Immunomodulatory role of decidual prolactin on the human fetal membranes and placenta

The close interaction between fetal and maternal cells during pregnancy requires multiple immune-endocrine mechanisms to provide the fetus with a tolerogenic environment and protection against any infectious challenge. The fetal membranes and placenta create a hyperprolactinemic milieu in which prolactin (PRL) synthesized by the maternal decidua is transported through the amnion-chorion and accumulated into the amniotic cavity, where the fetus is bedded in high concentrations during pregnancy. PRL is a pleiotropic immune-neuroendocrine hormone with multiple immunomodulatory functions mainly related to reproduction. However, the biological role of PRL at the maternal-fetal interface has yet to be fully elucidated. In this review, we have summarized the current information on the multiple effects of PRL, focusing on its immunological effects and biological significance for the immune privilege of the maternal-fetal interface.

Automated summary

The close interaction between fetal and maternal cells during pregnancy requires various immune-endocrine mechanisms to provide a tolerant environment for the fetus and protect it against infections. Prolactin (PRL), a hormone synthesized by the maternal decidua, is transported through the amnion-chorion and accumulates in the amniotic cavity, creating a hyperprolactinemic environment for the fetus. PRL has multiple immunomodulatory functions, but its precise role at the maternal-fetal interface is still not fully understood. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the immunological effects of PRL and its biological significance for the immune privilege of the maternal-fetal interface.