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The role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and intestinal microbiome dysregulation in Parkinson's disease

FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY (2023)

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Review Neurosciences

The role of nutrition on Parkinson's disease: a systematic review

Vittorio Emanuele Bianchi et al.

Summary: This article reviews the relationship between nutrition and Parkinson's disease (PD) in elderly patients. The effects of malnutrition and the Mediterranean diet (MeDiet) on the incidence and progression of PD have been studied, and interventions such as nutritional correction, regulation of gut microbiota, and following the MeDiet have been found to reduce the onset and clinical progression of PD. Polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and coffee intake may have a protective effect, while milk and its accessory products may increase the risk of PD. Nutritional intervention is essential for improving clinical outcomes and reducing disease progression in PD.

NUTRITIONAL NEUROSCIENCE (2023)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Association between irritable bowel syndrome and Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Sen Lu et al.

Summary: Overall, the risk of developing PD is higher in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) compared to the general population, with older IBS patients (>= 65 years) potentially at a higher risk for PD than younger patients (40-64 years).

ACTA NEUROLOGICA SCANDINAVICA (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Environmental neurotoxicants and inflammasome activation in Parkinson's disease-A focus on the gut-brain axis

Aishwarya M. Johnson et al.

Summary: Inflammasomes, multi-protein complexes in immune cells, play a crucial role in Parkinson's Disease by potentially being influenced by environmental chemical exposures. Research suggests a link between gut dysbiosis and the pathophysiology of PD.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY & CELL BIOLOGY (2022)

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Review Cell Biology

The Gut-Brain Axis: Two Ways Signaling in Parkinson's Disease

Nitu Dogra et al.

Summary: Parkinson's disease is a chronic and progressive neurological disorder involving the motor system, with its pathogenesis closely related to the gut microbiome and the gut-brain axis, which may influence the disease progression through various mechanisms. Understanding the interaction between the gut-brain axis, gut microbiota, and Parkinson's disease is crucial for the development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic approaches.

CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Review Cell Biology

Association between inflammatory bowel diseases and Parkinson's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis

Yu Zhu et al.

Summary: There is evidence suggesting a correlation between inflammatory bowel disease and Parkinson's disease, especially in older patients with IBD. Early anti-inflammatory treatment may reduce the risk of developing PD.

NEURAL REGENERATION RESEARCH (2022)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Association of Fecal and Plasma Levels of Short-Chain Fatty Acids With Gut Microbiota and Clinical Severity in Patients With Parkinson Disease

Szu-Ju Chen et al.

Summary: Patients with PD had lower fecal but higher plasma concentrations of SCFAs compared to controls, with specific gut microbiota changes and clinical severity of PD.

NEUROLOGY (2022)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Gut microbiome in Parkinson's disease: New insights from meta-analysis

Tzi Shin Toh et al.

Summary: The main factors influencing gut microbiome composition in Parkinson's disease patients include study and geographical differences. The microbiome composition was more similar within the same study compared to different studies. Differences in microbiome composition were significant between Caucasian and non-Caucasian populations, and also between PD patients and controls.

PARKINSONISM & RELATED DISORDERS (2022)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with a poor response to levodopa in patients with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Rui Zhong et al.

Summary: HP infection is associated with worse motor symptoms, higher LEDD, and poorer drug response in patients with PD. This highlights the importance of considering treatment for HP infection in patients with PD.

JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY (2022)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Digesting recent findings: gut alpha-synuclein, microbiome changes in Parkinson's disease

Ehraz Anis et al.

Summary: Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the deposition of misfolded alpha-synuclein (alpha Syn) protein in the nervous system and the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. Recent research suggests that alpha Syn aggregates in the enteric nervous system (ENS) may cause gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, such as constipation, in the early stages of PD, and then spread to the brain stem, leading to neurodegeneration and motor symptoms. The potential contribution of microbiome changes to PD pathogenesis and symptoms is still unclear.

TRENDS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM (2022)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Are We What We Eat? Impact of Diet on the Gut-Brain Axis in Parkinson's Disease

Margherita Alfonsetti et al.

Summary: Parkinson's disease is characterized by bidirectional communication between the gut and brain, and diet can influence this communication. Restoring gut microbiota has the potential to slow PD progression and improve symptoms.

NUTRIENTS (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Parkinson’s Disease Medication Alters Small Intestinal Motility and Microbiota Composition in Healthy Rats

Sebastiaan P. van Kessel et al.

mSystems (2022)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: molecular pathology and implications of gut microbiome, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation

Vinod Metta et al.

Summary: Gastrointestinal symptoms and gut dysbiosis may precede motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD), potentially serving as early biomarkers. Environmental toxins and gut dysbiosis can trigger oxidative stress, inflammation, and early alpha-synuclein accumulation in the enteric nervous system, leading to neuro inflammation and neuro degeneration.

JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY (2022)

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Article Neurosciences

Enteric α-synuclein impairs intestinal epithelial barrier through caspase-1-inflammasome signaling in Parkinson's disease before brain pathology

C. Pellegrini et al.

Summary: This study reveals a series of events that occur early in Parkinson's disease, including bowel inflammation, impaired intestinal epithelial barrier, and dysbiosis. It also finds that early accumulation of intestinal alpha-synuclein compromises the intestinal barrier through the activation of inflammatory response and alters the intestinal microbiota, which may contribute to both bowel symptoms and central pathology.

NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE (2022)

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Review Nutrition & Dietetics

The intestinal luminal sources of α-synuclein: a gastroenterologist perspective

Aaron Lerner

Summary: Parkinson's disease is characterized by dysfunction in the enteric nervous system, aSN accumulation, and dopaminergic neuronal death. The hypothesis of aSN starting in the intestinal lumen could potentially revolutionize current treatment methods, with implications for using a vegetarian diet to eliminate nutritional sources of aSN.

NUTRITION REVIEWS (2022)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Irritable bowel syndrome and subsequent risk of Parkinson's disease: a nationwide population-based matched-cohort study

Seo Yeon Yoon et al.

Summary: This study found that in individuals aged 65 and above, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) may increase the risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD), suggesting a potential early manifestation of PD in patients with IBS. Further research is needed to establish a causal link between the two diseases.

JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY (2022)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Probiotics: Potential novel therapeutics for microbiota-gut-brain axis dysfunction across gender and lifespan

Shikha Snigdha et al.

Summary: Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms that can have broad effects on the host body, including the immune, endocrine, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems, by influencing the gut microbial communities. Recent research suggests that probiotics may have therapeutic benefits for CNS conditions such as anxiety, depression, autism spectrum disorders, and Parkinson's disease. The influence of probiotics on the gut microbiome may interact with sex hormones, leading to potential gender-specific effects. Understanding the role of probiotics in microbiota-gut-brain axis-related dysfunction and the development of personalized probiotic therapeutic agents is of great importance.

PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (2022)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Parkinson's Disease Is Associated with Impaired Gut-Blood Barrier for Short-Chain Fatty Acids

Xiaodong Yang et al.

Summary: This study investigated synchronous changes of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces and plasma of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), and found that these changes were associated with an impaired gut-blood barrier (GBB) and constipation.

MOVEMENT DISORDERS (2022)

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Article Neurosciences

Clinical and imaging evidence of brain-first and body-first Parkinson's disease

Jacob Horsager et al.

Summary: Braak's hypothesis has had a significant influence on Parkinson's disease research. However, a new model suggests that the existing model does not apply to all patients. By using REM-sleep behavior disorder as a clinical identifier, the disease can be divided into two subtypes: body-first PD and brain-first PD. These subtypes show differences in clinical symptoms and imaging features.

NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE (2022)

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Article Neurosciences

Alteration of Gut Microbial Metabolites in the Systemic Circulation of Patients with Parkinson's Disease

Szu-Ju Chen et al.

Summary: This study found that PD patients had significantly higher levels of HA, IPA, DCA, and GDCA in plasma, which were positively associated with PD status. Concentrations of these metabolites were not correlated with PD severity, but were associated with the relative abundance of pro-inflammatory gut bacteria.

JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE (2022)

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Article Immunology

Exploring the Causal Effect of Constipation on Parkinson's Disease Through Mediation Analysis of Microbial Data

Shih-Chen Fu et al.

Summary: The study found that gut dysbiosis plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of constipation-related Parkinson's disease, mainly through the reduction of SCFA-producing bacteria. Mediation analysis showed that up to 76.56% of the impact of constipation on Parkinson's disease was mediated through intestinal microbial alteration.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Microbiology

To the Gut Microbiome and Beyond: The Brain-First or Body-First Hypothesis in Parkinson's Disease

Nathan D. Nuzum et al.

Summary: There is ongoing debate about whether Parkinson's disease originates in the brain or the gut. Recent evidence suggests that the disease can progress either from the body or the brain. Most studies show that individuals with Parkinson's disease have differences in their gut microbiome compared to healthy individuals, although some studies do not report such differences, possibly due to the type of disease progression. Future research should consider this and investigate whether there are gut microbiome differences between the two types of progression. This could enhance our understanding of the impact of the gut microbiome in Parkinson's disease and its heterogeneity among patients.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Dual-Hit Model of Parkinson's Disease: Impact of Dysbiosis on 6-Hydroxydopamine-Insulted Mice-Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Butyrate

Carmen Avagliano et al.

Summary: Recent evidence suggests that the initiation of Parkinson's disease occurs in the gut as a prodromal phase of neurodegeneration. The impairment of gut function due to microbial dysbiosis might influence the pathogenesis and progression of Parkinson's disease. In this study, a two-hit model of Parkinson's disease was proposed, which involved dysbiosis and gut inflammation induced by ceftriaxone, followed by intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine to mimic the dysfunctional gut-associated mechanisms preceding the onset of Parkinson's disease. The findings demonstrated that dysbiosis and gut damage exacerbated the progression of Parkinson's disease, leading to worsening motor deficits induced by 6-hydroxydopamine.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Bacterial Butyrate in Parkinson's Disease Is Linked to Epigenetic Changes and Depressive Symptoms

Aoji Xie et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates the association between changes in gut microbiome and metabolites with depressive symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Lower levels of butyrate and reduced counts of specific bacterial genera are related to the severity of depressive symptoms in PD patients. The butyrate-associated methylation sites include PD risk genes and significantly overlap with epigenetic changes in PD patients' blood leucocytes and brain neurons.

MOVEMENT DISORDERS (2022)

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Review Clinical Neurology

The microbiome-gut-brain axis in Parkinson disease - from basic research to the clinic

Ai Huey Tan et al.

Summary: The close bidirectional link between the brain and the gut in Parkinson disease has led to a paradigm shift in neurology. Gut-related factors play significant roles in the development, progression, and treatment responses of Parkinson disease, and could potentially be targeted for therapeutics. The gut microbiome, in particular, has been highlighted as an important factor. Future directions for the field include further understanding of the gut-brain axis and addressing current knowledge gaps and challenges.

NATURE REVIEWS NEUROLOGY (2022)

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Review Nutrition & Dietetics

Nutrition and Gut-Brain Pathways Impacting the Onset of Parkinson's Disease

Damiano Terenzi et al.

Summary: This paper reviews the current literature on the relationship between nutritive patterns, inflammatory markers, and the detection of Parkinson's disease (PD). The findings suggest that long-term gut inflammation may contribute to the development of PD, and specific nutritive patterns could improve gut health and reduce the risk of PD.

NUTRIENTS (2022)

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Review Geriatrics & Gerontology

The relationship between Parkinson's disease and gastrointestinal diseases

Jiaqi Zeng et al.

Summary: An increasing number of studies suggest that Parkinson's disease may originate from the gut, with Lewy pathology being transported to the central nervous system via the vagal nerve, an imbalance in gut microbiota causing alterations in microbial metabolites, and activated inflammation affecting the CNS.

FRONTIERS IN AGING NEUROSCIENCE (2022)

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Review Geriatrics & Gerontology

The Pathological Mechanism Between the Intestine and Brain in the Early Stage of Parkinson's Disease

Runing Yang et al.

Summary: Parkinson's disease, a common neurodegenerative disease, has unclear pathogenesis. Multiple changes in the intestinal tract may be early pathological factors, affecting the central nervous system through nervous and humoral pathways. Inflammation, immune regulation, microorganisms, and their metabolites may play key roles.

FRONTIERS IN AGING NEUROSCIENCE (2022)

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Review Geriatrics & Gerontology

New Understanding on the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Constipation in Parkinson's Disease

Jianli Xu et al.

Summary: Constipation is a common prodromal non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease that occurs before the onset of motor symptoms. The occurrence of constipation increases as the disease progresses and may affect the absorption of Parkinson's disease medications. Therefore, understanding the pathophysiological factors contributing to constipation and finding effective treatment strategies are necessary.

FRONTIERS IN AGING NEUROSCIENCE (2022)

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Review Immunology

Gut Microbiota: A Novel Therapeutic Target for Parkinson's Disease

Manlian Zhu et al.

Summary: Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor dysfunction. Gut dysbiosis is involved in the development and progression of PD, and the gut microbiota can be considered as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target. Gut dysbiosis influences the progression and onset of PD by increasing intestinal permeability, aggravating neuroinflammation, aggregating abnormal levels of alpha-synuclein fibrils, increasing oxidative stress, and decreasing neurotransmitter production.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Oral ingestion of the environmental toxicant trichloroethylene in rats induces alterations in the gut microbiome: Relevance to idiopathic Parkinson's disease

Neda M. Ilieva et al.

Summary: Microbial alterations within the gut microbiome are common in individuals with Parkinson's disease, supporting the involvement of the gut-brain axis in PD development. Exposure to environmental contaminants like trichloroethylene (TCE) can induce similar changes in the gut microbiome as observed in PD. The study suggests that exposure to TCE in contaminated drinking water may contribute to the risk of chronic diseases, including idiopathic PD.

TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY (2022)

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Review Cell Biology

Gut microenvironmental changes as a potential trigger in Parkinson's disease through the gut-brain axis

Szu-Ju Chen et al.

Summary: Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, influenced by both genetic risk and environmental factors. While motor dysfunction is the main characteristic, the disease process involves multiple systems and shows heterogenous clinical presentation and progression. Genetic predisposition to Parkinson's disease includes abnormal immune responses, protein aggregation, autophagolysosomal impairment, and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to vulnerable neurons that are sensitive to environmental triggers. Changes in the gut microenvironment may potentially act as a trigger in genetically susceptible individuals.

JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE (2022)

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Review Neurosciences

Effect of nutrition on neurodegenerative diseases. A systematic review

Vittorio Emanuele Bianchi et al.

Summary: Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the loss of neurons in the brain, and nutrition plays a crucial role in their pathogenesis and development. The Mediterranean diet, nutritional support, and calorie-controlled diets have a protective effect against cognitive decline and diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, while malnutrition and insulin resistance are significant risk factors.

NUTRITIONAL NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

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Article Immunology

Probiotic Clostridium butyricum ameliorated motor deficits in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease via gut microbiota-GLP-1 pathway

Jing Sun et al.

Summary: The study suggests that the probiotic Clostridium butyricum (Cb) has neuroprotective effects on Parkinson's disease (PD) by improving abnormal gut microbiota-gut-brain axis. This intervention could potentially reverse motor deficits, dopaminergic neuron loss, synaptic dysfunction, and microglia activation in PD, providing a new insight into treating PD through gut microbiota modulation.

BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Inflammatory bowel disease and Parkinson's disease: common pathophysiological links

Ho-Su Lee et al.

Summary: Inflammatory bowel disease and Parkinson's disease have been shown to have a bidirectional link, with shared genetic loci such as LRRK2. Recent studies suggest that inflammatory bowel disease may increase the risk of developing Parkinson's disease. The underlying mechanisms of gut-brain interactions are still not fully understood, but recent findings are beginning to shed light on this connection.

GUT (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Mediterranean Dietary Pattern at Middle Age and Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Swedish Cohort Study

Weiyao Yin et al.

Summary: The study found an inverse association between adherence to Mediterranean dietary pattern at middle age and risk for Parkinson's disease later in life, with higher adherence associated with lower risk for PD.

MOVEMENT DISORDERS (2021)

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Review Microbiology

The gut microbiota-brain axis in behaviour and brain disorders

Livia H. Morais et al.

Summary: This Review discusses the intricate and potentially important connections between the gut microbiota and the brain, involving bidirectional communication along the gut-brain axis. Emerging evidence suggests that disruptions in microbial communities may be implicated in neurological disorders, with animal models providing valuable insights into the pathways linking the gut and the brain which could have tangible impacts on human health.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Probiotics for Constipation in Parkinson Disease A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study

Ai Huey Tan et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates that multistrain probiotics are effective for constipation in PD patients, increasing the average number of SBM per week and improving stool consistency and quality of life related to constipation.

NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Gut Microbial Ecosystem in Parkinson Disease: New Clinicobiological Insights from Multi-Omics

Ai Huey Tan et al.

Summary: The study found significant differences in gut microbiome and metabolome between Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and healthy controls, including changes in bioactive molecules and other compounds. Cognitive impairment, low BMI, and other factors in PD patients were associated with fecal metabolome composition differences.

ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Review Immunology

Neurogenic and anti-inflammatory effects of probiotics in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence

Valentina Leta et al.

Summary: The gut-brain axis plays a potential role in Parkinson's disease (PD), and probiotics have shown beneficial effects on energy metabolism, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and motor/non-motor function in both preclinical and clinical studies. However, further robust research is needed to confirm these outcomes and bridge the gap between preclinical and clinical findings.

BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY (2021)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: From Motility to Mood

Kara G. Margolis et al.

Summary: The gut-brain axis is crucial in maintaining homeostasis, with the microbiome playing a significant role in modulating signaling along this axis. This axis impacts disorders like irritable bowel syndrome and mood disorders, with serotonin being a key neurotransmitter involved in these conditions. More research is needed before these findings can be applied for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in patient populations.

GASTROENTEROLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

The impact of dextran sodium sulphate and probiotic pre-treatment in a murine model of Parkinson's disease

Zach Dwyer et al.

Summary: This study examined the effects of pre-treatment with a probiotic and an inflammatory inducer on PD pathology in a murine model. The probiotic showed no significant effects, while the inflammatory inducer caused marked changes in gut microbiome and increased behavioral and inflammatory outcomes. These findings suggest a potential link between disruption of intestinal integrity and systemic inflammatory events in promoting brain-gut changes relevant to PD.

JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

MIND and Mediterranean Diets Associated with Later Onset of Parkinson's Disease

Avril Metcalfe-Roach et al.

Summary: This study found a strong correlation between adherence to the MIND diet and age of onset of Parkinson's disease, especially in female patients. Additionally, adherence to the Greek Mediterranean diet was also associated with later onset of PD.

MOVEMENT DISORDERS (2021)

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Review Neurosciences

Unravelling the role of gut microbiota in Parkinson's disease progression: Pathogenic and therapeutic implications

Linchi Rani et al.

Summary: Researchers have shown interest in the bidirectional interaction between the brain and gut, known as the gut-brain axis, finding associations with Parkinson's disease (PD). Emerging evidence suggests that disturbances in the gut microbiota play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of PD, potentially causing the initiation and progression of the disease, leading to questions on how gut microbial dysbiosis contributes to PD progression and interventions for prevention and treatment.

NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth as Potential Therapeutic Target in Parkinson's Disease

Adela Danau et al.

Summary: There is a close connection between the gut microbiota and the brain via the gut-brain axis, with Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) potentially playing a role in the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). SIBO can be eradicated with antibiotics, but may reappear if predisposing factors persist, highlighting its potential impact on the development of PD.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Role of gut microbiota in regulating gastrointestinal dysfunction and motor symptoms in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease.

Yogesh Bhattarai et al.

Summary: Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder associated with alterations in gut microbiota and epithelial barrier function. In a mouse model, chronic rotenone treatment resulted in changes in gut microbiota composition and increased intestinal permeability, exacerbating motor deficits.

GUT MICROBES (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Irritable bowel syndrome and Parkinson's disease risk: register-based studies

Bojing Liu et al.

Summary: The study found an increased risk of PD diagnosis after IBS, particularly 5 years and more than 10 years after diagnosis. However, there was no statistically significant association between IBS and PD risk in the twin cohort analysis.

NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Parkinson's disease outside the brain: targeting the autonomic nervous system

Yehonatan Sharabi et al.

Summary: Patients with Parkinson's disease may exhibit signs of dysregulation of the peripheral autonomic nervous system, which could serve as early biomarkers for the disease. Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system may play a role in the spread of Parkinson's disease pathology, emphasizing the importance of developing early diagnostic tests and strategies to prevent neurodegeneration.

LANCET NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Neuropathological evidence of body-first vs. brain-first Lewy body disease

Per Borghammer et al.

Summary: The aggregation of alpha-synuclein into inclusion bodies, known as Lewy pathology, is a key feature of Parkinson's disease and Dementia with Lewy bodies. Post mortem studies have shown that Lewy pathology follows two main distribution patterns in the brain, with some patients having pathogenic alpha-synuclein originating in the enteric nervous system and others originating inside the central nervous system.

NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Relationships of gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, inflammation, and the gut barrier in Parkinson's disease

Velma T. E. Aho et al.

Summary: This study found that intestinal inflammatory responses and reductions in fecal SCFAs occur in Parkinson's disease (PD), are related to the microbiota and to disease onset, and are not reflected in plasma inflammatory profiles. Some of these relationships are distinct in PD and are sex-dependent. This study revealed potential alterations in microbiota-host interactions and links between earlier PD onset and intestinal inflammatory responses and reduced SCFA levels.

MOLECULAR NEURODEGENERATION (2021)

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Review Nutrition & Dietetics

Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health

Kirsten Berding et al.

Summary: Recent research has highlighted the important role of diet in influencing brain function and behavior through modulation of the gut microbiota. Animal studies have identified various mechanisms of communication between the gut and brain, emphasizing the impact of diet on this process. While promising results have been reported, further data from clinical populations are needed to advance the development of microbiota-targeted dietary strategies for improving brain and mental health.

ADVANCES IN NUTRITION (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Risk of Parkinson's Disease in Finland: A Nationwide Registry-Based Cohort Study

Tuomas H. Mertsalmi et al.

Summary: A retrospective study indicates that patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD) in the first two years, but not in the long term. The findings suggest that IBS may be a prodromal symptom of PD rather than an actual risk factor.

JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE (2021)

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Review Neurosciences

Effects of Helicobacter pylori on Levodopa Pharmacokinetics

Dag Nyholm et al.

Summary: Certain studies have shown a 1.6-fold higher prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Parkinson's disease patients compared to control populations. The eradication of Helicobacter pylori can lead to an improved response to levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease, likely due to increased bioavailability of the drug. Patients with both Helicobacter pylori infection and Parkinson's disease on levodopa therapy tend to have worse motor control than those without the infection.

JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Gut microbiota-derived propionate mediates the neuroprotective effect of osteocalcin in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease

Yan-fang Hou et al.

Summary: The study showed that osteocalcin (OCN) can improve motor deficits and dopaminergic neuronal loss in a Parkinson's disease mouse model. Manipulating the gut microbiome by OCN led to increased propionate levels, which correlated with improvements in motor deficits and dopaminergic neuronal loss in the PD mice. The activation of FFAR3 receptor by propionate in the enteric nervous system might be the main mechanism behind the neuroprotective effects of OCN on Parkinson's disease.

MICROBIOME (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Meta-analysis of the Parkinson's disease gut microbiome suggests alterations linked to intestinal inflammation

Stefano Romano et al.

Summary: Recent studies have shown significant alterations in the gut microbiome of Parkinson's disease patients compared to healthy individuals, which may result in a pro-inflammatory status and impact the symptoms and pathophysiology of the disease.

NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Cross-Sectional Study on the Gut Microbiome of Parkinson's Disease Patients in Central China

Liangwei Mao et al.

Summary: This study found significantly altered microbial composition in the gut microbiome of PD patients, with an enrichment of Bilophila wadsworthia. The random forest model reliably discriminated patients with PD from controls. Additionally, microbiomes associated with the duration and severity of PD were shown to influence gut microbiome composition.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Ageing promotes pathological alpha-synuclein propagation and autonomic dysfunction in wild-type rats

Nathalie Van den Berge et al.

Summary: Using a rat model, it was found that the propagation of alpha-synuclein pathology from the gut to the brain is more efficient in old rats, resulting in dysfunction of the heart and stomach similar to observations in patients with Parkinson's disease. Age was shown to be a crucial factor for the aggregation and propagation of alpha-synuclein, highlighting the importance of using aged animals in preclinical studies for better understanding of age-dependent interactions.

BRAIN (2021)

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Review Clinical Neurology

The role of gut dysbiosis in Parkinson's disease: mechanistic insights and therapeutic options

Qing Wang et al.

Summary: Parkinson's disease patients show unique changes in gut microbiota, which may serve as early biomarkers of the disease. The alterations in gut microbiota composition may be related to the cause and symptoms of Parkinson's disease, but the specific mechanisms remain unclear. The microbiota-gut-brain axis provides a new pathway for understanding the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease.

BRAIN (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Parkinson's disease

Bastiaan R. Bloem et al.

Summary: Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative condition with diverse causes and clinical presentations. Diagnosis is clinically based, and treatment goals vary from person to person, emphasizing the need for personalized management. Currently, there is no therapy to slow down or arrest the progression of Parkinson's disease.

LANCET (2021)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Challenges in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease

Eduardo Tolosa et al.

Summary: Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, with efforts being made to accurately diagnose and characterize it, including validation of diagnostic criteria and identification of genetic subtypes. Progress in diagnostic biomarkers has opened up possibilities for earlier identification, recognition of diverse subtypes, and development of novel treatments.

LANCET NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Gut Microbial Metabolites in Parkinson's Disease: Implications of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis and Treatment

Yixuan Liang et al.

Summary: In this review, the potential roles of gut microbial dysbiosis in PD, particularly in terms of microbial metabolites and mitochondrial function, were highlighted. The impact of microbial metabolites on the central nervous system and mitochondrial dysfunction were discussed, along with the potential of targeting the gut microbiota as a therapeutic strategy for PD.

MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Onset of Skin, Gut, and Genitourinary Prodromal Parkinson's Disease: A Study of 1.5 Million Veterans

Gregory D. Scott et al.

Summary: Through the study, it was found that gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and skin disorders appear decades before the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, emphasizing their potential as early diagnostic testing and understanding pathogenesis. The estimated onset time is related to the association with certain diseases and diagnosis time, with constipation and urinary dysfunction having longer onset times.

MOVEMENT DISORDERS (2021)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Prodromal Parkinson disease subtypes - key to understanding heterogeneity

Daniela Berg et al.

Summary: Parkinson's disease begins its pathological processes and neurodegeneration long before clinical diagnosis, allowing for identification of individuals likely to develop the disease through risk and prodromal markers. Heterogeneity in clinical and prodromal PD suggests that subtypes exist, differentiated by clinical manifestations, pathomechanisms, and progression patterns. Understanding this variability is crucial for early and accurate diagnosis, as well as for targeting neuroprotective interventions effectively.

NATURE REVIEWS NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Association of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Xiaoqing Li et al.

Summary: This meta-analysis study found a strong association between SIBO and PD, with approximately half of PD patients testing positive for SIBO. These relationships significantly differed based on diagnostic test and geographic area.

GUT PATHOGENS (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Cross-Reactivity and Sequence Homology Between Alpha-Synuclein and Food Products: A Step Further for Parkinson's Disease Synucleinopathy

Aristo Vojdani et al.

Summary: The study found cross-reactivity and sequence homology between alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease patients and frequently consumed foods, strengthening the autoimmune aspect of the disease. Further research into these findings is important for future studies.

CELLS (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

Potential roles of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in Parkinson's disease

Shen-Yuan Zheng et al.

Summary: This review discusses the relationship between gut microbiota and PD, as well as their potential mechanisms, and explores the controversial roles of microbial metabolites in PD. It also evaluates the current treatments for PD and those targeting microbiota.

AGEING RESEARCH REVIEWS (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

The neuromicrobiology of Parkinson's disease: A unifying theory

Mario F. Munoz-Pinto et al.

Summary: Parkinson's disease is a multifactorial disease with a close connection to microbes, and the imbalance of microbiota may impact the progression of the disease. Studies have found that microorganisms and mitochondria play important roles in the pathogenesis, facilitation, and aggravation of Parkinson's disease.

AGEING RESEARCH REVIEWS (2021)

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Retraction Clinical Neurology

撤稿声明: Gut Microbiome Signatures of Risk and Prodromal Markers of Parkinson Disease (Retraction of Vol 88, Pg 320, 2020)

S. Heinzel

ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Regulation of neurotoxicity in the striatum and colon of MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease mice by gut microbiome

Jiajing Shan et al.

Summary: This study found that MPTP treatment led to a reduction in TH and an increase in p-alpha-Syn in the striatum of mice, with a negative correlation between colonic p-alpha-Syn and striatal TH expression. MPTP also caused abnormalities in the alpha- and beta-diversity of gut microbiota in mice.

BRAIN RESEARCH BULLETIN (2021)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Radionuclide imaging of the gut-brain axis in Parkinson’s disease

Jacob Horsager et al.

JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Association of Helicobacter pylori treatment with Parkinsonism and related disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Fusheng Bai et al.

Summary: The study showed that H. pylori treatment may improve stride length in the bradykinesia index and significantly improve UPDRS-III scores in patients with Parkinson's disease.

LIFE SCIENCES (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Vagus Nerve and Stomach Synucleinopathy in Parkinson's Disease, Incidental Lewy Body Disease, and Normal Elderly Subjects: Evidence Against the Body-First Hypothesis

Thomas G. Beach et al.

Summary: The study found that there was no pSyn in the vagus nerve and stomach of subjects without brain pSyn, supporting the hypothesis that pSyn may originate in the brain rather than from an exogenous pathogen passing through the gastric mucosa. Presence of pSyn in the vagus nerve and stomach of a subset of ILBD cases suggests that synucleinopathy within the peripheral nervous system may occur at preclinical stages of Lewy body disease.

JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE (2021)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Association Between Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

XinYue Zhang et al.

Summary: This systematic review found a significant association between PD and IBS, which was observed across genders and increased with age. However, the available evidence cannot provide a reliable analysis of the causal relationship between IBS and PD. Further studies are needed to clarify the causation and underlying mechanism of this association.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

Helicobacter pylori Infection and Extragastric Diseases-A Focus on the Central Nervous System

Jacek Baj et al.

Summary: H. pylori, known for causing gastrointestinal impairments, is increasingly being studied for its potential involvement in extragastric diseases like neurological disorders. Impairments in the gut-brain axis and altered gut microbiota due to H. pylori colonization are believed to be primarily responsible for neurological issues induced by H. pylori infection. Most studies so far have focused on the relationship between H. pylori and neurological disorders.

CELLS (2021)

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Review Geriatrics & Gerontology

Intestinal Inflammation and Parkinson's Disease

Yu Li et al.

Summary: Parkinson's disease, as the second most common neurodegenerative disease, is significantly influenced by intestinal inflammation and alpha-synuclein. Research suggests that intestinal inflammation and dysbiosis may be related to the occurrence and development of PD.

AGING AND DISEASE (2021)

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Review Geriatrics & Gerontology

An Update on Medical and Surgical Treatments of Parkinson's Disease

Dipali Nemade et al.

Summary: Parkinson's disease is characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, with over 7 million cases globally and symptoms divided into motor and non-motor categories.

AGING AND DISEASE (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

The gut-brain axis and Parkinson disease: clinical and pathogenetic relevance

Elisa Menozzi et al.

Summary: Gastrointestinal disorders are a significant issue for patients with Parkinson's disease, potentially caused by intestinal inflammation and changes in gut microbiota, but the mechanisms remain unclear. PD patients often experience a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms, impacting their quality of life. Despite research attention, understanding and management of gastrointestinal disorders in PD patients continue to be inadequate.

ANNALS OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Parkinson's disease and the gastrointestinal microbiome

Michal Lubomski et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY (2020)

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Letter Gastroenterology & Hepatology

GI infections are associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease

Michael Nerius et al.

GUT (2020)

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Review Clinical Neurology

The gut microbiome in neurological disorders

John F. Cryan et al.

LANCET NEUROLOGY (2020)

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Review Immunology

Interaction between food antigens and the immune system: Association with autoimmune disorders

Aristo Vojdani et al.

AUTOIMMUNITY REVIEWS (2020)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

The pharmacological management of constipation in patients with Parkinson's disease: a much-needed relief

Shilan Mozaffari et al.

EXPERT OPINION ON PHARMACOTHERAPY (2020)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson Disease A Review

Melissa J. Armstrong et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2020)

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Article Neurosciences

Chronic stress-induced gut dysfunction exacerbates Parkinson's disease phenotype and pathology in a rotenone-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease

Hemraj B. Dodiya et al.

NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease

Michal Lubomski et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY (2020)

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Article Neurosciences

Neuronal Mitochondria Modulation of LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation

Micah Harland et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE (2020)

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Article Neurosciences

Gut-seeded α-synuclein fibrils promote gut dysfunction and brain pathology specifically in aged mice

Collin Challis et al.

NATURE NEUROSCIENCE (2020)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Epithelial Toll-like receptors and their role in gut homeostasis and disease

Juan F. Burgueno et al.

NATURE REVIEWS GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY (2020)

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Review Neurosciences

Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: Implications for pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment

Zhichun Chen et al.

NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE (2020)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Glucagon-like peptide-1 suppresses neuroinflammation and improves neural structure

Gwangho Yoon et al.

PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Cell Biology

Interventional Influence of the Intestinal Microbiome Through Dietary Intervention and Bowel Cleansing Might Improve Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease

Tobias Hegelmaier et al.

CELLS (2020)

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Article Cell Biology

Probiotic Bacillus subtilis Protects against α-Synuclein Aggregation in C. elegans

Maria Eugenia Goya et al.

CELL REPORTS (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Bidirectional gut-to-brain and brain-to-gut propagation of synucleinopathy in non-human primates

Marie-Laure Arotcarena et al.

BRAIN (2020)

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Article Biology

A gut bacterial amyloid promotes α-synuclein aggregation and motor impairment in mice

Timothy R. Sampson et al.

ELIFE (2020)

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Article Behavioral Sciences

Bacterial, viral, and fungal infection-related risk of Parkinson's disease: Meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies

Hui Wang et al.

BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Chronic Systemic Exposure to Low-Dose Rotenone Induced Central and Peripheral Neuropathology and Motor Deficits in Mice: Reproducible Animal Model of Parkinson's Disease

Ikuko Miyazaki et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Influence of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in Digestive and Extra-Intestinal Disorders

Giuseppe Losurdo et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2020)

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Review Neurosciences

Microbiota-gut-brain axis in health and disease: Is NLRP3 inflammasome at the crossroads of microbiota-gut-brain communications?

Carolina Pellegrini et al.

PROGRESS IN NEUROBIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Microbiota Composition and Metabolism Are Associated With Gut Function in Parkinson's Disease

Mihai S. Cirstea et al.

MOVEMENT DISORDERS (2020)

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Review Behavioral Sciences

Gut microbiota differences between healthy older adults and individuals with Parkinson's disease: A systematic review

Nathan D. Nuzum et al.

NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS (2020)

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Article Neurosciences

Probiotics Alleviate the Progressive Deterioration of Motor Functions in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease

Tsung-Hsun Hsieh et al.

BRAIN SCIENCES (2020)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Clinical implications of gastric complications on levodopa treatment in Parkinson's disease

Ronald F. Pfeiffer et al.

PARKINSONISM & RELATED DISORDERS (2020)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Non-Dopaminergic Treatments for Motor Control in Parkinson's Disease: An Update

Paulina Gonzalez-Latapi et al.

CNS DRUGS (2020)

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Article Neurosciences

Characterizing dysbiosis of gut microbiome in PD: evidence for overabundance of opportunistic pathogens

Zachary D. Wallen et al.

NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE (2020)

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Review Neurosciences

Genetic predispositions of Parkinson's disease revealed in patient-derived brain cells

Jenne Tran et al.

NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Brain-first versus body-first Parkinson's disease: a multimodal imaging case-control study

Jacob Horsager et al.

BRAIN (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Meta-Analysisof Gut Dysbiosis in Parkinson's Disease

Hiroshi Nishiwaki et al.

MOVEMENT DISORDERS (2020)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Parkinson disease and the gut: new insights into pathogenesis and clinical relevance

R. Alberto Travagli et al.

NATURE REVIEWS GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY (2020)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Autonomic Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease

Ronald F. Pfeiffer

NEUROTHERAPEUTICS (2020)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders 2 Irritable bowel syndrome

Alexander C. Ford et al.

LANCET (2020)

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Letter Clinical Neurology

The Gut Metabolite Trimethylamine N-Oxide Is Associated With Parkinson's Disease Severity and Progression

Szu-Ju Chen et al.

MOVEMENT DISORDERS (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Diet pattern and prodromal features of Parkinson disease

Samantha Molsberry et al.

NEUROLOGY (2020)

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Article Microbiology

Gut Microbiota and Metabolome Alterations Associated with Parkinson's Disease

Sarah Vascellari et al.

MSYSTEMS (2020)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Characterization of the intestinal microbiota duringCitrobacter rodentiuminfection in a mouse model of infection-triggered Parkinson's disease

Tyler Cannon et al.

GUT MICROBES (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Multi-strain probiotics (Hexbio) containing MCP BCMC strains improved constipation and gut motility in Parkinson's disease: A randomised controlled trial

Azliza Ibrahim et al.

PLOS ONE (2020)

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Article Microbiology

Short-Chain Fatty Acid-Producing Gut Microbiota Is Decreased in Parkinson's Disease but Not in Rapid-Eye-Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder

Hiroshi Nishiwaki et al.

MSYSTEMS (2020)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Extra-Gastric Manifestations of Helicobacter pylori Infection

Antonietta G. Gravina et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE (2020)

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Review Neurosciences

PINK1/PARKIN signalling in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation

Peter M. J. Quinn et al.

ACTA NEUROPATHOLOGICA COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Clinical and metabolic response to probiotic administration in people with Parkinson's disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Omid Reza Tamtaji et al.

CLINICAL NUTRITION (2019)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Inflammatory bowel disease increases the risk of Parkinson's disease: a Danish nationwide cohort study 1977-2014

Marie Villumsen et al.

GUT (2019)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Parkinson's Disease: A Nationwide Swedish Cohort Study

Petra Weimers et al.

INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (2019)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Objective intestinal function in patients with idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder

Karoline Knudsen et al.

PARKINSONISM & RELATED DISORDERS (2019)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Neuroprotective effects of an engineered commensal bacterium in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine Parkinson disease mouse model via producing glucagon-like peptide-1

Xin Fang et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY (2019)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Neuroprotection of Fasting Mimicking Diet on MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease Mice via Gut Microbiota and Metabolites

Zhi-Lan Zhou et al.

NEUROTHERAPEUTICS (2019)

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Article Neurosciences

Constipation, deficit in colon contractions and alpha-synuclein inclusions within the colon precede motor abnormalities and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system in a mouse model of alpha-synucleinopathy

Lucia Rota et al.

TRANSLATIONAL NEURODEGENERATION (2019)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota-gut-brain communication

Boushra Dalile et al.

NATURE REVIEWS GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY (2019)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Evidence for bidirectional and trans-synaptic parasympathetic and sympathetic propagation of alpha-synuclein in rats

Nathalie Van Den Berge et al.

ACTA NEUROPATHOLOGICA (2019)

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Letter Immunology

Overall corrections and assessments of Correlations between TLR polymorphisms and inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis of 49 case-control studies

Morteza Gholami et al.

IMMUNOLOGIC RESEARCH (2019)

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Article Immunology

Altered gut microbiota and inflammatory cytokine responses in patients with Parkinson's disease

Chin-Hsien Lin et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Intestinal infection triggers Parkinson's disease-like symptoms in Pink1-/- mice

Diana Matheoud et al.

NATURE (2019)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: from biology to the clinic

Mary Ellen Sanders et al.

NATURE REVIEWS GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY (2019)

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Article Neurosciences

Transneuronal Propagation of Pathologic α-Synuclein from the Gut to the Brain Models Parkinson's Disease

Sangjune Kim et al.

NEURON (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Discovery and inhibition of an interspecies gut bacterial pathway for Levodopa metabolism

Vayu Maini Rekdal et al.

SCIENCE (2019)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Gut microbiota in Parkinson's disease: Temporal stability and relations to disease progression

Velma T. E. Aho et al.

EBIOMEDICINE (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

TLR4 deficiency has a protective effect in the MPTP/probenecid mouse model of Parkinson's disease

Qian-hang Shao et al.

ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA SINICA (2019)

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Review Physiology

THE MICROBIOTA-GUT-BRAIN AXIS

John F. Cryan et al.

PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS (2019)

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Review Neurosciences

Bacterial Metabolites Mirror Altered Gut Microbiota Composition in Patients with Parkinson's Disease

Sebastiaan P. van Kessel et al.

JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE (2019)

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Review Neurosciences

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Parkinson's Disease

Tomasz Brudek

JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE (2019)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Role of TLR4 in the gut-brain axis in Parkinson's disease: a translational study from men to mice

Paula Perez-Pardo et al.

GUT (2019)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Mediterranean diet adherence is related to reduced probability of prodromal Parkinson's disease

Maria Maraki et al.

MOVEMENT DISORDERS (2019)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Update on treatments for nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease-an evidence-based medicine review

Klaus Seppi et al.

MOVEMENT DISORDERS (2019)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Gut-brain axis and the spread of α-synuclein pathology: Vagal highway or dead end?

David P. Breen et al.

MOVEMENT DISORDERS (2019)

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Review Neurosciences

Triggers, Facilitators, and Aggravators: Redefining Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis

Michaela E. Johnson et al.

TRENDS IN NEUROSCIENCES (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Gut bacterial tyrosine decarboxylases restrict levels of levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease

Sebastiaan P. van Kessel et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2019)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Diet in Parkinson's Disease: Critical Role for the Microbiome

Aeja Jackson et al.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY (2019)

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Article Clinical Neurology

In-vivo staging of pathology in REM sleep behaviour disorder: a multimodality imaging case-control study

Karoline Knudsen et al.

LANCET NEUROLOGY (2018)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease: A population-based retrospective cohort study

Huei-Kai Huang et al.

PARKINSONISM & RELATED DISORDERS (2018)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Parkinson disease with constipation: clinical features and relevant factors

Qiu-Jin Yu et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2018)

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Review Physiology

The Microbiome-Mitochondria Dance in Prodromal Parkinson's Disease

Sandra M. Cardoso et al.

FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY (2018)

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Review Clinical Neurology

H-pylori and Parkinson's disease: Meta-analyses including clinical severity

Efthimios Dardiotis et al.

CLINICAL NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSURGERY (2018)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Constipation in Parkinson's Disease: Subjective Symptoms, Objective Markers, and New Perspectives

Karoline Knudsen et al.

MOVEMENT DISORDERS (2017)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Dietary Antioxidants and Risk of Parkinson's Disease in Two Population-Based Cohorts

Fei Yang et al.

MOVEMENT DISORDERS (2017)

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Article Neurosciences

The Prevalence of Constipation and Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Parkinson's Disease Patients According to Rome III Diagnostic Criteria

Takayasu Mishima et al.

JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE (2017)

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Article Microbiology

Dynamics of the human gut microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease

Jonas Halfvarson et al.

NATURE MICROBIOLOGY (2017)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Irritable bowel syndrome: a gut microbiota-related disorder?

Yogesh Bhattarai et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY (2017)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Probiotics and prebiotic fiber for constipation associated with Parkinson disease: An RCT

Michela Barichella et al.

NEUROLOGY (2016)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Vagotomy and Subsequent Risk of Parkinson's Disease

Elisabeth Svensson et al.

ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY (2015)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Irritable bowel syndrome correlates with increased risk of Parkinson's disease in Taiwan

Shih-Wei Lai et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY (2014)

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Review Geriatrics & Gerontology

Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease

H Braak et al.

NEUROBIOLOGY OF AGING (2003)

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