Obesity Measured via Body Mass Index May Be Associated with Increased Incidence but Not Worse Outcomes of Immune-Mediated Diarrhea and Colitis

Simple Summary The association of obesity with a host of comorbidities and its role in cancer have been studied extensively, but its influence on cancer treatments is not well understood. In particular, little is known about the interplay between obesity and immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-induced immune-related adverse events (irAEs). This retrospective single-center study explored this relationship in 202 cancer patients with ICI exposure who developed gastrointestinal irAEs and had existing data on their body mass index (BMI) and visceral fat as measured by CT. Lower BMI was interestingly found to correlate with a more severe disease course. Aside from that, obesity was not found to significantly alter the course of ICI-mediated diarrhea and colitis, nor did it impact the overall survival of this population. Importantly, this study also supports the use of BMI as an indicator of adiposity in cancer patients, as higher BMI values were strongly associated with increased visceral fat on CT imaging. Obesity defined by high body mass index (BMI) has traditionally been associated with gastrointestinal inflammatory processes but has recently been correlated with better survival in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). We sought to investigate the association between BMI and immune-mediated diarrhea and colitis (IMDC) outcomes and whether BMI reflects body fat content on abdominal imaging. This retrospective, single-center study included cancer patients with ICI exposure who developed IMDC and had BMI and abdominal computed tomography (CT) obtained within 30 days before initiating ICI from April 2011 to December 2019. BMI was categorized as <25, >= 25 but <30, and >= 30. Visceral fat area (VFA), subcutaneous fat area (SFA), total fat area (TFA: VFA+SFA), and visceral to subcutaneous fat (V/S) ratio were obtained from CT at the umbilical level. Our sample comprised 202 patients; 127 patients (62.9%) received CTLA-4 monotherapy or a combination, and 75 (37.1%) received PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy. Higher BMIs >= 30 were associated with a higher incidence of IMDC than BMIs <= 25 (11.4% vs. 7.9%, respectively; p = 0.029). Higher grades of colitis (grade 3-4) correlated with lower BMI (p = 0.03). BMI level was not associated with other IMDC characteristics or did not influence overall survival (p = 0.83). BMI is strongly correlated with VFA, SFA, and TFA (p < 0.0001). Higher BMI at ICI initiation was linked to a higher incidence of IMDC but did not appear to affect outcomes. BMI strongly correlated with body fat parameters measured by abdominal imaging, suggesting its reliability as an obesity index.

Automated summary

This retrospective study explored the relationship between obesity and immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced immune-related adverse events (irAEs). The findings showed that lower body mass index (BMI) was associated with a more severe disease course. Obesity did not significantly alter the course of irAEs or impact overall survival. Importantly, the study supported the use of BMI as an indicator of adiposity in cancer patients.