Associations of Total Body Fat Mass and Skeletal Muscle Index with All-Cause and Cancer-Specific Mortality in Cancer Survivors

Simple Summary Studies assessing the associations of body composition and mortality have found conflicting results due to small sample sizes and short follow-up periods. Using a nationally representative sample, we assessed the associations between total body fat mass and skeletal muscle index, and all-cause and cancer-specific mortality in cancer survivors. Participants with higher fat mass and sarcopenia were at a higher risk of mortality. Our results have significant clinical and public health implications, since fat and muscle mass are important prognostic factors in cancer patients. The findings also highlight the importance of healthy body composition and the need for more research into the effects of specific interventions, such as physical activities, a healthy diet, and supplemental nutrition aimed at reducing fat mass and preventing muscle loss. Purpose: The importance of body composition on cancer outcomes is of great clinical interest. Measures of body composition that differentiate fat mass from skeletal muscle mass can help redefine our understanding of body composition for cancer survival. We investigated whether the risk of all-cause and cancer-specific mortality differ by levels of total fat mass and sarcopenia status in cancer survivors. Our secondary aim was a subgroup analysis assessing the role of race within these associations. Methods: Participants included 1682 adult cancer survivors who had undergone a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) examination to measure body composition, from the 1999-2006 and 2011-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Total fat mass was categorized into tertiles (we assessed high vs. low tertiles), and sarcopenia was considered as having an appendicular skeletal muscle mass index less than 7.26 kg/m(2) for males and less than 5.45 kg/m(2) for females. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models estimated the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: The mean age of study participants was 61.9 years, and they were followed up for an average of 9.67 years. The prevalence of sarcopenia was 25.0% (N = 304), and 33.4% (N = 561) had a high total fat mass. Participants with a higher fat mass (aHR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.06-1.61) and with sarcopenia (aHR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.22-1.88) had a 30% and 51% increased risk of all-cause mortality compared to participants with a low fat mass and with no sarcopenia, respectively. Further, sarcopenia (aHR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.23-2.29) was associated with a higher risk of cancer-specific mortality in cancer survivors. The association between sarcopenia and all-cause mortality was twice as strong in Black people (aHR = 2.99, 95% CI = 1.39-6.06) compared to White people (aHR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.19-1.95). Conclusions: Our findings show the opposing relations of fat mass and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index with mortality in a national sample of cancer survivors, and that the relationships may differ by race. These results emphasize the importance of maintaining a healthy body composition among cancer survivors.

Automated summary

Using a nationally representative sample of cancer survivors, this study found that higher fat mass and sarcopenia were associated with increased risk of mortality. The results have significant clinical implications and emphasize the importance of healthy body composition in cancer patients. Further research is needed to explore specific interventions to reduce fat mass and prevent muscle loss.