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Article
Immunology
Fei Gao et al.
Summary: T cells play a crucial role in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2, but their behavior after infection and vaccination is not well understood. This study examined the T cell responses of subjects receiving the Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine. Vaccination induced strong spike-specific T cell responses for both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, with CD4+ responses peaking 1 week after the second dose and CD8+ responses peaking 2 weeks later. These T cell responses were higher than those observed in COVID-19 patients. Additionally, prior SARS-CoV-2 infection was found to decrease CD8+ T cell activation and expansion, suggesting an influence of previous infection on the T cell response to vaccination.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Vivek Naranbhai et al.
Summary: This study shows that T cell responses to the Omicron variant are largely preserved in individuals with prior infection, vaccination, or booster vaccination, although a subset of individuals may experience a reduction in T cell reactivity to the Omicron spike protein.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alison Tarke et al.
Summary: T cell responses induced by different vaccine platforms cross-recognize early SARS-CoV-2 variants, while memory B cells and neutralizing antibodies show significant decreases. The majority of memory T cell responses are preserved against variants, with lower recognition of Omicron by memory B cells.
Review
Virology
Yusha Araf et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is a heavily mutated virus with a high risk of infection. Limited information is available regarding the genomics, transmissibility, and effectiveness of vaccines against this variant, emphasizing the need for further investigation.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Paul Moss
Summary: T cell immunity plays a central role in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection, with early responses correlating with protection. T cell memory provides broad recognition of viral proteins, limiting the impact of viral variants and offering protection against severe disease. Current COVID-19 vaccines elicit robust T cell responses, contributing to the prevention of hospitalization or death. Therefore, the importance of T cell immunity may have been underestimated.
Article
Immunology
Corine H. GeurtsvanKessel et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates that vaccinated individuals retain T cell immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, despite low levels of neutralizing antibodies. Booster vaccinations can partially restore cross-neutralization of the Omicron variant.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Cristina Menni et al.
Summary: This study investigated the differences in symptom prevalence, risk of hospital admission, and symptom duration between omicron and delta variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The study found that loss of smell was less common in omicron infections, sore throat was more common, and the rate of hospital admission was lower.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Ryan M. Barber et al.
Summary: Timely, accurate, and comprehensive estimation of SARS-CoV-2 infection rates are crucial for understanding past infections and transmission risks. This study provided a novel approach to estimate global and location-specific infections, combining data sources and correcting biases for more reliable estimates. The findings show staggering impacts of COVID-19 on the global population, highlighting the importance of continued research and policy responses.
Article
Immunology
Seri Jeong et al.
Summary: This study aimed to assess humoral and cellular responses to BNT162b2 as a booster dose following ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccination. The results showed 100.0% positivity for all antibody assays at 1 month after booster vaccination, with significantly increased antibody titers and positive cellular responses in 92.8% of the participants.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Antti Hurme et al.
Summary: Despite the emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2, vaccines can still provide protection against Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants for at least 6 months.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Yifei Guo et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, designated as a variant of concern by WHO, has rapidly spread worldwide, possibly due to mutations in its spike protein that reduce the protective effects of neutralizing antibodies. However, compared to previous variants, the Omicron variant has lower hospitalization and mortality rates, and the effectiveness of vaccination and antiviral drugs has not been significantly affected. Both Fc-mediated and T-cell immunity functions have been well retained.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Beatrice Clemenceau et al.
Summary: This study explored cellular immune responses in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (Allo-HSCT) after receiving BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. The results showed that T-cells exhibited a strong immune response to SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, even in the absence of humoral response.
Review
Virology
Rashed Noor
Summary: The world is nearing the end/recovery stage of the COVID-19 pandemic and understanding the host immune responses and protection mechanisms is crucial for the development of vaccines and monitoring their effectiveness.
Article
Microbiology
Nayara Panizo et al.
Summary: A third dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine boosts antibody levels, neutralizing antibody response to different variants, and T-cell responses in both hemodialysis and kidney transplant recipients. The effect is more pronounced in hemodialysis patients.
Review
Immunology
Henning Jacobsen et al.
Summary: This mini review summarizes the evidence on T cell immunity against the omicron variant and indicates that vaccines utilizing the parental antigen continue to provide protection against disease caused by omicron.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Giulia Scalia et al.
Summary: The study found that in COVID-19 patients, there was an increase in total lymphocytes, a decrease in neutrophils and IL-6 in mild/moderate patients, an increase in B lymphocytes in severe patients, and an increase in T lymphocyte populations in mild/moderate patients after one week of hospitalization. In patients who died during hospitalization, there was an increase in total leukocytes and a reducing trend in T, T helper, T cytotoxic, T regulatory, and NK lymphocytes in five out of eight patients. Steroid therapy was found to reduce inflammation and cytokine activation in severe COVID-19 patients, but it may have immunosuppressive effects on lymphocyte populations in patients with less severe disease.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Sebastian Havervall et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Martin J. Scurr et al.
Summary: Measurement of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in whole blood can predict the risk of infection. A low magnitude T cell response is associated with a higher risk of infection, while a high magnitude response significantly reduces the risk.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Monica Gelzo et al.
Summary: This study analyzed the immunological, cellular, and genetic characteristics of children with MIS-C. The results showed significant differences in serum cytokines, lymphocyte populations, and genetic variations among MIS-C patients, which helps improve the understanding of the disease's pathogenesis and provides insights for diagnosis and treatment.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Xiuyuan Lu et al.
Summary: T cells play a crucial role in the defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection and generating immunity. CD4(+) T cells support antibody production, while CD8(+) T cells protect against infection. The role of cross-reactive T cells in SARS-CoV-2 immunity is still debated. T cell responses are less affected by the mutations of SARS-CoV-2 variants compared to antibodies.
INFLAMMATION AND REGENERATION
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Paul Naaber et al.
Summary: This study conducted a longitudinal analysis on 111 vaccinated individuals and found that the third dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine restores high levels of blocking antibodies and enhances T cell responses to the Omicron variant.
CELL REPORTS MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Hiroshi Ishii et al.
Summary: This study investigates the efficacy of an intranasal vaccine and finds that it can result in NAbs-independent control of SARS-CoV-2 infection by inducing CD8(+) T cell responses.
CELL REPORTS MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Virology
Estela Gimenez et al.
Summary: In COVID-19 patients, a significant percentage of SARS-CoV-2-reactive IFN-gamma producing CD8+ T cells, independent of disease severity, were detected. Further studies are needed to determine if quantification of these T-cell subsets can provide prognostic information on the clinical course of COVID-19.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Kanagavel Murugesan et al.
Summary: The study found that the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) accurately distinguished between convalescent and uninfected healthy blood donors, with a predominantly CD4(+) T-cell response. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 IGRA may serve as a useful diagnostic tool in managing the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Salman M. Toor et al.
Summary: COVID-19 is potentially an immune-related disease, where T cells play a crucial role with both pro- and anti-functions. Understanding the role of T cells in immune responses is essential for better management of COVID-19.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Katherine McMahan et al.
Summary: Adoptive transfer of purified IgG from convalescent macaques protects naive macaques against SARS-CoV-2 infection, and cellular immune responses contribute to protection against rechallenge with SARS-CoV-2. The findings suggest that relatively low antibody titres are sufficient for protection against SARS-CoV-2 in macaques, while higher antibody titres are required for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article
Cell Biology
Anthony T. Tan et al.
Summary: This study found that early induction of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secreting SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells was present in patients with mild disease and accelerated viral clearance, while rapid induction and quantity of humoral responses were associated with an increase in disease severity. These findings highlight the importance of early functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in both vaccine design and immune monitoring.
Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Istvan Valyi-Nagy et al.
Summary: This study compared the humoral and T cell-mediated immune responses elicited by BBIBP-CorV and BNT162b2 vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, revealing significant quantitative and qualitative differences between the two. BBIBP-CorV vaccine induced high levels of antibody responses in healthy individuals, while BNT162b2 showed slightly higher T cell responses.
Article
Immunology
Gisella Guerrera et al.
Summary: Vaccination with the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine induces a sustained anti-viral T cell response for at least 6 months, demonstrating immunological competence and long-term memory against SARS-CoV-2.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Mark M. Painter et al.
Summary: The study found that after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination, CD4(+) T cell responses in naïve individuals were fast, while CD8(+) T cell responses developed gradually. Th1 and Tfh cell responses after the first dose were correlated with post-boost CD8(+) T cells and neutralizing antibodies.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ugur Sahin et al.
Summary: The BNT162b2 vaccine shows 95% efficacy in preventing COVID-19 by boosting neutralizing antibody titres and activating specific T cell responses. The vaccine-induced immune response is broad and stable, lasting for a prolonged period, providing good coverage against various SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Article
Pediatrics
Roberto Berni Canani et al.
Summary: The study found that there were no significant differences in the expression of ACE2, ACE1, and TMPRSS2 in the nasal epithelium between children and adults, but NRP1 expression was lower in children. In the small intestine, children had higher ACE2 expression but lower ACE1 expression compared to adults, with similar levels of TMPRSS2 and NRP1 expression between the two groups.
FRONTIERS IN PEDIATRICS
(2021)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Monica Gelzo et al.
Summary: NLR can be used as a predictive marker of disease severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients. In the first wave, NLR increased significantly with disease severity due to a decrease in lymphocytes and increase in neutrophils. In the second wave, the use of steroids led to no significant differences in NLR among patients of different severity levels.
FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Julia Niessl et al.
Summary: Exceptional efforts have been made to understand the biology of adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, with a focus on the central role of T cells in mediating helper functions to different arms of the immune system. Specific T cell characteristics have been linked to differential COVID-19 severity and vaccine outcomes. Current research summarizes CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses in acute and convalescent COVID-19, highlighting the importance of looking beyond blood to fully understand T cell function in tissue spaces.
SEMINARS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Catherine Riou et al.
Summary: This study found that the attributes of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4(+) T cells were associated with the severity of COVID-19, with severe cases showing poor polyfunctional potential, reduced proliferation capacity, and enhanced HLA-DR expression. HIV-1 and TB coinfection can alter the SARS-CoV-2 T cell response, with HIV-1 causing CD4(+) T cell depletion and active TB leading to decreased polyfunctional capacity of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4(+) T cells in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, COVID-19 patients displayed a reduced frequency of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD4(+) T cells, which may affect TB disease progression.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Chaolin Huang et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Takuya Sekine et al.
Article
Cell Biology
Constantin J. Thieme et al.
CELL REPORTS MEDICINE
(2020)
Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
J. F. Moeller et al.
JOURNAL OF VIRAL HEPATITIS
(2011)
