Molecular dynamics simulation studies indicated structural perturbations of the proteases upon binding, suggesting potential antiviral activities of these compounds against COVID-19. Further in vivo and in vitro studies are warranted to assess their efficacy for the development of potent antiviral agents.

JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR STRUCTURE & DYNAMICS (2022)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Long COVID: cognitive complaints (brain fog) and dysfunction of the cingulate cortex

Jacques Hugon et al.

Summary: Long-lasting symptoms affecting multiple organs, including the brain, can disturb daily activities and delay complete recovery in COVID patients. Abnormal FDG PET findings in neurological long COVID cases may include hypometabolic regions of the cingulate cortex.

JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Successful Treatment of a Patient With Severe COVID-19 Using an Integrated Approach Addressing Mast Cells and Their Mediators

Theoharis C. Theoharides et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Calprotectin and Imbalances between Acute-Phase Mediators Are Associated with Critical Illness in COVID-19

Georgios Kassianidis et al.

Summary: This study investigates the trajectory of moderate and severe COVID-19 progressing to ARDS requiring MV. The levels of various mediators were analyzed in patients at different stages of severity. The study found that levels of proinflammatory mediators were increased in patients with ARDS and MV, while levels of anti-inflammatory mediators also showed an increase. Pathways involving IL-6, IL-33, and calprotectin were significantly associated with worse outcomes. Further research is needed to understand the importance of these findings in relation to other acute-phase reactants.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

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Review Allergy

Selected recent advances in understanding the role of human mast cells in health and disease

Francesca Levi-Schaffer et al.

Summary: With the advancement of research technologies and methodologies, there has been an increased understanding of the origin, development, function, and interactions of human mast cells. The potential contribution of mast cells to disease has led to the development of novel therapeutic approaches.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Review Neurosciences

COVID-19 and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Prion-Like Spread and Long-Term Consequences

Narjes Baazaoui et al.

Summary: COVID-19 may lead to the development of neurodegenerative diseases, especially in patients with severe neurological symptoms. Severe inflammatory reactions and aging are common links between neurodegenerative diseases and COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 uses ACE-2 as a receptor to enter host cells, suggesting a potential relationship between neurodegenerative diseases, ACE-2 expression, and susceptibility to COVID-19.

JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE (2022)

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Letter Neurosciences

The route of SARS-CoV-2 to brain infection: have we been barking up the wrong tree?

Rafal Butowt et al.

Summary: Recent research suggests that the SARS-CoV-2 virus may infect the brain through the nervus terminalis instead of the olfactory nerve.

MOLECULAR NEURODEGENERATION (2022)

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Review Neurosciences

Neurological sequela and disruption of neuron-glia homeostasis in SARS-CoV-2 infection

Masha G. Savelieff et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in a large number of infections and deaths worldwide. Apart from respiratory symptoms, COVID-19 can also lead to neurological conditions and syndromes, which pose a serious threat to patients' nervous systems. Understanding the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 in the nervous system is crucial for developing effective treatments.

NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE (2022)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Long COVID and neuropsychiatric manifestations (Review)

Vasiliki Efstathiou et al.

Summary: Accumulating evidence suggests that some COVID-19 patients may experience a range of neuropsychiatric symptoms, known as "long COVID," following the resolution of acute infection. These symptoms can include depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep disturbances, fatigue, and cognitive deficits, although they tend to improve over time. Factors associated with a higher risk of developing neuropsychiatric symptoms include the severity of previous COVID-19, female sex, comorbidities, a history of mental health disease, and elevated levels of inflammatory markers. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these symptoms in long COVID are not fully understood, but indirect effects of the pandemic, such as social isolation and uncertainty, have been implicated. Interdisciplinary cooperation and early identification of high-risk patients are crucial for providing integrated physical and mental health support to mitigate the risks of long-term disability.

EXPERIMENTAL AND THERAPEUTIC MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Off-the-shelf CAR natural killer cells secreting IL-15 target spike in treating COVID-19

Ting Lu et al.

Summary: Engineered NK cells expressing soluble interleukin-15 and a chimeric antigen receptor targeting the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 show promising potential as an off-the-shelf therapy for COVID-19 patients, with enhanced antiviral activity and cytotoxicity against spike protein-expressing cells.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Histamine Potentiates SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Entry Into Endothelial Cells

Somasundaram Raghavan et al.

Summary: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for COVID-19, is a significant global health crisis. The range of symptoms among COVID-19 patients varies from life-threatening to mild or asymptomatic, posing challenges for identification, quarantine, and treatment. The emergence of Long COVID, characterized by unusual symptoms among survivors, is concerning due to limited understanding and treatment options. Recent evidence suggests that histamine and vascular inflammation might contribute to some Long COVID symptoms. Famotidine, a commonly used H2 receptor blocker, has been shown to prevent adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients.

FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY (2022)

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Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein 1 Activates Microvascular Endothelial Cells and Complement System Leading to Platelet Aggregation

Luca Perico et al.

Summary: Microvascular thrombosis is associated with multi-organ failure and mortality in COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2-derived spike protein 1 (S1) can induce endothelial damage and promote inflammatory and thrombotic processes in the microvasculature, amplified by the complement system.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Microglia Elicits Proinflammatory Activation and Apoptotic Cell Death

Gi Uk Jeong et al.

Summary: Recent studies have shown that patients with COVID-19 may experience neurological and cognitive effects months after viral infection. Our research highlights the role of microglia-mediated neurological disorders in COVID-19 and suggests potential treatment strategies.

MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM (2022)

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Article Biology

Sulforaphane exhibits antiviral activity against pandemic SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal HCoV-OC43 coronaviruses in vitro and in mice

Alvaro A. Ordonez et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the antiviral activity of sulforaphane (SFN) against SARS-CoV-2 and found that SFN can inhibit the replication of multiple strains of SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal coronaviruses. Prophylactic SFN treatment can reduce viral load, lung injury, and immune cell activation in infected mice.

COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

In Silico Approach for the Evaluation of the Potential Antiviral Activity of Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) Bioactive Constituents Oleuropein and Oleocanthal on Spike Therapeutic Drug Target of SARS-CoV-2

Elena G. Geromichalou et al.

Summary: This study investigated the antiviral potential of bioactive constituents in extra virgin olive oil against SARS-CoV-2 through computational molecular docking studies. The results suggest that these constituents can bind and interfere with the Spike protein, inhibiting the virus-host interaction. This provides insights for future drug design and development of anti-COVID-19 therapeutics.

MOLECULES (2022)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Eotaxin-1 (CCL11) in neuroinflammatory disorders and possible role in COVID-19 neurologic complications

Donya Nazarinia et al.

Summary: Neurologic complications such as depression, anxiety, and muscle pain may persist for months in COVID-19 patients. Recent studies suggest that the chemokine CCL11 may play a role in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated levels of CCL11 have been found in COVID-19 patients, indicating its potential as a biomarker for post-COVID-19 neurologic complications. Modulating chemokine levels may help prevent or reduce these complications.

ACTA NEUROLOGICA BELGICA (2022)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Profiling the neurovascular unit unveils detrimental effects of osteopontin on the blood-brain barrier in acute ischemic stroke

Daniel Spitzer et al.

Summary: Dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an important feature of acute ischemic stroke, and targeting multiple neurovascular unit (NVU) cell types may be a promising strategy. However, methods for isolating multiple NVU cell types are lacking. Researchers have developed a method for simultaneous isolation and analysis of major NVU cell types, and identified a potential therapeutic target for improving BBB function in ischemic stroke.

ACTA NEUROPATHOLOGICA (2022)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Mast cell activation syndrome and the link with long COVID

Soumya Arun et al.

Summary: Mast cells are innate immune cells found in connective tissues that release inflammatory mediators when activated. Mast cell activation syndrome and long COVID share similar symptoms, but long COVID could be attributed to various other conditions.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF HOSPITAL MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Mild respiratory COVID can cause multi-lineage neural cell and myelin dysregulation

Anthony Fernandez-Castaneda et al.

Summary: COVID survivors may experience lingering neurological symptoms similar to cognitive impairment related to cancer therapy. Research has found that respiratory SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause white-matter-selective microglial reactivity and affect neurogenesis and CCL11 levels.

CELL (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Severe Neuro-COVID is associated with peripheral immune signatures, autoimmunity and neurodegeneration: a prospective cross-sectional study

Manina M. Etter et al.

Summary: Growing evidence suggests the association between COVID-19 and acute and long-term neurological dysfunction. This study found that severe Neuro-COVID is characterized by blood-brain barrier impairment, elevated microglia activation markers, and immune response targeting self-antigens and non-self-antigens. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome is strongly associated with specific cerebrospinal fluid and plasma mediators.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Article Immunology

Different effectiveness of fungal pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in activating rat peritoneal mast cells

Paulina Zelechowska et al.

Summary: This study compares the effects of different fungal cell wall components on the activity of mast cells. The results show that inner layer fungal cell wall components, specifically β-glucans, have a stronger ability to activate mast cells.

IMMUNOLOGY LETTERS (2022)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Major candidate variables to guide personalised treatment with steroids in critically ill patients with COVID-19: CIBERESUCICOVID study

Antoni Torres et al.

Summary: The use of corticosteroids in ICU-admitted patients with COVID-19 can reduce 90-day mortality, but early administration may be harmful. Different patient subgroups may have varied efficacy of corticosteroids based on factors such as age, severity of illness, baseline inflammation, and mechanical ventilation.

INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Immunology

High Circulating Levels of the Homeostatic Chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 Predict Mortality and Disease Severity in COVID-19

Anders Tveita et al.

Summary: This study found increased levels of CCL19 and CCL21 in COVID-19 patients, which were associated with disease severity and adverse outcomes (including respiratory failure, need for ICU support, and 60-day all-cause mortality). Additionally, high levels of CCL21 on admission correlated with impairment of pulmonary function at 3-month outpatient follow-up.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 productively infects human brain microvascular endothelial cells

Rui-Cheng Yang et al.

Summary: The study found that SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier, increasing its permeability, which provides new insights into the neuropathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2.

JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION (2022)

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Article Neurosciences

Neuroinflammatory disease disrupts the blood-CNS barrier via crosstalk between proinflammatory and endothelial-to-mesenchymal-transition signaling

Zhonglou Sun et al.

Summary: Breakdown of the blood-central nervous system barrier is a significant feature in neuroinflammatory disorders. In this study, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition was found to occur in the CNS and play a crucial role in BCNSB dysfunction. Multiple components of the IL-10-ARF6-ALK-SMAD1/5 pathway could be targeted for the treatment of neuroinflammatory disorders.

NEURON (2022)

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Review Immunology

Interleukin-18 cytokine in immunity, inflammation, and autoimmunity: Biological role in induction, regulation, and treatment

Stella Amarachi Ihim et al.

Summary: IL-18, a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine, plays a crucial role in various autoimmune diseases. Drugs targeting IL-18 have shown partial effectiveness or complete ineffectiveness in clinical studies, possibly due to the involvement of other cytokines and proteins in the inflammatory signaling pathway along with IL-18.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Pathological Features and Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 in the Brain and Potential Therapeutic Approaches

Aisha Sodagar et al.

Summary: The number of deaths has increased due to COVID-19 infections and uncertain neurological complications associated with the central nervous system. Spike proteins play a crucial role in the infection of brain cells by COVID-19. The virus spreads to the olfactory bulb, thalamus, and brain stem through synaptic transfer, causing intense infection. This leads to excessive inflammation and immune response, resulting in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration complications.

BIOMOLECULES (2022)

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Review Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Corticosteroids showed more efficacy in treating hospitalized patients with COVID-19 than standard care but the effect is minimal: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Jixin Liu et al.

Summary: This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effectiveness and safety of corticosteroids in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 through the inclusion of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The findings suggest that corticosteroids have a minimal effect on reducing the 28-day mortality of COVID-19 patients compared to standard care. There were no differences in hospitalization duration between the corticosteroid and standard care groups, but corticosteroids may lead to a higher hospital discharge rate without statistical significance.

FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH (2022)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Traumatic Brain Injury Biomarkers, Simulations and Kinetics

Celeste Hicks et al.

Summary: This paper reviews the predictive capabilities of blood-based biomarkers for quantifying TBI, discussing the pathways of biomarkers into the blood, BBB disruption, and the time needed for effective injury prediction. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to study the structures and thermodynamic stabilities of 12 biomarkers, highlighting the need for improved diagnostics and potential new biomarker discoveries.

BIOENGINEERING-BASEL (2022)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Mast Cell's Role in Cytokine Release Syndrome and Related Manifestations of COVID-19 Disease

Oner Ozdemir et al.

Summary: This narrative review provides an overview of the characteristics and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the importance of mast cells in COVID-19. Mast cells play a role in preventing the entry of pathogens into the human body, but once SARS-CoV-2 infects the host, mast cells are stimulated and contribute to hyperinflammation and cytokine storms. Targeting mast cells with therapies like H1 and H2 receptor antagonists can reduce the severity and course of the disease.

CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL DESIGN (2022)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Mast cells promote viral entry of SARS-CoV-2 via formation of chymase/spike protein complex

Shuang Liu et al.

Summary: This study investigated the role of mast cells in the response to SARS-CoV-2 viral inoculation and their contribution to host defenses. The results showed that mast cell stabilizers and chymase inhibitors have potential inhibitory effects on viral entry. Mast cell deficiency may increase the risk of viral invasion into the lower respiratory system.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2022)

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Review Genetics & Heredity

Systematic review and meta-analysis of human genetic variants contributing to COVID-19 susceptibility and severity

Kajal Gupta et al.

Summary: This study provides a synthesis of evidence on the genetic determinants implicated in COVID-19 so far and shows a correlation between certain genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility to and severity of COVID-19.

GENE (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Toll-like Receptor Mediation in SARS-CoV-2: A Therapeutic Approach

Abdul Manan et al.

Summary: This study mainly discusses the therapeutic approaches and the role of TLRs in SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 infection. TLRs play a key role in recognizing viral components and regulating the innate immune response, thus they are used as therapeutic agents in viral infections.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Autoimmune gene expression profiling of fingerstick whole blood in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Zheng Wang et al.

Summary: This study investigated gene expression and viral infection in ME/CFS patients, identifying specific immune function genes that are upregulated in patients with severe symptoms. These gene targets could potentially serve as biomarkers for differentiation of ME/CFS patient subsets based on disease severity.

JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Elevated vascular transformation blood biomarkers in Long-COVID indicate angiogenesis as a key pathophysiological mechanism

Maitray A. Patel et al.

Summary: This study investigated vascular transformation biomarkers in patients with Long-COVID and found that these biomarkers were significantly elevated. Using machine learning, a unique two biomarker profile consisting of ANG-1/P-SEL was developed, providing a classification accuracy for Long-COVID status of 96%.

MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 promotes microglial synapse elimination in human brain organoids

Samudyata et al.

Summary: Neuropsychiatric manifestations are common in SARS-CoV-2 infection, but their mechanisms are unknown. Using a brain organoid model, researchers found that SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers neuronal cell death and disrupts circuit integrity through microglia-mediated synapse elimination, potentially contributing to cognitive impairments in COVID-19 patients.

MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY (2022)

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Review Cell Biology

Exploring the Paradox of COVID-19 in Neurological Complications with Emphasis on Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Disease

Sachchida Nand Rai et al.

Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 virus can invade the brain and cause neurological symptoms and neurodegenerative disorders. Immune changes and inflammatory reactions associated with COVID-19 may play a role in the occurrence and progression of neurodegenerative diseases.

OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Analytical

A Review of Routine Laboratory Biomarkers for the Detection of Severe COVID-19 Disease

Keynaz Keykavousi et al.

Summary: This review investigates the role and variations of hematological, inflammatory, and biochemical biomarkers in COVID-19, and explores their relationship with disease severity.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

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Review Primary Health Care

The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in COVID-19

Pamela Kushner et al.

Summary: This narrative literature review examined the relationship between NSAID use and COVID-19 outcomes. The findings indicate that NSAIDs do not increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or worsen outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Current recommendations from major public health authorities support the use of NSAIDs for pain relief and fever reduction during the pandemic.

NPJ PRIMARY CARE RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Immunology

Severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with high numbers of alveolar mast cells and their degranulation

Olga Krysko et al.

Summary: This study found a strong association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and activation of mast cells (MC), which is likely driven by the inflammatory response. The levels of MC proteases were increased in the serum of COVID-19 patients and correlated with disease severity. The results suggest that MC protease levels could predict the course of the disease and that including MC-stabilizing drugs in the treatment scheme might be beneficial for severe COVID-19 patients.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Cell Biology

COVID-19 Pathology in the Lung, Kidney, Heart and Brain: The Different Roles of T-Cells, Macrophages, and Microthrombosis

Tino Emanuele Poloni et al.

Summary: This study aims to describe the pathology of COVID-19 in different tissues and clarify its pathophysiology. The findings show that COVID-19 patients have a short clinical course and exhibit hypoxic changes and inflammatory infiltrates in all tissues. Lymphocytic component, especially T-lymphocytes, is more prominent in the lungs and kidneys. The heart and brain show minimal presence of SARS-CoV-2, but the brainstem exhibits significant microglial activation. Microthrombosis is significantly higher in the lungs of COVID-19 patients compared to controls. The study suggests that persistent inflammation rather than viral replication may contribute to the long-term sequelae of COVID-19.

CELLS (2022)

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Review Neurosciences

Role of aging in Blood-Brain Barrier dysfunction and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection: impacts on neurological symptoms of COVID-19

Daniel Adesse et al.

Summary: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, not only affects the lungs but also invades the central nervous system (CNS). This review discusses the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the neurovascular units (NVU), the expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors in CNS cell types, and the impact of aging on the neurological outcomes of COVID-19. Additionally, possible drug therapies to treat neural endothelial function and alleviate COVID-19 neurological symptoms are discussed.

FLUIDS AND BARRIERS OF THE CNS (2022)

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Review Neurosciences

Alzheimer's Disease and SARS-CoV-2: Pathophysiological Analysis and Social Context

Genaro Gabriel Ortiz et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic poses challenges for the care of AD patients, as age is a major risk factor for severe forms of the disease. The interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and AD leads to increased inflammation and cognitive impairment. Additionally, social isolation and health measures related to the pandemic can contribute to anxiety and depression among AD patients, further affecting cognitive function.

BRAIN SCIENCES (2022)

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Review Immunology

COVID-19: Clinical laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of novel coronavirus infected patients using molecular, serological and biochemical markers: A review

Ghulam Rasool et al.

Summary: COVID-19, a novel coronavirus disease, has led to global health and safety concerns, and requires the use of multiple diagnostic techniques for accurate diagnosis and management of the infection.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPATHOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY (2022)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Persistent neuropsychiatric symptoms after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis

James B. Badenoch et al.

Summary: The prevalence and persistence of neuropsychiatric symptoms after COVID-19 infection are high. Insomnia, fatigue, cognitive impairment, anxiety, post-traumatic symptoms, and mood disorders are the most common symptoms experienced by survivors. Multidisciplinary healthcare services are necessary for COVID-19 survivors.

BRAIN COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Review Immunology

Understanding human mast cells: lesson from therapies for allergic and non-allergic diseases

Pavel Kolkhir et al.

Summary: The discussion focuses on the crucial roles of human mast cells in allergic and other inflammatory diseases, as well as the current and emerging therapies targeting mast cells. These therapies include monoclonal antibodies, small molecules, and other approaches to inhibit mast cell function in disease settings.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Review Neurosciences

Neuroinflammation and depression: A review

Romain Troubat et al.

Summary: Neuroinflammation interacts with key neurobiological factors of depression, potentially presenting a crucial therapeutic target for future treatments. This interaction may impact serotonin levels, HPA axis regulation, and hippocampal neurogenesis, leading to the pathophysiological cascade of increased glutamate levels and altered neurotransmission. It can be triggered by chronic inflammatory conditions or primary brain neuroinflammation, highlighting the importance of addressing neuroinflammation in the treatment of major depressive disorder.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

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Article Pathology

Severe COVID-19: A multifaceted viral vasculopathy syndrome

Cynthia M. Magro et al.

Summary: This study reveals two distinct mechanisms of severe COVID-19 infection: microangiopathy of pulmonary capillaries with high viral load leading to endothelial cell death, and pseudovirions docking on ACE2+ endothelial cells in skin/subcutaneous fat and brain triggering complement pathway/coagulation cascade and cytokine storm. The data suggests potential therapies targeting circulating viral proteins or endothelial-induced response for a favorable outcome.

ANNALS OF DIAGNOSTIC PATHOLOGY (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Neuroprotective effects of flavone luteolin in neuroinflammation and neurotrauma

Duraisamy Kempuraj et al.

Summary: Neuroinflammation caused by neurotrauma and neurodegenerative diseases can lead to cognitive decline and chronic inflammation. Luteolin, a natural polyphenol found in plants, shows neuroprotective effects by suppressing immune cell activation and inflammatory mediators, reducing neuroinflammation and severity of diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, and TBI.

BIOFACTORS (2021)

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Review Immunology

Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19-A systematic review

Thor Mertz Schou et al.

Summary: COVID-19 patients may exhibit psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety, depression, PTSD, cognitive deficits, fatigue, and sleep disturbances. Potential risk factors include disease severity, duration of symptoms, and female sex. Survivors of COVID-19 are at risk of psychiatric sequelae, but symptoms generally improve over time.

BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Decoding Mast Cell-Microglia Communication in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Jagdeep K. Sandhu et al.

Summary: Microglia and mast cells are important immune cells in the central nervous system, playing key roles in immune surveillance, neuroinflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. They communicate through mediators and receptors, coordinating immune responses, but dysregulated activation can lead to neuronal dysfunction and death. Targeting common pathways in mast cells and microglia may offer potential therapeutic approaches to control inflammation.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

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Article Immunology

Neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2 in human and mouse brain

Eric Song et al.

Summary: The study showed through three approaches that SARS-CoV-2 is capable of infecting brain neurons, leading to metabolic changes and pathological features without triggering type I interferon responses. These results provide evidence for the neuroinvasive capacity of SARS-CoV-2 and the unexpected consequence of direct infection of neurons by the virus.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Virology

Cellular mechanisms underlying neurological/neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19

Brittany Bodnar et al.

Summary: Research indicates that Neuro-SARS2 may worsen the severity and mortality of COVID-19. Understanding the neuropathogenesis and cellular mechanisms of Neuro-SARS2 is crucial for developing effective strategies. While progress has been made, there is still much to learn about the neuroinvasive routes of the virus and the mechanisms underlying disease progression.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Blood Biomarkers for Detection of Brain Injury in COVID-19 Patients

Steven T. DeKosky et al.

Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 virus can cause neurological deficits in COVID-19 patients, with up to 55% of hospitalized patients experiencing neurological disturbances months after infection. Blood biomarkers show potential for diagnosing brain injury in COVID-19 patients, and could aid in understanding virus-induced brain injury mechanisms and guiding therapeutic interventions.

JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA (2021)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

The COVID-19 disaster and mental health-assessing, responding and recovering

Jutta Lindert et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a complex and varied impact on mental health, potentially leading to new symptoms, exacerbation of pre-existing mental disorders, and the development of symptoms that may not meet diagnostic criteria. Factors such as demographic, social, economic, mental, and relationship factors contribute to mental health issues related to the pandemic. Attention needs to be paid to addressing these issues in order to provide appropriate support.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

COVID-19 and Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4): SARS-CoV-2 May Bind and Activate TLR4 to Increase ACE2 Expression, Facilitating Entry and Causing Hyperinflammation

Mohamed M. Aboudounya et al.

Summary: Mortality in COVID-19 is caused by respiratory failure, heart failure, and sepsis/multiorgan failure. TLR4, an innate immune receptor, recognizes viral proteins and triggers immune responses. SARS-CoV-2 binds to TLR4, potentially leading to inflammation and multi-organ injury.

MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Immune determinants of COVID-19 disease presentation and severity

Petter Brodin

Summary: The severity of COVID-19 varies by sex and age, and is linked to comorbidities. Differences in immune reactions may go some way to explain this.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 invasion as a port of central nervous system entry in individuals with COVID-19

Jenny Meinhardt et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the nasopharynx and brain, suggesting the virus may enter the CNS through the olfactory mucosa. The virus utilizes the neural-mucosal interface in the olfactory mucosa to penetrate the nervous system, affecting various neuroanatomical areas, including the primary respiratory and cardiovascular control center.

NATURE NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Microvascular Injury in the Brains of Patients with Covid-19

Daniel P. Perl et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

SARS-CoV-2-related Progressive Brain White Matter Lesion Associated with an Increased Cerebrospinal Fluid Level of IL-6

Yuwa Oka et al.

Summary: We report a case of severe inflammatory syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, presenting with visual field impairment and white matter damage, which improved after treatment. The patient showed elevated IL-6 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid, indicating focal central nervous system inflammation.

INTERNAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Disrupts Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity via RhoA Activation

Brandon J. DeOre et al.

Summary: The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 disrupts the blood-brain barrier by upregulating ACE2 expression and activating RhoA, leading to potential neurological deficits in COVID-19 patients.

JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Brain injury, endothelial injury and inflammatory markers are elevated and express sex-specific alterations after COVID-19

Jude Savarraj et al.

Summary: COVID-19 can cause brain and endothelial injury, with men showing higher levels of injury markers and inflammatory markers compared to women. Elevated levels of BIMs, CCs, and EIMs in COVID-19 patients suggest brain and endothelial injury, with men being more susceptible to risk factors than women.

JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION (2021)

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Article Allergy

Potential association of mast cells with coronavirus disease 2019

Theoharis C. Theoharides

ANNALS OF ALLERGY ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Inflammatory Cytokine Patterns Associated with Neurological Diseases in Coronavirus Disease 2019

Otavio M. Espindola et al.

Summary: Patients with COVID-19 may present with various neurological manifestations, with inflammatory neurological diseases associated with elevated levels of multiple cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid, while encephalopathy is associated with increased levels of inflammatory factors in the serum.

ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

An attempt to explain the neurological symptoms of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Klaus J. Wirth et al.

Summary: This paper outlines the pathomechanisms of central nervous pathology and neurocognitive symptoms in ME/CFS, explaining key symptoms such as cognitive impairment, brain fog, headaches, hypersensitivity, sleep disturbances, and dysautonomia.

JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with the Blood-Brain Barrier

Michelle A. Erickson et al.

Summary: This review discusses the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 interactions with the blood-brain barrier (BBB) may lead to neurological dysfunction associated with COVID-19. It considers peripheral diseases such as hypoxia and systemic inflammatory response syndrome, as well as CNS infection and viral entry into the brain. Additionally, it explores the contribution of risk factors for severe COVID-19 to BBB dysfunction.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

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Review Behavioral Sciences

The emerging tale of microglia in psychiatric disorders

Reza Rahimian et al.

Summary: Microglia, as professional phagocytes in the brain, orchestrate the immunological response and play a crucial role in maintaining homeostatic brain functions. They are activated by pathological events or slight alterations in brain homeostasis, and through secretion of various cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, they can strongly influence the response to stressors and determine the pathological outcome, especially in psychopathologies.

NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS (2021)

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Review Virology

Role of Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of COVID-19

Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi et al.

Summary: COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has led to a pandemic. TLRs play a crucial role in activating the immune system in response to the virus, and could potentially be a target for controlling the infection. Understanding the mechanisms of TLR in COVID-19 may help in developing vaccines and treatments.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

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Review Neurosciences

Microglia Fighting for Neurological and Mental Health: On the Central Nervous System Frontline of COVID-19 Pandemic

Elisa Goncalves de Andrade et al.

Summary: COVID-19 affects the central nervous system through direct invasion, exaggerated inflammatory responses, or hypoxia, with psychosocial stress further impacting the CNS. Microglia, central to CNS homeostasis and inflammation, may play a role in neuroprotective and neurotoxic responses to COVID-19-related CNS insults.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Plasma osteopontin as a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease and vascular cognitive impairment

Yuek Ling Chai et al.

Summary: The study suggests that osteopontin may play a role in vascular cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative dementias, as well as being correlated with inflammatory cytokines.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

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Article Virology

Spike Proteins of SARS-CoV-2 Induce Pathological Changes in Molecular Delivery and Metabolic Function in the Brain Endothelial Cells

Eun Seon Kim et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates the toxic effects of SARS-CoV-2 on brain endothelial cells, including impaired molecular delivery and metabolic function, which may contribute to the neurological symptoms observed in infected individuals.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2021)

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Article Immunology

Mast Cell and Eosinophil Activation Are Associated With COVID-19 and TLR-Mediated Viral Inflammation: Implications for an Anti-Siglec-8 Antibody

Simon Gebremeskel et al.

Summary: The activation of MC and eosinophils are associated with inflammation in COVID-19, and anti-Siglec-8 antibodies could be a potential therapeutic approach for reducing excessive inflammation during viral infections.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

COVID-19 enters the expanding network of apolipoprotein E4-related pathologies

Kalliopi Gkouskou et al.

Summary: Studies have shown lower frequency of the APOE e4/e4 genotype in Greek individuals compared to the British cohort, potentially resulting in fewer severe cases of COVID-19. Researchers hypothesize that APOE e4/e4 may increase susceptibility to infection and exacerbate lung inflammation through metabolic deregulation.

REDOX BIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Neuroligin-1 in brain and CSF of neurodegenerative disorders: investigation for synaptic biomarkers

Elena Camporesi et al.

Summary: Synaptic pathology, particularly related to Nlgn1, plays a central role in Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders. Research has shown significant reductions in Nlgn1 levels in the brain tissues of AD patients, suggesting its potential use as a biomarker for neurodegenerative diseases.

ACTA NEUROPATHOLOGICA COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Manganese toxicity disrupts indole acetic acid homeostasis and suppresses the CO2 assimilation reaction in rice leaves

Daisuke Takagi et al.

Summary: Excessive accumulation of Mn in rice plants inhibits CO2 assimilation, carbon anabolic and catabolic activities, and alters stomatal and leaf anatomical development. The deficiency of IAA caused by excessive Mn accumulation suppresses plant growth by inhibiting stomatal opening and leaf anatomical development for efficient CO2 assimilation in leaves.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Long-COVID syndrome-associated brain fog and chemofog: Luteolin to the rescue

Theoharis C. Theoharides et al.

Summary: COVID-19 not only causes severe respiratory problems but also leads to long-COVID syndrome, with symptoms including cognitive dysfunction and fatigue, particularly brain fog. The pathogenesis of brain fog in these illnesses is currently unknown, but may involve neuroinflammation caused by mast cells, which could be mitigated by the phytosomal formulation of the natural flavonoid luteolin.

BIOFACTORS (2021)

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Review Psychiatry

Neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19, potential neurotropic mechanisms, and therapeutic interventions

Ying Han et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant economic and social losses, with reports of neuropsychiatric symptoms in addition to respiratory issues, potentially leading to worsened outcomes and poor prognosis. Monitoring individuals exposed to the virus and developing strategies to prevent neuropsychiatric complications are crucial during the pandemic for short- and long-term recovery.

TRANSLATIONAL PSYCHIATRY (2021)

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Review Neurosciences

Psychological Stress as a Risk Factor for Accelerated Cellular Aging and Cognitive Decline: The Involvement of Microglia-Neuron Crosstalk

Micael Carrier et al.

Summary: Microglia play crucial roles in the central nervous system, with the potential to both protect and exacerbate neurodegeneration. Chronic stress accelerates cellular aging, leading to cognitive decline. Stress-induced neuroinflammation alters microglial interactions, exacerbating cellular damage and inducing cognitive aging.

FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

TLR4 as a therapeutic target for respiratory and neurological complications of SARS-CoV-2

Dhriti Kaushik et al.

Summary: This article discusses the neurological and respiratory complications of COVID-19, as well as the role of the 'cytokine storm' and TLR4 receptors in these complications. The possibility of using TLR4 modulators to alleviate complications is considered, and a brief outlook on future potential drug treatments is provided.

EXPERT OPINION ON THERAPEUTIC TARGETS (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

Basophils and Mast Cells in COVID-19 Pathogenesis

Giuseppe Murdaca et al.

Summary: Basophils play a crucial role in immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and their depletion may impact the antibody response, while mast cells participate in the initial immune response but their activation can lead to hyperinflammatory syndrome. Both basophil counts and mast cell activation could be important factors in the prognosis and treatment of COVID-19.

CELLS (2021)

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Review Neurosciences

Clinical and Pathophysiologic Spectrum of Neuro-COVID

Josef Finsterer et al.

Summary: In COVID-19 patients, a wider spectrum of central nervous system disease is observed than anticipated, with less predominant effects on peripheral nerves and skeletal muscle. In most cases, the virus does not directly attack vulnerable structures, leading to favorable immune suppression or immune modulation in manifestations of the nervous system.

MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Neurosciences

Nervous System Involvement in COVID-19: a Review of the Current Knowledge

Mahnaz Norouzi et al.

Summary: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a complex multi-system disease affecting various human systems. While most cases present with mild symptoms, some patients may progress to severe conditions including acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ dysfunction, and septic shock.

MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

TLR2 senses the SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein to produce inflammatory cytokines

Min Zheng et al.

Summary: The study revealed that the envelope protein of SARS-CoV-2 is sensed by TLR2, leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines, and the severity of the disease is associated with the expression of TLR2 and MYD88. The findings demonstrate the critical role of TLR2 signaling in promoting proinflammatory cytokine production during coronavirus infection, providing new insights for therapeutic strategies against the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Emerging mechanisms contributing to mast cell-mediated pathophysiology with therapeutic implications

Guido H. Falduto et al.

Summary: Mast cells are tissue-resident immune cells that play important roles in allergic inflammation through IgE-mediated mechanisms, but also have antibody-independent biological functions. Recent research has shed light on the diverse roles of mast cells in health and disease, as well as potential novel therapeutic approaches targeting mast cell activity.

PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, Research & Experimental

Editorial: The Pathogenesis of Long-Term Neuropsychiatric COVID-19 and the Role of Microglia, Mitochondria, and Persistent Neuroinflammation: A Hypothesis

George B. Stefano et al.

Summary: Patients recovering from acute COVID-19 infection may experience persistent comorbidities related to the central nervous system, possibly involving mitochondria, microglia, and ongoing neuroinflammation. This hypothesis suggests long-term effects on cognitive functioning and immune processes within the CNS.

MEDICAL SCIENCE MONITOR (2021)

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Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

SARS-CoV-2 targets glial cells in human cortical organoids

Courtney L. McMahon et al.

Summary: Researchers used human stem cell-derived brain organoids to study how SARS-CoV-2 infects brain tissue and found that glial cells and cells of the choroid plexus were preferentially targeted, while neurons were not infected. The expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 was detected in infected cells, but viral replication and cell death did not occur, indicating that this model serves as a feasible platform to study the cellular effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in brain tissue.

STEM CELL REPORTS (2021)

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Review Immunology

Neuropathophysiology of coronavirus dsease 2019: neuroinflammation and blood brain barrier disruption are critical pathophysiological processes that contribute to the clinical symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection

Menizibeya O. Welcome et al.

Summary: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, mainly affects the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts but may also involve the central nervous system. Possible neuropathogenic mechanisms include downregulation of ACE2, increased activity of TMPRSS2 and cathepsin L, triggering neuroinflammatory response, and dysregulation of neurotransmitter signalling.

INFLAMMOPHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Inflammatory Response Leads to Neuronal Death in Human Post-Mortem Cerebral Cortex in Patients with COVID-19

Mahdi Eskandarian Boroujeni et al.

Summary: The study revealed inflammatory and immune responses in the post-mortem cerebral cortex of severe COVID-19 patients, with oxidative stress potentially leading to neuronal cell death.

ACS CHEMICAL NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

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Article Biology

Chronic stress and Alzheimer's disease: the interplay between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, genetics and microglia

Ayeisha Milligan Armstrong et al.

Summary: Chronic psychosocial stress is recognized as a risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Factors such as dysregulation of the HPA axis and elevated levels of cortisol may contribute to the disease process. Individual differences in sensitivities to glucocorticoid and stress responses could also impact an individual's risk of developing AD.

BIOLOGICAL REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

COVID-19-related neuropathology and microglial activation in elderly with and without dementia

Tino Emanuele Poloni et al.

Summary: The study compared 9 COVID-19 cases and 6 non-COVID controls, finding non-specific changes in COVID-19 patients such as hypoxic-agonal alterations and various degrees of neurodegeneration. COVID-19 brains exhibited increased microglial activation, with a possible boosting of innate immunity and suppression of adaptive immunity. The microglial hyperactivation in the brainstem and hippocampus of COVID-19 patients with delirium appears to be a specific topographical phenomenon, potentially representing the neuropathological basis of COVID-19 encephalopathic syndrome in the elderly.

BRAIN PATHOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Deep spatial profiling of human COVID-19 brains reveals neuroinflammation with distinct microanatomical microglia-T-cell interactions

Marius Schwabenland et al.

Summary: The study found profound neuroinflammation in COVID-19 patients, with activation of innate and adaptive immune cells. These pathological changes are associated with systemic inflammation and disturbed hemostasis, suggesting potential therapeutic strategies.

IMMUNITY (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Mast cell activation symptoms are prevalent in Long-COVID

Leonard B. Weinstock et al.

Summary: This study found that MCA symptoms were increased in LC patients after COVID-19 and mimicked the symptoms and severity reported by MCAS patients. This suggests that increased activation of aberrant mast cells induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection may underlie part of the pathophysiology of LC.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Immunology

Immune mediating molecules and pathogenesis of COVID-19-associated neurological disease

HariOm Singh et al.

Summary: Persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection may be associated with psychiatric and cognitive disorders, as well as neurological complications in adolescents and children. Immune-associated genes may play a role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19-associated neurological diseases, contributing to the identification of associated genetic risk factors.

MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

The Effect of COVID-19 on NF-κB and Neurological Manifestations of Disease

Don A. Davies et al.

Summary: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is highly infectious and leads to a wide range of neurological symptoms in addition to respiratory issues. Treatment strategies should focus on reducing the NF-kappa B pathway to mitigate the severity of symptoms.

MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Emerging COVID-19 Neurological Manifestations: Present Outlook and Potential Neurological Challenges in COVID-19 Pandemic

Saikat Dewanjee et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has led to a year-long phase of public health adversaries and compromised healthcare globally. Understanding of neurological complications in COVID-19 patients is still limited, and factors such as age, sex, comorbidity, and disease severity play a role in exacerbating neurological manifestations in these patients.

MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Neurosciences

A Review on SARS-CoV-2-Induced Neuroinflammation, Neurodevelopmental Complications, and Recent Updates on the Vaccine Development

Medha Karnik et al.

Summary: COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is a devastating viral infection with higher mortality in older individuals and those with preexisting conditions. Understanding the virus entry mechanism and its impact on different organ systems is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies.

MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Dysregulation of brain and choroid plexus cell types in severe COVID-19

Andrew C. Yang et al.

Summary: This study found that patients with COVID-19 exhibited widespread cellular perturbations in the brain, including the relay of peripheral inflammation into the brain by choroid plexus barrier cells and infiltration of peripheral T cells. Additionally, COVID-19 affected synaptic signaling of upper-layer excitatory neurons linked to cognitive function.

NATURE (2021)

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Editorial Material Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 takes its Toll

Alan Sariol et al.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2 variants, spike mutations and immune escape

William T. Harvey et al.

Summary: The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has been characterized by the emergence of mutations and variants that impact virus characteristics. Manufacturers are preparing for possible updates to vaccines in response to changes in the virus population, and it is crucial to monitor genetic and antigenic changes alongside experiments to understand the impacts of mutations.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Confronting Our Next National Health Disaster - Long-Haul Covid

Steven Phillips et al.

Summary: Long Covid could potentially become the next national health disaster, and it is important to address and find solutions for it.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Microbiology

Long COVID or Post-acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): An Overview of Biological Factors That May Contribute to Persistent Symptoms

Amy D. Proal et al.

Summary: The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has led to a pandemic of COVID-19, with some patients developing persistent symptoms known as Long COVID or PASC. These patients may have different underlying biological factors driving their symptoms, such as organ damage, persistent viral reservoirs, re-activation of pathogens, and immune dysregulation. Therapeutic approaches may need to be individualized to effectively manage care for specific patients with PASC.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Systemic Corticosteroid Administration in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outcomes: An Umbrella Meta-Analysis Incorporating Both Mild and Pulmonary Fibrosis-Manifested Severe Disease

Bin Cheng et al.

Summary: The study found that corticosteroid use in COVID-19 patients can reduce the risk of mechanical ventilation and mortality in critically ill/severe patients, but may lead to prolonged hospital stays and virus clearance time.

FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Calprotectin in Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy and Variants-A Potential Novel Biomarker of Disease Activity

Frauke Stascheit et al.

Summary: In patients with CIDP, serum calprotectin (CLP) and serum neurofilament light chain (sNfl) levels were significantly elevated. CLP acted as an independent predictor of CIDP and MMN, correlated with disease activity, while sNfl correlated with disease impairment parameters. Overall, CLP may be a suitable additive biomarker for monitoring ongoing inflammation.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

Cytokine Storm Syndrome in SARS-CoV-2 Infections: A Functional Role of Mast Cells

Bahareh Hafezi et al.

Summary: Cytokine storm syndrome is a pathological process of escalated immune responses leading to immune exhaustion, which may result in organ failure and fatal respiratory distress. Virus infection can induce uncontrolled cytokine production, eventually developing into cytokine storm syndrome. Mast cells may collaborate with other cells during virus infection, leading to severe consequences such as inflammation and pulmonary edema.

CELLS (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2-triggered mast cell rapid degranulation induces alveolar epithelial inflammation and lung injury

Meng-Li Wu et al.

Summary: The study revealed that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces mast cell degranulation, leading to lung inflammation and injury. Clinical mast cell stabilizers have been shown to dampen the inflammatory response and prevent lung injury caused by viral infection.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Automated discovery of noncovalent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease by consensus Deep Docking of 40 billion small molecules

Francesco Gentile et al.

Summary: The study presented an artificial intelligence-driven virtual screening pipeline that screened 40 billion molecules against SARS-CoV-2 main protease, identifying numerous experimentally confirmed Mpro enzyme inhibitors and benchmarking the performance of various degrees of automation hit-selecting strategies.

CHEMICAL SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 crosses the blood-brain barrier accompanied with basement membrane disruption without tight junctions alteration

Ling Zhang et al.

Summary: The study found evidence supporting that SARS-CoV-2 can cross the blood-brain barrier in transcellular pathways based on experiments in mice and hamsters. The transmission pathway involves disrupted basement membrane without obvious alteration of tight junctions.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The olfactory route is a potential way for SARS-CoV-2 to invade the central nervous system of rhesus monkeys

Li Jiao et al.

Summary: This study investigated the neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2 in a non-human primate model and found that the virus primarily invades the central nervous system via the olfactory bulb, then quickly spreads to different functional regions, possibly inducing inflammation. This experimental evidence provides important insights into the CNS-related pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2021)

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Article Psychology, Multidisciplinary

Detecting and Preventing Defensive Reactions Toward Persuasive Information on Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Using Induced Eye Movements

Arie Dijkstra et al.

Summary: The study found that inducing eye movements in response to negative persuasive messages can increase self-reported fruit and vegetable consumption, as well as prevent defensive reactions, particularly in males with low cognitive self-affirmation inclination (CSAI). This suggests that individual differences in emotion regulation (CSAI) and gender play significant roles in persuasion. The working memory account of persuasion provides new theoretical and practical insights into targeting individuals for increasing fruit and vegetable consumption.

FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Neuropathological analysis of the brains of fifty-two patients with COVID-19

Teresa Wierzba-Bobrowicz et al.

Summary: This study reported neuropathological changes in brains of patients infected with CoV-2 coronavirus, showing vascular lesions and inflammatory process characteristic of the infection. Damage of vessel walls and morphological feature of the damage to the blood-brain barrier were observed, along with lymphocytic and microglial infiltrates.

FOLIA NEUROPATHOLOGICA (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Medicinal

The Roles of Flavonols/Flavonoids in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation

Zehra Calis et al.

MINI-REVIEWS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2020)

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Article Immunology

A role for glia maturation factor dependent activation of mast cells and microglia in MPTP induced dopamine loss and behavioural deficits in mice

Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar et al.

BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY (2020)

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Article Neurosciences

Histamine Induces Microglia Activation and the Release of Proinflammatory Mediators in Rat Brain Via H1R or H4R

Wei Zhang et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY (2020)

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Article Cell Biology

The Mast Cell Is an Early Activator of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in the Hippocampus

Yiwei Wang et al.

MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION (2020)

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Editorial Material Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

COVID-19, pulmonary mast cells, cytokine storms, and beneficial actions of luteolin

Theoharis C. Theoharides

BIOFACTORS (2020)

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Review Immunology

COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence

Nina Vindegaard et al.

BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY (2020)

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Article Microbiology

Complex Immune Dysregulation in COVID-19 Patients with Severe Respiratory Failure

Evangelos J. Giamarellos-Bourboulis et al.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2020)

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Article Microbiology

Favorable Anakinra Responses in Severe Covid-19 Patients with Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

George Dimopoulos et al.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2020)

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Article Immunology

Characterization of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of 2019 novel coronavirus: implication for development of RBD protein as a viral attachment inhibitor and vaccine

Wanbo Tai et al.

CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Effect of Stress on Neuroimmune Processes

Theoharis C. Theoharides

CLINICAL THERAPEUTICS (2020)

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Article Allergy

Elevated levels of IL-6 and CRP predict the need for mechanical ventilation in COVID-19

Tobias Herold et al.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019

Guang Chen et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2020)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Does apolipoprotein E genotype predict COVID-19 severity? COMMENT

M. R. Goldstein et al.

QJM-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Editorial Material Multidisciplinary Sciences

Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19

John B. Moore et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Neurosciences

Similar Microglial Cell Densities across Brain Structures and Mammalian Species: Implications for Brain Tissue Function

Sandra E. Dos Santos et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Neuroligin-1 is altered in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease patients and mouse models, and modulates the toxicity of amyloid-beta oligomers

Julien Dufort-Gervais et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Rapid Identification of Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease by Deep Docking of 1.3 Billion Compounds

Anh-Tien Ton et al.

MOLECULAR INFORMATICS (2020)

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Editorial Material Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the neuroendocrine stress axis

Charlotte Steenblock et al.

MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

APOE4 leads to blood-brain barrier dysfunction predicting cognitive decline

Axel Montagne et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

COVID-19-related acute necrotizing encephalopathy with brain stem involvement in a patient with aplastic anemia

Luke Dixon et al.

NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION (2020)

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Review Allergy

The impact of psychological stress on mast cells

Theoharis C. Theoharides

ANNALS OF ALLERGY ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

IL-15 immunotherapy is a viable strategy for COVID-19

Hemanth Kumar Kandikattu et al.

CYTOKINE & GROWTH FACTOR REVIEWS (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Medicinal

The pharmacological and biological roles of eriodictyol

Anowarul Islam et al.

ARCHIVES OF PHARMACAL RESEARCH (2020)

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Review Immunology

The COVID-19 Cytokine Storm; What We Know So Far

Dina Ragab et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Neurosciences

The Emerging Role of Nutraceuticals and Phytochemicals in the Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease

Camila Calfio et al.

JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia

David H. Brann et al.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2020)

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Review Infectious Diseases

The pathogenesis and treatment of the 'Cytokine Storm' in COVID-19

Qing Ye et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTION (2020)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Histamine-dependent interactions between mast cells, glia, and neurons are altered following early-life adversity in mice and humans

Jonathon L. McClain et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Neurofilament light as a biomarker in traumatic brain injury

Pashtun Shahim et al.

NEUROLOGY (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

COVID-19, Mast Cells, Cytokine Storm, Psychological Stress, and Neuroinflammation

Duraisamy Kempuraj et al.

NEUROSCIENTIST (2020)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Mental Health and the Covid-19 Pandemic

Betty Pfefferbaum et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Review Physiology

COVID-19 and the Immune System

Jan Paces et al.

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Distinct conformational states of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein

Yongfei Cai et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Psychiatry and COVID-19

Dost Ongur et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2020)

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Article Allergy

Highways to hell: Mechanism-based management of cytokine storm syndromes

Scott W. Canna et al.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Allergy

The role of IL-6 and other mediators in the cytokine storm associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection

Ana Copaescu et al.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Neurosciences

Eriodictyol produces antidepressant-like effects and ameliorates cognitive impairments induced by chronic stress

Lei Zhang et al.

NEUROREPORT (2020)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Repairing blood-CNS barriers: Future therapeutic approaches for neuropsychiatric disorders

Joana Bicker et al.

PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Neuropilin-1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and infectivity

Ludovico Cantuti-Castelvetri et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Immunology

Mast Cells in Alveolar Septa of COVID-19 Patients: A Pathogenic Pathway That May Link Interstitial Edema to Immunothrombosis

Jarbas da Silva Motta Junior et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Integrative & Complementary Medicine

Pharmacological Activity of Eriodictyol: The Major Natural Polyphenolic Flavanone

Zirong Deng et al.

EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE (2020)

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Review Immunology

Neurotransmitter and neuropeptide regulation of mast cell function: a systematic review

Huaping Xu et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION (2020)

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Article Neurosciences

The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein alters barrier function in 2D static and 3D microfluidic in-vitro models of the human blood-brain barrier

Tetyana P. Buzhdygan et al.

NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Dietary flavanols improve cerebral cortical oxygenation and cognition in healthy adults

Gabriele Gratton et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2020)

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Review Neurosciences

Neuropathobiology of COVID-19: The Role for Glia

Marie-Eve Tremblay et al.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Persistent fatigue following SARS-CoV-2 infection is common and independent of severity of initial infection

Liam Townsend et al.

PLOS ONE (2020)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

In silico molecular docking analysis for repurposing therapeutics against multiple proteins from SARS-CoV-2

Rujuta R. Deshpande et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2020)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Covid-19 hyperinflammation and post-Covid-19 illness may be rooted in mast cell activation syndrome

Lawrence B. Afrin et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Serum S100B protein as a marker of severity in Covid-19 patients

Antonio Aceti et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2020)

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Review Psychiatry

Psychiatric face of COVID-19

Luca Steardo et al.

TRANSLATIONAL PSYCHIATRY (2020)

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Article Behavioral Sciences

Food allergy induces alteration in brain inflammatory status and cognitive impairments

Liqing Zhou et al.

BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH (2019)

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Article Neurosciences

Mast Cell Proteases Activate Astrocytes and Glia-Neurons and Release Interleukin-33 by Activating p38 and ERK1/2 MAPKs and NF-B

Duraisamy Kempuraj et al.

MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY (2019)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Fatigue in Mastocytosis: A Case Series

Jens Vikse et al.

CLINICAL THERAPEUTICS (2019)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Interleukin-18 in Health and Disease

Koubun Yasuda et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2019)

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Review Neurosciences

Mast Cells in Stress, Pain, Blood-Brain Barrier, Neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's Disease

Duraisamy Kempuraj et al.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE (2019)

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Review Cell Biology

Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases

Charannya Sozheesvari Subhramanyam et al.

SEMINARS IN CELL & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (2019)

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Article Neurosciences

Stabilization of Brain Mast Cells Alleviates LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation by Inhibiting Microglia Activation

Hongquan Dong et al.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE (2019)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Microglia and the aging brain: are senescent microglia the key to neurodegeneration?

Dafina M. Angelova et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY (2019)

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Review Neurosciences

Mast Cells, Neuroinflammation and Pain in Fibromyalgia Syndrome

Theoharis C. Theoharides et al.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE (2019)

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Review Cell Biology

CCL19 and CCR7 Expression, Signaling Pathways, and Adjuvant Functions in Viral Infection and Prevention

Yan Yan et al.

FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (2019)

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Letter Allergy

Effect of IL-33 on de novo synthesized mediators from human mast cells

Theoharis C. Theoharides et al.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2019)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

IL-33 stimulates human mast cell release of CCL5 and CCL2 via MAPK and NF-κB, inhibited by methoxyluteolin

Mona Abubakr Bawazeer et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2019)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Blood-brain barrier breakdown is an early biomarker of human cognitive dysfunction

Daniel A. Nation et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2019)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Microglia in Central Nervous System Inflammation and Multiple Sclerosis Pathology

Sofie Voet et al.

TRENDS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2019)

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Article Neurosciences

Cross-Talk between Glia, Neurons and Mast Cells in Neuroinflammation Associated with Parkinson's Disease

Duraisamy Kempuraj et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY (2018)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Diverse exocytic pathways for mast cell mediators

Hao Xu et al.

BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY TRANSACTIONS (2018)

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Review Immunology

Mast cells as sources of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors

Kaori Mukai et al.

IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS (2018)

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Review Allergy

Mast cells signal their importance in health and disease

Ana Olivera et al.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2018)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Luteolin Could Improve Cognitive Dysfunction by Inhibiting Neuroinflammation

Zhao-Hui Yao et al.

NEUROCHEMICAL RESEARCH (2018)

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Article Neurosciences

S100A8/A9 induces microglia activation and promotes the apoptosis of oligodendrocyte precursor cells by activating the NF-kappa B signaling pathway

Meili Wu et al.

BRAIN RESEARCH BULLETIN (2018)

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Article Cell Biology

S100B promotes microglia M1 polarization and migration to aggravate cerebral ischemia

Saijun Zhou et al.

INFLAMMATION RESEARCH (2018)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Flavone Luteolin Improves Central Nervous System Disorders by Different Mechanisms: A Review

Zeinab Ashaari et al.

JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR NEUROSCIENCE (2018)

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Article Immunology

Effect of tryptase on mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells via protease-activated receptor 2

Qin Zhou et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION (2018)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome-Metabolic Disease or Disturbed Homeostasis due to Focal Inflammation in the Hypothalamus?

Erifili Hatziagelaki et al.

JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS (2018)

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Review Neurosciences

Microglia in neurodegeneration

Suzanne Hickman et al.

NATURE NEUROSCIENCE (2018)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Substance P and IL-33 administered together stimulate a marked secretion of IL-1β from human mast cells, inhibited by methoxyluteolin

Alexandra Taracanova et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2018)

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Article Neurosciences

Glia Maturation Factor and Mast Cell-Dependent Expression of Inflammatory Mediators and Proteinase Activated Receptor-2 in Neuroinflammation

Duraisamy Kempuraj et al.

JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE (2018)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Neuroimmune and Inflammatory Signals in Complex Disorders of the Central Nervous System

Ana Clara Liberman et al.

NEUROIMMUNOMODULATION (2018)

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Review Neurosciences

Microglia in Neurological Diseases: A Road Map to Brain-Disease Dependent-Inflammatory Response

Sara Bachiller et al.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE (2018)

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Article Neurosciences

Suppression of Brain Mast Cells Degranulation Inhibits Microglial Activation and Central Nervous System Inflammation

Hongquan Dong et al.

MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY (2017)

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Review Neurosciences

Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress

Anzela Niraula et al.

NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (2017)

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Review Dermatology

Neuroendocrinology of mast cells: Challenges and controversies

Theoharis C. Theoharides

EXPERIMENTAL DERMATOLOGY (2017)

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Article Neurosciences

Mast cells in the brain - Old cells, new target

Giovanna Traina

JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE NEUROSCIENCE (2017)

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Review Behavioral Sciences

Mast cells in neuroinflammation and brain disorders

Erik Hendriksen et al.

NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS (2017)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Neuroinflammation, Mast Cells, and Glia: Dangerous Liaisons

Stephen D. Skaper et al.

NEUROSCIENTIST (2017)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SP and IL-33 together markedly enhance TNF synthesis and secretion from human mast cells mediated by the interaction of their receptors

Alexandra Taracanova et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2017)

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Article Psychiatry

Neuroimaging evidence of brain abnormalities in mastocytosis

N. Boddaert et al.

TRANSLATIONAL PSYCHIATRY (2017)

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Article Oncology

Increased IL6 plasma levels in indolent systemic mastocytosis patients are associated with high risk of disease progression

A. Mayado et al.

LEUKEMIA (2016)

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Review Neurosciences

Microglia-Mediated Inflammation and Neurodegenerative Disease

Ling Xu et al.

MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY (2016)

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Article Cell Biology

Investigation of immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of eriodictyol through its cellular anti-oxidant activity

Imen Mokdad-Bzeouich et al.

CELL STRESS & CHAPERONES (2016)

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Article Cell Biology

Induction of Microglial Activation by Mediators Released from Mast Cells

Xiang Zhang et al.

CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY (2016)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Non-IgE mediated mast cell activation

Yingxin Yu et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2016)

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Article Neurosciences

Microglial Activation Induced by the Alarmin S100B is Regulated by Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1

Jianguo Xu et al.

GLIA (2016)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Flavonoids as Cytokine Modulators: A Possible Therapy for Inflammation-Related Diseases

Nayely Leyva-Lopez et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2016)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Different activation signals induce distinct mast cell degranulation strategies

Nicolas Gaudenzio et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2016)

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Activated brain mast cells contribute to postoperative cognitive dysfunction by evoking microglia activation and neuronal apoptosis

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JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION (2016)

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Luteolin protects the hippocampus against neuron impairments induced by kainic acid in rats

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NEUROTOXICOLOGY (2016)

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Neurotensin stimulates sortilin and mTOR in human microglia inhibitable by methoxyluteolin, a potential therapeutic target for autism

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Neuron-Microglia Interactions in Mental Health Disorders: For Better, and For Worse

Eric S. Wohleb

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2016)

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IL-33 drives airway hyper-responsiveness through IL-13-mediated mast cell: airway smooth muscle crosstalk

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ALLERGY (2015)

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Neuroinflammation, Microglia and Mast Cells in the Pathophysiology of Neurocognitive Disorders: A Review

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CNS & Neurological Disorders-Drug Targets (2015)

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Autocrine hemokinin-1 functions as an endogenous adjuvant for IgE-mediated mast cell inflammatory responses

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The novel flavone tetramethoxyluteolin is a potent inhibitor of human mast cells

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JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2015)

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Review Immunology

Mast cells in meningiomas and brain inflammation

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JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION (2015)

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NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2015)

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Neuroinflammation and Depression: Microglia Activation, Extracellular Microvesicles and microRNA Dysregulation

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FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE (2015)

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Brain fog, inflammation and obesity: key aspects of neuropsychiatric disorders improved by luteolin

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FRONTIERS IN NEUROSCIENCE (2015)

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Review Allergy

The role of IL-33 and mast cells in allergy and inflammation

Rohit Saluja et al.

CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL ALLERGY (2015)

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Targeting IL-33 in Autoimmunity and Inflammation

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The improvement of cognitive functions is associated with a decrease of plasma Osteopontin levels in Natalizumab treated relapsing multiple sclerosis

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Mast cell activation: A complex interplay of positive and negative signaling pathways

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2014)

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Editorial Material Pharmacology & Pharmacy

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Mitochondrial DAMPs Increase Endothelial Permeability through Neutrophil Dependent and Independent Pathways

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PLOS ONE (2013)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

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Mast Cell Tryptase Induces Microglia Activation via Protease-activated Receptor 2 Signaling

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Developmental Origin and Functional Specialization of Mast Cell Subsets

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Substance P (SP) Induces Expression of Functional Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor-1 (CRHR-1) in Human Mast Cells

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Microtubule-Associated Protein 2, an Early Blood Marker of Ischemic Brain Injury

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Evidence for Cognitive Impairment in Mastocytosis: Prevalence, Features and Correlations to Depression

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PLOS ONE (2012)

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Stimulated Human Mast Cells Secrete Mitochondrial Components That Have Autocrine and Paracrine Inflammatory Actions

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PLOS ONE (2012)

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Neurotensin and CRH Interactions Augment Human Mast Cell Activation

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FRONTIERS IN SYSTEMS NEUROSCIENCE (2012)

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Cytokine Signaling Modulates Blood-Brain Barrier Function

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CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL DESIGN (2011)

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Luteolin Inhibits Microglial Inflammation and Improves Neuron Survival Against Inflammation

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE (2011)

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Human mast cell degranulation and preformed TNF secretion require mitochondrial translocation to exocytosis sites: Relevance to atopic dermatitis

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S100B Protein Stimulates Microglia Migration via RAGE-dependent Up-regulation of Chemokine Expression and Release

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Flavonoids and the CNS

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Brain metastases of mouse mammary adenocarcinoma is increased by acute stress

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Meningeal Mast Cells Affect Early T Cell Central Nervous System Infiltration and Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity through TNF: A Role for Neutrophil Recruitment?

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Gender Differences in Cognitive Ability Associated with Genetic Variants of NLGN4

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IL-33 augments substance P-induced VEGF secretion from human mast cells and is increased in psoriatic skin

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Mast cell-orchestrated immunity to pathogens

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NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2010)

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Review Immunology

Disease-associated functions of IL-33: the new kid in the IL-1 family

Foo Y. Liew et al.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2010)

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Flavonoid-mediated presenilin-1 phosphorylation reduces Alzheimer's disease β-amyloid production

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JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2009)

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Calprotectin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid reflect disease activity in multiple sclerosis

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JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY (2009)

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Review Immunology

Impact of stress and mast cells on brain metastases

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JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY (2008)

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Apigenin and luteolin modulate microglial activation via inhibition of STAT1-induced CD40 expression

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JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION (2008)

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Neuroligins and neurexins link synaptic function to cognitive disease

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Anti-Oxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Anti-Allergic Activities of Luteolin

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Luteolin reduces IL-6 production in microglia by inhibiting JNK phosphorylation and activation of AP-1

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2008)

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Differential release of mast cell mediators and the pathogenesis of inflammation

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IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS (2007)

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Nasal provocation of patients with allergic rhinitis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Corticotropin-releasing hormone and the blood-brain-barrier

Theoharis C. Theoharides et al.

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Corticotropin-releasing hormone induces skin vascular permeability through a neurotensin-dependent process

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2006)

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Integrated signalling pathways for mast-cell activation

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NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2006)

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Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the brain: Potential role of the chemokine mig in pathogenesis

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CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2005)

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TLR signaling tailors innate immune responses in human microglia and astrocytes

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JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2005)

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Neurotensin and the neurotensin receptor-3 in microglial cells

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IL-6 levels predict disease variant and extent of organ involvement in patients with mastocytosis

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CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2005)

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Corticotropin-releasing hormone and its structurally related urocortin are synthesized and secreted by human mast cells

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ENDOCRINOLOGY (2004)

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Mast cells as targets of corticotropin-releasing factor and related peptides

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Endogenously oxidized mitochondrial DNA induces in vivo and in vitro inflammatory responses

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JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY (2004)

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IL-1 induces vesicular secretion of IL-6 without degranulation from human mast cells

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JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2003)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Corticotropin-releasing hormone and brain mast cells regulate blood-brain-barrier permeability induced by acute stress

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JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS (2002)

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Serum interleukin-6 reflects disease severity and osteoporosis in mastocytosis patients

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INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY (2002)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Functional expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptor 1 in cultured rat microglia

W Wang et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY (2002)

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Brain mast cells act as an immune gate to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in dogs

I Matsumoto et al.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE (2001)

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Studies on the involvement of histamine in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation induced by nerve growth factor

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LIFE SCIENCES (2000)

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Inflammatory mediators and modulation of blood-brain barrier permeability

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CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY (2000)

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