☆ 4.8 Review

Extracellular vesicles and their cells of origin: Open issues in autoimmune diseases

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2023)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Extracellular Vesicles and Viruses: Two Intertwined Entities

Coline Moulin et al.

Summary: Viruses and extracellular vesicles (EVs) share common attributes. The cellular machinery used for EV production, packaging, and secretion is also manipulated by viruses for replication and spread. Viruses can increase EV production or manipulate EVs to spread their own genetic material or proteins, while EVs can play a role in regulating viral infections. The interactions between EVs and viruses have led to interesting discoveries in disease progression and the potential of combinational therapeutics. This review summarizes the relationships between viruses and EVs and discusses recent developments in virus-EV therapies.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2023)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Exocytotic Vesicles

Hao Cai et al.

Summary: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic tool for various diseases due to their ability to differentiate into multiple cell types and their secreted factors. In recent years, the extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from MSCs have been shown to possess similar therapeutic functions as MSCs. This review provides an overview of the research progress in MSCs and their EVs in different disease conditions.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2023)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Extracellular Vesicles as Therapeutic Resources in the Clinical Environment

Jorge Sanz-Ros et al.

Summary: The native role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in mediating the transfer of biomolecules between cells has raised the possibility to use them as therapeutic vehicles. The development of therapies based on EVs is now expanding rapidly; here we will describe the current knowledge on different key points regarding the use of EVs in a clinical setting. These points are related to cell sources of EVs, isolation, storage, and delivery methods, as well as modifications to the releasing cells for improved production of EVs. Finally, we will depict the application of EVs therapies in clinical trials, considering the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the development of these therapies, pointing out that although it is a promising therapy for human diseases, we are still in the initial phase of its application to patients.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2023)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Biochemistry of exosomes and their theranostic potential in human diseases

Manish Dwivedi et al.

Summary: Exosomes are special extracellular vesicles in the eukaryotic system, carrying various endogenous molecules crucial for metabolic reactions. They can be used as therapeutic targets for disorders and diagnostic biomarkers for diseases.

LIFE SCIENCES (2023)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Native and engineered exosomes for inflamatory disease

Xiaoyi Ma et al.

Summary: Exosomes are cell-free strategy for the treatment of diseases including inflammatory disease. Researchers have developed exosome-based strategies for novel inflammation therapy. These engineered exosomes can improve cargo-loading efficiency, targeting ability, stability, etc., to achieve combined and diverse treatment strategies in inflammation diseases.

NANO RESEARCH (2023)

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Review Cell Biology

Extracellular vesicles in Alzheimer's disease: from pathology to therapeutic approaches

Marta Garcia-Contreras et al.

Summary: Alzheimer's disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder that requires early diagnosis and disease monitoring. Extracellular vesicles, as a novel class of biomarkers and biological therapeutics, have great potential. This review summarizes and discusses the latest findings in this field.

NEURAL REGENERATION RESEARCH (2023)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Blood extracellular vesicles carrying synaptic function- and brain-related proteins as potential biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease

Chen Tian et al.

Summary: This study identified NMDAR2A, a protein related to synaptic function, as a novel marker of central nervous system-derived plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) and developed a flow cytometry-based technology to detect these plasma EVs. The assay was tested in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the results showed significantly reduced CNS-derived EVs in plasma compared to healthy controls. The study demonstrated that analyzing individual neuron-derived synaptic function-related EVs in peripheral blood can serve as a helpful marker for synaptic dysfunction in AD and dementia.

ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA (2023)

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Review Biochemical Research Methods

A review on comparative studies addressing exosome isolation methods from body fluids

Tania Soares Martins et al.

Summary: Exosomes are valuable sources of disease biomarkers and therapeutic tools. However, isolating extracellular vesicles with exosome-like characteristics from certain biofluids is still challenging due to the complexity and specific properties of each biofluid. This review summarizes and discusses comparative studies on different exosome isolation methods from human biofluids, including challenges, physical properties, and potential variation sources.

ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2023)

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Review Anatomy & Morphology

Exosomes and exosome-loaded scaffolds: Characterization and application in modern regenerative medicine

Fatemeh Khazaei et al.

Summary: Exosomes are extracellular vesicles derived from endosomes that have gained attention for their potential use in regenerative therapies and tissue repair. However, their poor bioavailability and lack of controlled-release mechanisms have been addressed by scaffolding them with biomaterials to create Exosomes-loaded scaffolds (ELS). These biomaterial-based scaffolds can be designed and functionalized to improve the bioavailability, biocompatibility, and controlled release of Exosomes.

TISSUE & CELL (2023)

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Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

Combinatorial Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles in a Hydrogel on Cartilage Regeneration

Woong Jin Cho et al.

Summary: This study investigated the combinatorial effect of co-encapsulating human MSCs (hMSCs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) in a hyaluronic-acid (HA) hydrogel for cartilage regeneration. The results showed that the co-encapsulation enhanced the chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs and the regeneration of damaged cartilage tissue. This approach may be useful not only for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis treatment, but also for other types of tissue regeneration.

TISSUE ENGINEERING AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE (2023)

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Review Cell Biology

Extracellular vesicles and nanoparticles: emerging complexities

Dennis K. Jeppesen et al.

Summary: The study of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and nanoparticles (NPs) is rapidly expanding, as recent discoveries have revealed a greater complexity and diversity than previously thought. New types of EVs and NPs have been described, showing that proteins and nucleic acids previously thought to be present in exosomes are actually more enriched in different types of EVs and in two recently identified amembranous NPs, exomeres and supermeres. This review provides an overview of the different types of EVs and NPs, highlights recent advances, and presents major unanswered questions.

TRENDS IN CELL BIOLOGY (2023)

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Review Immunology

Stem cell- derived extracellular vesicles as new tools in regenerative medicine-Immunomodulatory role and future perspectives

Elzbieta Karnas et al.

Summary: In recent years, the use of stem cells in regenerative medicine has gained attention for their ability to proliferate and differentiate. However, it has been found that stem cells can also secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) with biologically active factors that can modulate the activity of recipient cells and regulate inflammation. The potential therapeutic applications of EVs in inflammatory-related dysfunctions are being explored as an alternative to traditional cell-based approaches. This review discusses the biological properties of SC-derived EVs and their role in the regulation of inflammatory response, as well as recent findings on their immunomodulatory and pro-regenerative activity in various disease models.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2023)

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Review Immunology

Exosome engineering in cell therapy and drug delivery

Somaye Sadeghi et al.

Summary: Cell-derived exosomes have great potential in modern therapy for drug delivery and therapeutic applications, thanks to their unique characteristics. However, challenges including short circulation time, weak targeting capacity, and inadequate controls hinder large-scale production and clinical application.

INFLAMMOPHARMACOLOGY (2023)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Small Extracellular Vesicles as a New Class of Medicines

Inkyu Lee et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are naturally released nanovesicles that have a lipid bilayer-bound form. Small EVs (sEVs) with a size of 200 nm have revealed various biological functions and potential as future drug modalities. However, there are limitations and obstacles in the clinical translation of sEV therapeutics. This review summarizes different types of sEV therapeutics, future improvements, and current strategies in large-scale production.

PHARMACEUTICS (2023)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

A novel approach for large-scale manufacturing of small extracellular vesicles from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells using a hollow fiber bioreactor

Viktoria Jakl et al.

Summary: Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have immunomodulatory and pro-regenerative properties, making them promising candidates for various diseases. Recently, MSC-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have gained interest as an alternative to conventional cell therapy. However, inconsistencies in isolation procedures and culture conditions hinder the translational processes of sEVs for clinical applications.

FRONTIERS IN BIOENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (2023)

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Review Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles and future directions in diagnosis and therapy

Karina P. De Sousa et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles are unique nanoparticles secreted by cells, playing important roles in intercellular communication and as potential targets for diagnosis and therapy in various diseases. This article reviews recent progress in techniques for isolation and characterization of EVs, and discusses their cellular uptake mechanisms, biodistribution, and challenges in therapeutic applications.

WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY (2023)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Versatility of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in tissue repair and regenerative applications

Taylor Williams et al.

Summary: Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent somatic cells that secrete soluble factors and lipid bound extracellular vesicles (EVs). MSC-EVs have gained interest for their therapeutic properties in regenerative medicine, offering immunomodulatory, pro-regenerative, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic effects. This review discusses the successful use of MSC-EVs in preclinical studies for tissue repair and regeneration, as well as delivery strategies using biomaterials. However, further investigation is needed to address scalability, biodistribution, tissue targeting, quantification, characterization, safety, and efficacy of MSC-EVs for clinical applications.

BIOCHIMIE (2023)

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Review Cell Biology

Context-specific regulation of extracellular vesicle biogenesis and cargo selection

Andrew C. C. Dixson et al.

Summary: Cells communicate with each other by secreting molecules into the extracellular space, and the selection of these molecules for secretion has been a long-standing question in the field. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized as important mediators of intercellular communication, transporting various molecular components to recipient cells. Understanding the context-specific mechanisms of EV biogenesis and cargo sorting is crucial for deciphering the specificity of EV-mediated signaling.

NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY (2023)

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Article Oncology

Extracellular vesicles as next generation immunotherapeutics

David W. Greening et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve as a means of communication and molecular transfer between cells, impacting host immune response. They can evade recognition and transfer functional components to target cells, influencing antigen presentation, immune activation, suppression, and surveillance. This review outlines the progress of EVs in immunorecognition and therapeutic intervention in cancer, including vaccine and targeted drug delivery, highlighting the use of EVs as immuno-EVs to enhance immunogenicity and tumor-killing function. The review emphasizes the need for direct assessment to improve immune response efficacy in the translation into clinical applications.

SEMINARS IN CANCER BIOLOGY (2023)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Cellular nanovesicles for therapeutic immunomodulation: A perspective on engineering strategies and new advances

Endong Zhang et al.

Summary: Cellular nanovesicles, as cell-derived nanosized lipid bilayer structures, have shown great potential in regulating immune responses. They have high biocompatibility, structural stability, and loading capacity, making them suitable for delivering various immunomodulatory molecules. Leveraging cellular nanovesicles for immunomodulation is a novel cell-free immunotherapeutic strategy for disease prevention and treatment.

ACTA PHARMACEUTICA SINICA B (2023)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Natural Nanocarriers: Concise Review

Florian Draguet et al.

Summary: Intercellular communication is crucial in multicellular organisms, and in recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a new communication mechanism. MSC-derived EVs have shown great potential as therapeutic agents, with advantages such as biocompatibility, stability in circulation, and the ability to cross biological barriers. They also have potential for drug delivery.

PHARMACEUTICS (2023)

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Review Cell Biology

Cellular expansion of MSCs: Shifting the regenerative potential

Katherine Miclau et al.

Summary: Mesenchymal-derived stromal or progenitor cells (MSCs) have attracted clinical interest for tissue regeneration and inflammation reduction. Recent studies have shown that the therapeutic effects of MSCs are mainly driven by the biomolecules they secrete, such as cytokines, growth factors, and miRNA-containing extracellular vesicles. However, the therapeutic potential of MSCs is significantly altered during in vitro expansion, leading to a shift from a pro-regenerative to a pro-inflammatory phenotype. There is a need to understand how in vitro expansion conditions influence the nature and function of MSCs and their secretome for the development of standardized MSC-based therapies.

AGING CELL (2023)

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Review Immunology

The roles of extracellular vesicles in the immune system

Edit I. Buzas

Summary: This Review provides an updated comprehensive overview of the roles of extracellular vesicles in the immune system, including their involvement in innate and adaptive immunity, inflammation, antigen presentation, and various immune responses. It also highlights the potential use of extracellular vesicles in diagnosis and therapy.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2023)

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Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

Mechanism for the attenuation of neutrophil and complement hyperactivity by MSC exosomes

Jia Tong Loh et al.

Summary: This study identified a feed-forward loop between complements and neutrophils that contributes to the cytokine storm in severe SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. It was observed that the terminal complement activation complex C5b-9 directly triggers neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) release and interleukin (IL)-17 production by neutrophils. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) exosomes were found to inhibit this loop by suppressing complement activation through exosomal CD59, suggesting their potential role in alleviating immune dysregulation and inflammation in acute respiratory failure.

CYTOTHERAPY (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Subgroups of Extracellular Vesicles: Can They Be Defined by Labels?

Yanqiu Hua et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer membranes containing various substances, acting as signaling intermediaries between cells and tissues. EVs produced by different cell types have diverse biological functions, and researchers have been exploring ways to define their subgroups without establishing a unified standard.

DNA AND CELL BIOLOGY (2022)

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Review Cell & Tissue Engineering

Enhancement strategies for mesenchymal stem cells and related therapies

Senthilkumar Alagesan et al.

Summary: Cell therapy, particularly mesenchymal stem/stromal (MSC) therapy, has been explored for various diseases, especially those with inflammation. However, recent studies have shown that MSC is not a cure-all. This review discusses current and future strategies to overcome limitations in MSC efficacy, including inspirations from stem cell niche and previous gene therapy work. It also explores the emerging field of extracellular vesicle therapy and enhancement protocols.

STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY (2022)

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Review Cell Biology

Methodologies to Isolate and Purify Clinical Grade Extracellular Vesicles for Medical Applications

Asma Akbar et al.

Summary: This study discusses the sources of extracellular vesicles and emphasizes the importance of standardization in isolation and purification methods. It suggests that standardization can lead to more extensive clinical applications with less concerns about side effects and better understanding of therapeutic mechanisms.

CELLS (2022)

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Article Cell Biology

Exogenous and Endogenous Dendritic Cell-Derived Exosomes: Lessons Learned for Immunotherapy and Disease Pathogenesis

Mahmoud Elashiry et al.

Summary: DC-derived exosomes show favorable safety and tolerance profiles in clinical trials and are widely used in the treatment of inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. These exosomes can be customized for specific immune cell targeting and have the advantages of stability, small size, and rapid uptake. It is important to understand the mechanisms of exosome biogenesis, uptake, routing, and in vivo biodistribution. Furthermore, endogenous exosomes secreted by all cells can contribute to pathological processes such as chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis.

CELLS (2022)

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Article Cell Biology

The impact of storage on extracellular vesicles: A systematic study

Stefano Gelibter et al.

Summary: Storage has a significant impact on extracellular vesicles (EVs) samples, leading to a decrease in concentration, reduction in purity, and generation of artefactual particles. It is recommended to process fresh, non-archival samples for EVs analysis, depending on downstream analyses and experimental settings.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

News about Therapies of Alzheimer's Disease: Extracellular Vesicles from Stem Cells Exhibit Advantages Compared to Other Treatments

Jacopo Meldolesi

Summary: Alzheimer's, a neurodegenerative disease affecting millions of patients worldwide, has lacked effective therapy. Recent advancements include BACE-1 enzyme blockers and extracellular vesicles secreted by mesenchymal stem cells, which show promising therapeutic effects. However, these treatments have limitations in treating established, irreversible lesions.

BIOMEDICINES (2022)

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Article Engineering, Biomedical

Encapsulation of Hydrophilic Compounds in Small Extracellular Vesicles: Loading Capacity and Impact on Vesicle Functions

Britta Franziska Hettich et al.

Summary: Different methods were explored to incorporate hydrophilic non-membrane permeable compounds into stem cell-derived small EV, with freeze-thawing and osmotic shock proving to be the most appropriate methods for high drug encapsulation while preserving structural and biological vesicle characteristics.

ADVANCED HEALTHCARE MATERIALS (2022)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Mechanisms governing the therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles: A scoping review of preclinical evidence

Carolina Soler-Botija et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as means of cellular communication, carry immunomodulatory and pro-regenerative cargoes. Treatments focused on MSC-EVs have versatile potential in modulating inflammatory-related conditions, but important concerns need to be addressed.

BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY (2022)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Microglial large extracellular vesicles propagate early synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease

Martina Gabrielli et al.

Summary: The study reveals that microglial extracellular vesicles carrying amyloid-beta can move along axons and spread synaptic dysfunction. Inhibiting the motion of these vesicles restricts the spread of dysfunction, suggesting a potential strategy to delay Alzheimer's disease progression.

BRAIN (2022)

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Article Oncology

Comparative analysis of extracellular vesicles isolated from human mesenchymal stem cells by different isolation methods and visualisation of their uptake

Ashley G. Zhao et al.

Summary: This study optimized the isolation method for EVs derived from MSCs and found that 1 hour of differential ultracentrifugation is the optimal method for isolating high-quality and quantity of MSC-derived EVs.

EXPERIMENTAL CELL RESEARCH (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Extracellular Vesicles: Interplay with the Extracellular Matrix and Modulated Cell Responses

Aleen Al Halawani et al.

Summary: The discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying regulatory proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids has provided insights into how cells communicate and function. The bioactivity of EVs depends on their contents and surface molecules, and their interaction with the extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a role in tissue maintenance and repair. EVs can modulate matrix deposition and degradation, and contribute to tissue repair and regeneration.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Therapeutically harnessing extracellular vesicles

Lesley Cheng et al.

Summary: The field of extracellular vesicle (EV) research has rapidly developed and is now recognized for its potential in the treatment and diagnosis of diseases. This article provides an overview of the characteristics and physiological functions of EVs, their association with diseases, and the strategies for their therapeutic exploitation.

NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY (2022)

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Article Engineering, Biomedical

Enhancing the Stabilization Potential of Lyophilization for Extracellular Vesicles

Eduard Trenkenschuh et al.

Summary: EVs are being studied as immune therapeutics and drug delivery vehicles, but their storage at -80 degrees C limits clinical applicability. Freeze-drying of EVs has been investigated for long-term stable formulations, with sucrose or potassium phosphate buffer showing improved colloidal stability. Addition of low amounts of poloxamer 188 was found to most effectively preserve EVs colloidal stability.

ADVANCED HEALTHCARE MATERIALS (2022)

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Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

Adipose stem cells-released extracellular vesicles as a next-generation cargo delivery vehicles: a survey of minimal information implementation, mass production and functional modification

Jianguo Chen et al.

Summary: The study revealed insufficient reporting of minimal information for extracellular vesicles (EVs) of adipose stem cells (ASCs) in terms of cell culture conditions, and lacking information on the origin, culture medium, serum, EVs isolation methods, quantification and identification of EVs.

STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Heterogeneity of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles is highly impacted by the tissue/cell source and culture conditions

Ciarra Almeria et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane structures that play a major role in physiological and pathological processes by delivering biomolecules to target cells. Many effects previously attributed to cell-based therapies are actually mediated by EVs, suggesting the use of purified EVs instead of living cells for therapy. This review focuses on the heterogeneity of EVs derived from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) and summarizes the upstream parameters that critically affect their therapeutic properties and biological functions.

CELL AND BIOSCIENCE (2022)

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Article Cell Biology

Uptake, functionality, and re-release of extracellular vesicle-encapsulated cargo

Killian O'Brien et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-encapsulated particles carrying genetically active and protein/lipid cargo that can impact recipient cell function. This study demonstrates the functional delivery of EV-encapsulated RNA and protein cargo using luminescence and fluorescence reporters. The research highlights the retention of internalized cargo in the endosomal compartment and the re-release of intact EVs by recipient cells. These findings shed light on critical factors in cargo delivery and enhance the therapeutic potential of EVs.

CELL REPORTS (2022)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Exosomal mitochondrial tRNAs and miRNAs as potential predictors of inflammation in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells

Glory Ranches et al.

Summary: Exosomes are valuable biomarkers for studying chronic kidney disease (CKD). Urinary exosomes and exosomes derived from renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs) were analyzed for microRNA (miRNA) profiles. Dysregulated exosomal miRNAs associated with pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic pathways were identified in RPTECs, suggesting their potential use in predicting CKD pathogenesis.

MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS (2022)

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Review Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Recent advances in optical label-free characterization of extracellular vesicles

Meruyert Imanbekova et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are complex biological nanoparticles that play a significant role in the physiology and pathology of cells, organs, and organisms. Detecting specific EVs from the mixture of EVs in body fluids is challenging. Recent research has focused on label-free optical methods that simplify sample preparation and eliminate interfering signals. This review discusses the progress of label-free optical methods used for the detection, counting, and characterization of EVs.

NANOPHOTONICS (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Circadian regulation of protein cargo in extracellular vesicles

Ching-Yan Chloe Yeung et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates the circadian regulation of protein cargo in small extracellular vesicles released by tendon fibroblasts. The abundance of individual proteins in these vesicles shows a 24-hour rhythmic pattern, and the release of vesicles enriched in different protein types is temporally separated. The protein sorting mechanism in the exosome biogenesis pathway, regulated by flotillin-1, plays a role in regulating the abundance of matrix metalloproteinase 14 in tendon fibroblast small extracellular vesicles.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2022)

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Editorial Material Cell Biology

How to Make Sense out of 75,000 Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Publications? Comment

Dina Moench et al.

Summary: This article discusses how to make sense of the overwhelming number of publications on mesenchymal stromal cells and highlights the need for further research on their therapeutic effects.

CELLS (2022)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Non-Coding RNA Therapeutic Vehicles in Autoimmune Diseases

Olga Martinez-Arroyo et al.

Summary: Autoimmune diseases are characterized by immune system activation against self-antigens. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have shown potential as novel therapies for these diseases. This review summarizes current perspectives on the use of MSCs and MSC-EVs as therapeutic options, particularly focusing on their mechanism of action through non-coding RNA (ncRNA) cargo.

PHARMACEUTICS (2022)

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Article Cell Biology

Considerations for extracellular vesicle and lipoprotein interactions in cell culture assays

Sara Busatto et al.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2022)

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Article Cell Biology

Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived From MSCs Have Immunomodulatory Effects to Enhance Delivery of ASO-210 for Psoriasis Treatment

Weixian Zhang et al.

Summary: In this study, it was found that small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) stimulated by IFN-gamma inhibited the proliferation and activation of immune cells and improved psoriasis symptoms. These sEVs also enhanced the delivery efficiency and stability of antisense oligonucleotides for psoriasis treatment.

FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Quality Management Tools on the Stage: Old but New Allies for Rigor and Standardization of Extracellular Vesicle Studies

Giovanna L. Liguori et al.

FRONTIERS IN BIOENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Integrated Strategies for a Holistic View of Extracellular Vesicles

Valeria Rondelli et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles play a crucial role in cell-cell communication by spreading information, both beneficial and harmful. The complexity and heterogeneity of these vesicles make comprehensive studies challenging but necessary. This review highlights the effectiveness of studies that integrate diverse data on extracellular vesicles from different perspectives, aiming to improve our understanding of their clinical relevance. Integrative strategies combining biophysical approaches, omics technologies, and computational models will pave the way for new diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic applications.

ACS OMEGA (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Targeted Drug Delivery to the Central Nervous System Using Extracellular Vesicles

Lina Zhou et al.

Summary: This article discusses the barrier of BBB to drug penetration and the use of EVs for targeted drug delivery to the CNS. Limited information on clinical trials is available, but studies on the peripheral nervous system may shed light on strategies for CNS drug delivery.

PHARMACEUTICALS (2022)

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Review Biology

Overview and Update on Extracellular Vesicles: Considerations on Exosomes and Their Application in Modern Medicine

Maria Antonietta Di Bella

Summary: Exosomes are a subpopulation of extracellular vesicles that play a key role in regulating various pathophysiological processes. They have potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications due to their superior biocompatibility and stability. This article provides an overview of exosome biogenesis, structural characteristics, isolation and detection methods, and discusses the obstacles in using exosomes as delivery systems. Understanding the mechanisms of cell-to-cell communication mediated by extracellular vesicles is important for both basic science and medicine. Future investigations are required before translating exosome applications to clinical settings.

BIOLOGY-BASEL (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

An Updated View of the Importance of Vesicular Trafficking and Transport and Their Role in Immune-Mediated Diseases: Potential Therapeutic Interventions

Miguel A. Ortega et al.

Summary: Cellular trafficking is the process of distributing macromolecules in cells, which is particularly important in the immune system. Understanding and utilizing cell trafficking and extracellular vesicles (EVs) have significant clinical implications, but further research and understanding are needed.

MEMBRANES (2022)

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Review Biology

Impact of Storage Conditions on EV Integrity/Surface Markers and Cargos

Ayyanar Sivanantham et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs), small biological particles released by cells, have garnered interest for their potential medical applications. However, the effects of storage conditions on EVs and their stability are not well understood. This review summarizes the current knowledge on this topic and explores prospective ways to improve long-term storage conditions for EVs.

LIFE-BASEL (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Future of Digital Assays to Resolve Clinical Heterogeneity of Single Extracellular Vesicles

Renee-Tyler T. Morales et al.

Summary: This article reviews the characteristics and potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and discusses digital assays for analyzing EVs. The article also discusses future opportunities and challenges that impact the translation of these technologies into clinical practice.

ACS NANO (2022)

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Editorial Material Biochemical Research Methods

Eavesdropping on extracellular vesicles

Michael Eisenstein

Summary: A rapidly evolving toolbox is aiding researchers in understanding the biological and functional diversity of cell-secreted nanoparticles.

NATURE METHODS (2022)

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Article Cell Biology

Reproducibility of extracellular vesicle research

Rienk Nieuwland et al.

Summary: Cells release membrane-delimited particles called extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the environment, and these EVs have become a hot topic due to their importance in health and disease. However, studying EVs is challenging due to their heterogeneity and complex composition. Efforts are currently underway to improve the reproducibility of EV measurement results and support the credibility of EV research.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Scalable Production of Extracellular Vesicles and Its Therapeutic Values: A Review

Chiew Yong Ng et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles secreted by cells for intercellular communication. They are rich in biological components such as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins, and play essential roles in tissue regeneration and disease modification. Researchers have employed various strategies, such as bioreactors, mechanical, electrical, thermal, and magnetic field stimulation, to improve the secretion of EVs by cultured cells. Additionally, techniques like nitrogen cavitation, porous membrane extrusion, and sonication have been used to prepare EV-mimetic nanovesicles. These interventions not only induce EV production but also modify their cargo and enhance their therapeutic potential.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

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Review Medical Laboratory Technology

Are extracellular vesicles ready for the clinical laboratory?

Daniel Enderle et al.

Summary: Despite progress in the scientific field, there are limited applications of exosomes and extracellular vesicles (EVs) for routine diagnostic use in clinical laboratories. The lack of good biomarkers that can withstand clinical validation and take advantage of EVs' unique capabilities is the biggest obstacle to increased clinical utilization.

JOURNAL OF LABORATORY MEDICINE (2022)

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Review Cell & Tissue Engineering

Basic points to consider regarding the preparation of extracellular vesicles and their clinical applications in Japan

Atsunori Tsuchiya et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained attention as a new therapeutic tool, but they are still in the research and development stage. The general public lacks awareness and understanding of safety and efficacy risks, laws and regulations, and global research and development trends related to EV use. The Japanese Society for Regenerative Medicine expresses concerns about solely practitioner-based treatments and advocates for evidence-based treatments. EVs and processed cells have similarities in manufacturing processes and safety hazards, but their mechanisms of action and quality control strategies need further investigation. In Japan, non-commercial clinical research and individual medical treatments involving EVs are currently outside the scope of existing laws.

REGENERATIVE THERAPY (2022)

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Article Cell Biology

Cell-specific targeting of extracellular vesicles though engineering the glycocalyx

Wenyi Zheng et al.

Summary: This study presents a reconfigurable glycoengineering strategy to produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) with strong cellular specificity by endogenously displaying glycans of interest on the EV surface. The strategy showcases the surface display of different glycan ligands on EVs and achieves high specificity towards specific cell types, leading to enhanced therapeutic effects and attenuation of cell damage.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2022)

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Review Cell Biology

Plant-derived extracellular vesicles: Recent advancements and current challenges on their use for biomedical applications

Meredith Qikai Lian et al.

Summary: This review provides an overview of plant-derived extracellular vesicles, analyzing the current challenges and highlighting their immense potential as a novel therapeutic approach for human diseases.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2022)

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Review Cell Biology

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for immunomodulation and regeneration: a next generation therapeutic tool?

Meng Kou et al.

Summary: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have paracrine effects in therapy, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in intercellular communication. MSC-EVs have potential therapeutic applications and play an important role in fibrosis treatment and tissue repair.

CELL DEATH & DISEASE (2022)

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Article Immunology

Knowledge Mapping of Exosomes in Autoimmune Diseases: A Bibliometric Analysis (2002-2021)

Fengping Wu et al.

Summary: This study provides a comprehensive overview of the research structure and hotspots of exosomes in AIDs through bibliometrics, summarizing key institutions, authors, journals, emerging research directions, and keywords. The findings identify recent research frontiers and hot directions in this field, offering valuable references for scholars studying exosomes.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Review Cell Biology

Different Sourced Extracellular Vesicles and Their Potential Applications in Clinical Treatments

Leila Bahmani et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising biotherapeutic agents and drug delivery vehicles in human medicine, with the ability to bypass membranous barriers and deliver bioactive components. Different EVs derived from various cell sources have been shown to have therapeutic effects on different human disorders. However, there are still challenges hindering the clinical translation of EV therapies.

CELLS (2022)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Practical Considerations for Translating Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles from Bench to Bed

Pauline Po Yee Lui et al.

Summary: This review discusses the general and tissue-specific considerations for manufacturing MSC-EVs for clinical translation in the treatment of tendon and ligament injuries, including GMP-compliant manufacturing and quality control, safety and efficacy issues, and compatibility with arthroscopy.

PHARMACEUTICS (2022)

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Article Cell Biology

Engineering extracellular vesicles by three-dimensional dynamic culture of human mesenchymal stem cells

Xuegang Yuan et al.

Summary: This study presents a promising strategy for scalable production of high-quality extracellular vesicles (EVs) from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) using 3D aggregates grown under wave motion. The 3D hMSC aggregates promote activation of different pathways involved in EV secretion. Comparison with 2D hMSC-EVs reveals that the quantity of 3D hMSC-EVs is significantly enhanced, with smaller sizes, higher expression of miR-21 and miR-22, and an altered protein cargo. Functionally, 3D hMSC-EVs rejuvenate senescent stem cells and exhibit enhanced immunomodulatory potentials.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2022)

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Review Cell Biology

Biological Features of Extracellular Vesicles and Challenges

Ye Zeng et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer membrane vesicles containing DNA, RNA, lipids and proteins, which play important roles in the pathophysiological processes of various diseases. This study discusses the advantages of EVs and the challenges associated with their application, proposing solutions to facilitate their clinical use.

FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

An Overview of Current Research on Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Bibliometric Analysis From 2009 to 2021

Xudong Zhang et al.

Summary: This study utilized bibliometric analysis to investigate the research status and trends of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs). China contributed the most publications in this field, while the United States had the strongest collaboration intensity. The research areas mainly focused on cell biology, experimental medicine, and molecular biology. The therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of MSC-EVs in regenerative diseases were the primary focus of the available studies.

FRONTIERS IN BIOENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (2022)

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Review Neurosciences

Extracellular vesicles through the blood-brain barrier: a review

Hector M. Ramos-Zaldivar et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are non-replicative particles released from cells. The mechanism of bidirectional EVs transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is poorly understood. Current research lacks direct visualization of EVs transcytosis through the BBB in mammals, with most studies relying on in vitro models that do not consider the combined effect of all cellular layers constituting the BBB. Further research using in vitro and in vivo methodologies is needed to clarify these issues.

FLUIDS AND BARRIERS OF THE CNS (2022)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

From Promise to Reality: Bioengineering Strategies to Enhance the Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles

Miguel de Almeida Fuzeta et al.

Summary: This article reviews the biology of extracellular vesicles (EVs), including their role in intercellular communication, pathophysiological processes, therapeutic potential, and the application of bioengineering strategies.

BIOENGINEERING-BASEL (2022)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Extracellular vesicles as an emerging drug delivery system for cancer treatment: Current strategies and recent advances

Zhenggang Wang et al.

Summary: This review summarizes the research progress of extracellular vesicle (EV)-based drug delivery systems in cancer treatment, focusing on sources, cargo types, cargo loading methods, and modification strategies. The potential of EVs as drug delivery vectors for cancer treatment is highlighted, as well as the current challenges and future perspectives.

BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY (2022)

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Review Cell Biology

A review on exosomes application in clinical trials: perspective, questions, and challenges

Jafar Rezaie et al.

Summary: Exosomes, as significant mediators of cell-to-cell communication, have promising applications in the treatment of various diseases. They can be used as biomarkers, cell-free therapeutic agents, and drug delivery carriers. However, there are challenges to overcome in the clinical application of exosomes, and further research and standardization are needed.

CELL COMMUNICATION AND SIGNALING (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Immunomodulatory Mechanisms of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Potential Clinical Applications

Yutong Huang et al.

Summary: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have multiple properties, including self-renewal, immunomodulation, and regenerative medicine, making them a potential therapeutic strategy for immune disorders.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Exosomes as New Generation Vehicles for Drug Delivery: Biomedical Applications and Future Perspectives

Amarjitsing Rajput et al.

Summary: Exosomes, as excellent intercellular communicators, have gained significant interest for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. They have the ability to deliver functional proteins, metabolites, and nucleic acids, making them an attractive drug delivery vehicle. With their small size, similar morphology to cells, and various advantages, exosomes have the potential to enhance therapeutic activity.

MOLECULES (2022)

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Article Cell Biology

A quick pipeline for the isolation of 3D cell culture-derived extracellular vesicles

Heikki Kyykallio et al.

Summary: This research developed two methods using nanofibrillar cellulose as a 3D cell culture matrix to isolate extracellular vesicles from cancer spheroids. Both methods were easy to set up, quick to perform, and provided high yields of extracellular vesicles.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2022)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Application of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes from different sources in intervertebral disc degeneration

Yuanliang Xia et al.

Summary: Intervertebral disc degeneration is a major cause of lower back pain, and current treatments have limitations. Cell therapy using extracellular vesicles shows potential for treating this condition.

FRONTIERS IN BIOENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Native and engineered exosomes for inflammatory disease

Xiaoyi Ma et al.

Summary: This article provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in the application of native and engineered exosomes as well as the engineered methods in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Researchers aim to improve the properties of exosomes, including cargo-loading efficiency, targeting ability, stability, etc., to achieve combined and diverse treatment strategies. The article also concludes the potential application prospects and possible challenges of exosome treatment strategy, offering guidance and suggestions for future research and application of exosomes.

NANO RESEARCH (2022)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Efficacy and safety of small extracellular vesicle interventions in wound healing and skin regeneration: A systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies

Maimonah Eissa Al-Masawa et al.

Summary: sEV therapy has been proposed as a possible solution for endogenous skin regeneration. A systematic review and meta-analysis found that sEV interventions promoted skin regeneration in diabetic and non-diabetic animal models and influenced various aspects of wound healing. However, the evaluation of potential adverse effects and adherence to guidelines are still lacking.

THERANOSTICS (2022)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Exosome-mediated effects and applications in inflammatory diseases of the digestive system

Xianli Wu et al.

Summary: Exosomes are membranous vesicles containing RNA and proteins that play important roles in material transport and signal transduction between cells. They can serve as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and carriers for cell communication. This paper summarizes their roles in inflammatory diseases of the digestive system, which is an area that has received limited attention in research on exosomes.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH (2022)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Extracellular vesicles as bioactive nanotherapeutics: An emerging paradigm for regenerative medicine

Min Li et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as highly attractive nanotherapeutics for regenerative medicine, due to their bioactivity and involvement in various physiological and pathological processes. This systematic review provides insights into the latest progress of EVs in tissue repair and regeneration, including their biogenesis, function, isolation technology, therapeutic mechanisms, and engineering strategies. The applications of EVs on different organs such as the brain, heart, bone and cartilage, liver and kidney, and skin are discussed, along with a brief highlight of current clinical trials. Future challenges and perspectives of EV-based nanotherapeutics in biomedicine are also explored.

THERANOSTICS (2022)

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Review Polymer Science

Hydrogels for Exosome Delivery in Biomedical Applications

Yaxin Xie et al.

Summary: Hydrogels, as hydrophilic polymer networks, have shown significant potential in biomedical applications. Recent studies have focused on embedding exosomes into hydrogels to maintain their biological activity and achieve controlled release.

GELS (2022)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Influences of age, race, and sex on extracellular vesicle characteristics

Nicole Noren Hooten et al.

Summary: This article summarizes the research on how age, race, and sex affect the levels and cargo of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Age and sex influence both the cargo and concentration of EVs, while race affects the protein cargo of EVs. These findings are important for further developing EVs as biomarkers for diseases.

THERANOSTICS (2022)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Evolution of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy as an Advanced Therapeutic Medicinal Product (ATMP)-An Indian Perspective

Sathish Muthu et al.

Summary: Stem cells have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cell lineages, making them valuable for regenerative therapies. Stem cell therapy is a rapidly advancing branch of medicine that offers potential treatments for severe diseases. The development of international standards for advanced therapeutic medicinal products aims to facilitate global information exchange.

BIOENGINEERING-BASEL (2022)

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Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

A Brief Overview of Global Trends in MSC-Based Cell Therapy

Dragomirka Jovic et al.

Summary: This article reviews the global clinical trial data of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), summarizes the biological effects and mechanisms of action of MSCs, and highlights the importance of MSCs in clinical treatments, particularly in neurological diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, and Coronavirus infectious disease.

STEM CELL REVIEWS AND REPORTS (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Update on the role of extracellular vesicles in rheumatoid arthritis

Hai-Bing Miao et al.

Summary: This review discusses the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and presents evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of EVs from different sources.

EXPERT REVIEWS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2022)

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Review Cell Biology

Application of engineered extracellular vesicles for targeted tumor therapy

Fusheng Zhang et al.

Summary: All cells can release extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing various cellular components, which are crucial for intercellular communication and maintaining internal homeostasis. EVs have shown great potential in drug delivery and precision therapy due to their targeting specificity and regulatory ability. They can modulate immune system function by influencing the tumor microenvironment and can be combined with other delivery systems to enhance drug delivery efficiency.

JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE (2022)

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Review Oncology

DNA in extracellular vesicles: biological and clinical aspects

Julia Elzanowska et al.

Summary: Research on DNA in extracellular vesicles (EVs) has rapidly evolved in recent years, especially in the field of liquid biopsy, but most studies have focused on RNA or protein content. This review provides a comprehensive discussion on the biology of EV-DNA, including biogenesis, loading mechanisms, and its significant roles in cellular homeostasis, communication, immune response modulation, as well as in clinical settings such as cancer, infections, pregnancy, and prenatal diagnosis.

MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Scaled preparation of extracellular vesicles from conditioned media

Simon Staubach et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially those from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), are being increasingly explored as biotherapeutic agents for various diseases. To translate them effectively into clinical applications, scalable production processes that comply with good manufacturing practice (GMP) are necessary. The scalability of conventional EV preparation methods poses a major challenge in the therapeutic EV field, requiring the identification of appropriate concentration and purification methods for scale-up. Adopting principles from enveloped viruses, which have been used in clinics for over two decades, can provide valuable insights for EV manufacturing.

ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Development of extracellular vesicle-based medicinal products: A position paper of the group Extracellular Vesicle translatiOn to clinicaL perspectiVEs-EVOLVE France

Amanda K. A. Silva et al.

Summary: The translation of EV research into medicinal products presents an exciting and challenging perspective, requiring fulfillment of quality, safety, and efficacy criteria. Active contributions from regulatory agencies, expert networks, and the newly established EVOLVE group in France play important roles in this translation process.

ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Engineering, Biomedical

Engineered extracellular vesicle decoy receptor-mediated modulation of the IL6 trans-signalling pathway in muscle

Mariana Conceica et al.

Summary: IL6 is a key mediator of inflammation that activates target cells through classical and trans-signalling pathways. Engineered EVs expressing IL6ST decoy receptors can selectively inhibit the IL6 trans-signalling pathway, providing a potential therapeutic target for chronic inflammation.

BIOMATERIALS (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes reduce Aβ deposition and improve cognitive function recovery in mice with Alzheimer's disease by activating sphingosine kinase/sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling pathway

Xinhui Wang et al.

Summary: Exosomes play a role in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease, with potential to reduce A beta deposition and promote cognitive function recovery in AD mice by activating the SphK/S1P signaling pathway. This suggests that exosomes containing S1P/SphK could be explored as a potential AD cure.

CELL BIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Immunomodulatory Properties of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Can Vary in Genetically Modified Rats

Natalie Vallant et al.

Summary: This study compared the paracrine effects of MSC supernatants from different age and genotype sources on macrophages, revealing distinct patterns of inflammatory marker expression. These findings are crucial for preclinical and clinical studies utilizing MSCs for inflammation and allo-response mitigation in transplant patients.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Therapeutic Application of Exosomes in Inflammatory Diseases

Ju Hun Suh et al.

Summary: Exosomes, as an advanced therapeutic strategy for treating an overactive immune system, are gaining attention and have the potential to be applied in the treatment of various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, showing promising prospects for the future.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Elucidating Methods for Isolation and Quantification of Exosomes: A Review

Talitha Keren Kurian et al.

Summary: Exosomes, the smallest extracellular vesicles found in most biological fluids, play crucial roles in cell signaling, immune response, tumor metastasis, as well as having diagnostic and therapeutic potentials. Various standard methods for isolating exosomes, along with quantification techniques, have been discussed in this comprehensive review, highlighting their importance in biomedical research.

MOLECULAR BIOTECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Role of miRNAs shuttled by mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles in modulating neuroinflammation

Debora Giunti et al.

Summary: MSCs exhibit neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, and neuroregenerative properties, releasing extracellular vesicles containing miRNAs to modulate the inflammatory phenotype of microglia and potentially impact neuroinflammation.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The versatile role of exosomes in human retroviral infections: from immunopathogenesis to clinical application

Jafar Rezaie et al.

Summary: Eukaryotic cells produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) that mediate intercellular communication and are utilized by viruses like HIV-1 and HTLV-1 for spreading and infection. Exosomes from virus-infected cells have the potential to be used for vaccine development and early diagnosis of viral infections. Ongoing research on exosomes shed from virus-infected cells may provide insights into the mechanisms of pathogenesis associated with retroviruses.

CELL AND BIOSCIENCE (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: A Promising Biological Tool in Nanomedicine

Wumei Wei et al.

Summary: The article discusses the significant role of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells in biomedicine, including their function as nanocarriers, drug loading, and tissue engineering. Exosomes have advantages and potential disadvantages compared to stem cells and synthetic nanoparticles.

FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Review Genetics & Heredity

The Multifunctionality of Exosomes; from the Garbage Bin of the Cell to a Next Generation Gene and Cellular Therapy

Surya Shrivastava et al.

Summary: Exosomes are believed to be multifunctional entities within cells, potentially playing roles in maintaining homeostasis, communication, and cellular modulation. Nucleic acids packaged into exosomes have been shown to exert transcriptional control on recipient cells, indicating involvement of exosomes in intercellular signaling and communication. Furthermore, the potential utility of developing exosomes for next generation genetic therapies has been explored.

GENES (2021)

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Review Oncology

Exosomes: Their Role in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases

Houssam Aheget et al.

Summary: This review provides an overview of the current scientific evidence on the involvement of exosomes in disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Exosomes serve as mediators of intercellular communication and play a significant role in cell biology, with potential applications in diagnosis and therapy. A better understanding of exosome biology could enhance clinical interventions and their use as therapeutic agents.

CANCERS (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

The Future of Regenerative Medicine: Cell Therapy Using Pluripotent Stem Cells and Acellular Therapies Based on Extracellular Vesicles

Margot Jarrige et al.

Summary: The rapid progress in stem cell research has laid foundations for regenerative medicine, with growing evidence pointing towards paracrine effects being more impactful in therapy outcomes. Extracellular vesicles are being explored as potential cell-free therapeutic agents due to their ability to cross biological barriers and transfer bioactive molecules intercellularly. Evidence suggests that they could play a beneficial role in alleviating pathological conditions and addressing hurdles in regenerative medicine.

CELLS (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

Glia-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Role in Central Nervous System Communication in Health and Disease

Cristiana Pistono et al.

Summary: Glial cells play a crucial role in maintaining correct neuronal functionality and restoring balance in the central nervous system. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by glial cells, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia, have diverse effects on neurons and CNS homeostasis, with both neuroprotective and detrimental effects. Further research and evaluation of EVs are needed for their potential therapeutic application in neurological disorders.

FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

A Novel Peptide-Equipped Exosomes Platform for Delivery of Antisense Oligonucleotides

Huiying Xu et al.

Summary: Exosomes are natural delivery vehicles with features like low immunogenicity, excellent biocompatibility, and migration capability. This study developed a novel peptide-equipped exosomes platform that can improve cellular uptake efficiency and deliver nucleic acids effectively, showing potential for personalized cancer medicine.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2021)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Autoimmune Disease

Tobias Alexander et al.

Summary: The introduction of targeted biologic therapies has significantly changed the treatment landscape for autoimmune diseases, but these therapies require continuous administration and are not curative. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation aims to provide treatment-free remissions by reinducing self-tolerance and has become an important part of treatment algorithms for various autoimmune diseases. Recent data has improved the evidence base to support autologous HSCT in multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, Crohn's disease, and other rare disease indications.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF MEDICINE, VOL 72, 2021 (2021)

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Editorial Material Hematology

Benefit of Extracellular Vesicles at the Blood-Brain Barrier

Sean M. Davidson

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Clinical applications for exosomes: Are we there yet?

Dany Perocheau et al.

Summary: Exosomes, a subset of extracellular vesicles, play a crucial role in cell-cell communication and have shown promising potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic carriers. Their reduced immunogenicity and ability to cross physiological barriers make them an appealing option for clinical application.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Pre-clinical investigation of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles: a systematic review

Faezeh Shekari et al.

CYTOTHERAPY (2021)

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Review Pathology

Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles as novel cell-free therapy for treatment of autoimmune disorders

Fatemeh Rezaei Kahmini et al.

Summary: MSC-derived EVs are considered to be safer and more effective than MSCs themselves, offering a potentially more effective treatment strategy for overcoming limitations and challenges observed in MSC therapy. This alternative approach may present a promising avenue for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

EXPERIMENTAL AND MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Supermeres are functional extracellular nanoparticles replete with disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets

Qin Zhang et al.

Summary: Supermeres are a distinct type of extracellular nanoparticles that exhibit unique biological and functional properties, with a different protein and RNA composition from small extracellular vesicles and exomeres. They are enriched with cargo involved in multiple cancers, Alzheimer's disease, and cardiovascular disease, and have specific functions in vivo, suggesting their potential as circulating biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

NATURE CELL BIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

A Comprehensive Review on Factors Influences Biogenesis, Functions, Therapeutic and Clinical Implications of Exosomes

Sangiliyandi Gurunathan et al.

Summary: Exosomes are nanoscale membrane vesicles secreted by cells, which play important roles in intercellular communication and disease diagnosis. Research on exosomes has great potential in biomedical fields, but the underlying biological mechanisms require further exploration.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Identification of 38 novel loci for systemic lupus erythematosus and genetic heterogeneity between ancestral groups

Yong-Fei Wang et al.

Summary: The study revealed genetic differences in SLE among ancestral groups and identified ancestry-specific susceptibility loci, with better risk prediction using matched ancestral data.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Chemically Engineered Immune Cell-Derived Microrobots and Biomimetic Nanoparticles: Emerging Biodiagnostic and Therapeutic Tools

Leila Pourtalebi Jahromi et al.

Summary: In recent decades, diverse immune cells have been explored for their potential as therapeutic and diagnostic cell-based microrobots for challenging disorders. These systems leverage the unique characteristics and functions of immune cells to address a variety of diseases.

ADVANCED SCIENCE (2021)

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Review Immunology

Immunomodulatory and Regenerative Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles: Therapeutic Outlook for Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases

Sylwia Dabrowska et al.

Summary: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess supportive, differentiating, and immunoregulatory functions, while the extracellular vesicles (EVs) they produce can serve as a potential cellular therapy tool.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Mitovesicles are a novel population of extracellular vesicles of mitochondrial origin altered in Down syndrome

Pasquale D'Acunzo et al.

Summary: The study identified a previously unknown population of double-membraned EVs called mitovesicles, which contain specific mitochondrial constituents and undergo changes during pathophysiological processes involving mitochondrial dysfunction. The development of a method for the selective isolation of mitovesicles opens up new possibilities for characterizing biological processes connecting EV biology and mitochondria dynamics in vivo, as well as for innovative therapeutic and diagnostic strategies.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2021)

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Editorial Material Cell Biology

Molecular and Cellular Basis of Autoimmune Diseases

Yasmina Juarranz

CELLS (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Products in Lung Diseases-Intravenous Administration versus Inhalation

Eleonore Frohlich

Summary: The number of publications studying the therapeutic use of stem cells has been steadily increasing since 2000, with little interest in the evaluation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for respiratory diseases. Inhalation of MSCs may offer advantages in reducing cell damage and improving treatment efficacy, but challenges such as product heterogeneity and differences in treatment protocols still exist.

PHARMACEUTICS (2021)

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Review Engineering, Chemical

Overview and Update on Methods for Cargo Loading into Extracellular Vesicles

Yohan Han et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have great potential to serve as effective drug carriers, as they can deliver drugs efficiently and overcome some limitations of traditional drugs.

PROCESSES (2021)

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Review Engineering, Chemical

Extracellular Vesicle Transportation and Uptake by Recipient Cells: A Critical Process to Regulate Human Diseases

Zhi Hao Kwok et al.

Summary: Emerging evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a significant role in modulating human diseases, but further research is needed to understand their transportation and uptake mechanisms. Understanding the specificity of EV transport is crucial for the development of EVs as valuable diagnostics and therapeutics.

PROCESSES (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Extracellular vesicles for tissue repair and regeneration: Evidence, challenges and opportunities

Anika Nagelkerke et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are biological nanoparticles secreted by cells that act as delivery vehicles for molecular messages, showing potential as therapeutic mediators for various diseases. EVs have regenerative properties and can mediate signaling cascades in target cells to achieve functional outcomes in tissue repair and regeneration. Their interactions and biodistribution in vivo, especially when combined with biomaterials, influence their regenerative effects, with progress being made towards successful implementation of EV regenerative therapies in a clinical setting.

ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Surgery

T cell antigenicity and immunogenicity of allogeneic exosomes

Aurore Prunevieille et al.

Summary: Studies have shown that allogeneic exosomes can activate T cells in vivo and sensitize mice to alloantigens, but only when delivered in an inflammatory environment.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION (2021)

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Article Biology

Framework for rapid comparison of extracellular vesicle isolation methods

Dmitry Ter-Ovanesyan et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates the use of ultrasensitive Simoa assays for quantifying EVs and comparing different isolation methods. The results highlight the utility of quantifying EV proteins using Simoa and provide a rapid framework for comparing and improving EV isolation methods.

ELIFE (2021)

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Article Engineering, Biomedical

Cellhesion VP enhances the immunomodulating potential of human mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles

Eun Seo Kim et al.

Summary: The study demonstrated that 3D culture using Cellhesion VP enhanced the expression of stemness genes, migration ability, and extracellular vesicle (EV) production in hMSCs, leading to increased cell proliferation. The EVs derived from Cellhesion VP-primed hMSCs showed potential as a new therapeutic approach for immune and metabolic diseases, exhibiting distinct therapeutic profiles compared to EVs from 2D culture.

BIOMATERIALS (2021)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Regulating the production and biological function of small extracellular vesicles: current strategies, applications and prospects

Lei Luo et al.

Summary: Numerous studies have shown the potentials of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) in tissue repair, but the limited production capability of noncancerous cells and changing biological function with cell aging pose challenges. Strategies such as gene engineering, stress-inducing conditions, and biomaterial stimulations can improve sEV production and regulate their biological function for practical applications in diseases like bone regeneration and cancer treatment.

JOURNAL OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Advances in the Field of Micro- and Nanotechnologies Applied to Extracellular Vesicle Research: Take-Home Message from ISEV2021

Silvia Picciolini et al.

Summary: Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are naturally secreted nanoparticles with diverse functions and potential in diagnostics and therapeutics. Though their nanoscale dimensions have posed challenges, advancements in microtechnology and nanotechnology have accelerated research on EVs. Multidisciplinary knowledge exchange and efforts are crucial for further progress in EV research.

MICROMACHINES (2021)

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Review Neurosciences

Mitochondrial Extracellular Vesicles - Origins and Roles

Lydia Amari et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles play a critical role in cell-to-cell communication by transporting nucleic acids and proteins. Mitochondria are responsible for metabolic reactions within cells, but they can also induce inflammation when damaged.

FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

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Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

Critical considerations for the development of potency tests for therapeutic applications of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived small extracellular vesicles

Mario Gimona et al.

Summary: Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) have been approved for treating certain diseases through paracrine secretion of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). Despite the potential advantages of sEV preparations over cellular MSC products, there are challenges in developing MSC-sEV drug products, including establishing quality control metrics and developing effective potency assays.

CYTOTHERAPY (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Extracellular Vesicles from Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for the Treatment of Inflammation-Related Conditions

Sean T. Ryan et al.

Summary: MSC-derived EVs have shown therapeutic potential for treating inflammation-related conditions and have demonstrated efficacy in studies. They can serve as anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative agents for diseases like osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

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Review Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Biogenesis, Membrane Trafficking, Functions, and Next Generation Nanotherapeutics Medicine of Extracellular Vesicles

Sangiliyandi Gurunathan et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a diverse group of membrane-bound vesicles that function as messengers between cells. Much remains unknown about their biogenesis, cargo sorting, and potential therapeutic applications.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Cell Death and Inflammation

Rahul Sanwlani et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles have been identified as novel mediators of intercellular communication, regulating pathophysiological processes by delivering cargo to cells in close vicinity, as well as distant sites in the body. They play significant roles in immune responses leading to cell death and inflammation, particularly in conditions such as sepsis and lung inflammation.

CELLS (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Secretome for the Treatment of Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: Latest Trends in Isolation, Content Optimization and Delivery Avenues

Elena Munoz-Perez et al.

Summary: The secretome of MSCs, composed of soluble factors and extracellular vesicles, has shown promising immunomodulatory effects for treating IMIDs by controlling inflammatory processes. Although this new therapy holds potential, there are still challenges to be addressed in its composition, production, application, and delivery methods.

PHARMACEUTICS (2021)

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Editorial Material Cell Biology

Updating MISEV: Evolving the minimal requirements for studies of extracellular vesicles

Kenneth W. Witwer et al.

Summary: The MISEV initiative by ISEV aims to advance EV science globally, with the 2018 release of MISEV2018 providing comprehensive recommendations on EV nomenclature, sample processing, separation concentration, characterization, functional studies, and reporting requirements, with input from over 400 scientists. ISEV sought feedback and opinions from the community through a survey to better formulate MISEV and address key issues.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

Tissue-derived extracellular vesicles in cancers and non-cancer diseases: Present and future

Su-Ran Li et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bilayer membrane structures secreted by most cell types, acting as messengers through the transfer of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids to influence cellular processes. Tissue-derived EVs (Ti-EVs) offer advantages such as tissue specificity and accurate reflection of the tissue microenvironment, playing important roles in intercellular communication and disease development insights. Current research on Ti-EVs is limited compared to body fluid or cell culture-derived EVs, highlighting the need for further exploration in basic and clinical applications.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Cell Therapy: Types, Regulation, and Clinical Benefits

Abed El-Hakim El-Kadiry et al.

Summary: Cell therapy practices have a long history dating back to the 19th century, and continue to evolve with a focus on investigational and investment aspects. There are different types of cell therapies, including both stem cell and non-stem cell-based therapies, with varied immunophenotypic profiles and mechanisms of action. The benefits of cell therapies in regenerative medicine, immune diseases, and cancer have been reported, leading to a shift towards combined therapy approaches and highlighting the attractiveness of multicellular therapies over unicellular ones.

FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Hydrogels: 3D Drug Delivery Systems for Nanoparticles and Extracellular Vesicles

Yashna Chabria et al.

Summary: Nanoparticles and extracellular vesicles serve as versatile vehicles for therapy delivery, but face challenges such as rapid clearance. Biocompatible hydrogels loaded with therapeutic nanoparticles show promise as sustained targeted delivery systems with controlled release capabilities. Understanding the parameters controlling release rate and efficient cargo transfer will be key to success in various applications.

BIOMEDICINES (2021)

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Review Biochemical Research Methods

Understanding extracellular vesicle and nanoparticle heterogeneity: Novel methods and considerations

William Phillips et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed nanoparticles released by cells, playing a role in intercellular communication and various physiological and pathological processes. Current size-based isolation methods are not optimal, and proteomic analysis may offer alternative approaches for EV purification.

PROTEOMICS (2021)

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Review Cell & Tissue Engineering

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells as a valuable source for the treatment of immune-mediated disorders

Alexander Markov et al.

Summary: MSCs, with their various chararcteristics and ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, possess a secretome that can modulate inflammatory responses and promote tissue repair/regeneration. Their immunomodulatory effects are achieved through the harmonious interaction of released signaling molecules and immune/target cells, making them potential therapeutic candidates for immune-mediated disorders.

STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY (2021)

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Review Immunology

The Role of Viral Proteins in the Regulation of Exosomes Biogenesis

Xiaonan Jia et al.

Summary: Exosomes are membrane-bound vesicles of endocytic origin that contain various biological components and can be regulated by external stimuli, including viruses. Viruses can utilize exosomes to cloak their viral genomes and infect cells, but the mechanisms by which viruses regulate exosomes remain unclear and require further investigation.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Generation and Application of a Reporter Cell Line for the Quantitative Screen of Extracellular Vesicle Release

Jonathan Shpigelman et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a key role in intercellular communication and cellular regulation, particularly in the immune system. A new reporter cell line was developed to quantitate EVs released by immune cells, enabling high-throughput screening for drug discovery and compound characterization. This study demonstrates the reliability, robustness, and feasibility of using CD63Tluc-CD9EmGFP reporter cells for HTS of compounds regulating EV release by immune cells.

FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Review Oncology

Small Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Avenue for Cancer Management

Yanan Gao et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles, derived from various cell types, regulate physiological and pathophysiological processes. Despite being considered as an ideal drug delivery platform for anticancer agents, many aspects of small extracellular vesicle biology remain unclear, hindering their clinical implementation.

FRONTIERS IN ONCOLOGY (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

The Current Status of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Controversies, Unresolved Issues and Some Promising Solutions to Improve Their Therapeutic Efficacy

David Garcia-Bernal et al.

Summary: MSCs are widely used in advanced therapies for various purposes, mainly related to inflammatory processes. Despite their demonstrated efficacy in preclinical models and early clinical trials, there are still controversies regarding their specific phenotype, delivery methods, and varied cell products. Strategies for bioengineering MSCs are being explored to enhance their properties and functional capabilities.

FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

A call for the standardised reporting of factors affecting the exogenous loading of extracellular vesicles with therapeutic cargos

Stephanie Rankin-Turner et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are complex nanoparticles that have shown potential as natural platforms for enhanced therapeutic delivery across biological barriers. However, there is currently no standard reporting framework established for therapeutic loading of EVs for drug delivery applications.

ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells as next-generation drug delivery vehicles for cancer therapeutics

Yukiya Takayama et al.

Summary: Although numerous preclinical studies have shown significant anti-tumor effects of MSC-based cancer therapy, several clinical trials have failed to demonstrate consistent results, indicating limited therapeutic effects. In order to achieve successful clinical outcomes with MSC-based cancer therapy, it is important to address interdonor heterogeneity of administered MSCs, improve tumor-homing efficiency, and optimize drug delivery from MSCs to cancer cells.

EXPERT OPINION ON DRUG DELIVERY (2021)

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Review Immunology

Anti-inflammatory and M2 macrophage polarization-promoting effect of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes

Maedeh Arabpour et al.

Summary: MSC-derived exosomes have the potential to polarize M2 macrophages and modulate inflammation in various diseases and conditions like CNS diseases, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, and cardiomyopathy.

INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Therapeutics for Inflammatory Diseases

Hee Sook Hwang et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles play an important role in inflammatory diseases, and can be engineered to target specific cells, making them promising nanoparticles for personalized therapeutic carriers.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

The effect of immune cell-derived exosomes in the cardiac tissue repair after myocardial infarction: Molecular mechanisms and pre-clinical evidence

Heling Wen et al.

Summary: Inflammatory responses play a crucial role in repair after myocardial infarction, but excessive inflammation may lead to abnormal cardiac remodeling and heart failure. Modulating immune responses and using exosomes as mediators can improve the repair process of infarcted myocardium and maintain ventricular function. Further research on the role of exosomes secreted by different immune cells in infarcted myocardium post-MI is needed to develop future therapeutic strategies for MI patients.

JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Impact of chemically defined culture media formulations on extracellular vesicle production by amniotic epithelial cells

Dandan Zhu et al.

Summary: This study found that cell viability and proliferation rate are not reliable indicators for EV manufacturing, while different formulations of culture media significantly impact EV production and proteome composition. Furthermore, mass spectrometry analysis revealed the proteome composition of EVs, providing further insights into scaled production of therapeutic EVs.

PROTEOMICS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Potential and challenges of specifically isolating extracellular vesicles from heterogeneous populations

Susann Allelein et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are diverse in size, content and features, making them a powerful tool in biomarker discovery and diagnostics due to their high abundance in bodily fluids and stable source of origin dependent biomarkers. Different isolation techniques and a tissue-specific isolation method for EVs were compared, along with the development of a spotted antibody microarray for characterizing EV sub-populations.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Exosomal delivery of therapeutic modulators through the blood-brain barrier; promise and pitfalls

Morteza Heidarzadeh et al.

Summary: Current drug delivery strategies for neurological disorders face challenges due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limiting transport to the brain parenchyma. Stem cell byproducts such as exosomes are proposed as natural nano-drug carriers, but the intact BBB may hinder their delivery. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind exosomal trafficking through the BBB remains unclear despite some preliminary studies showing potential.

CELL AND BIOSCIENCE (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Exosomes as Naturally Occurring Vehicles for Delivery of Biopharmaceuticals: Insights from Drug Delivery to Clinical Perspectives

Arun Butreddy et al.

Summary: Exosomes, as nanosized vesicles, are emerging as drug delivery systems due to their natural origin and the ability to encapsulate biological molecules within the lipid bilayer membrane. However, challenges such as stability, production, drug loading, and clearance mechanisms may limit their clinical use.

NANOMATERIALS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Metabolically engineered stem cell-derived exosomes to regulate macrophage heterogeneity in rheumatoid arthritis

Dong Gil You et al.

Summary: Metabolically engineered exosomes have been shown to effectively reprogram macrophages' immune phenotype, demonstrating potential therapeutic efficacy in treating rheumatoid arthritis.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Inflammasome-induced extracellular vesicles harbour distinct RNA signatures and alter bystander macrophage responses

Christina F. Budden et al.

Summary: The text explains that activation of inflammasomes can lead to inflammation and immune pathology, but EVs released by inflammasome-activated cells also contain specific RNA, which can induce interferon beta in bystander cells to suppress NLRP3 inflammasome responses.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Molecular evaluation of five different isolation methods for extracellular vesicles reveals different clinical applicability and subcellular origin

Rosanne E. Veerman et al.

Summary: The method for isolating EVs impacts sample type, interest in EV subtypes, sample volume, and budget, and there is no one-size-fits-all method for all studies.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2021)

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Letter Cell Biology

First-in-human intracochlear application of human stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles

Athanasia Warnecke et al.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

Development of Extracellular Vesicle Therapeutics: Challenges, Considerations, and Opportunities

Bethany Claridge et al.

Summary: Although EVs show great promise as therapeutic modalities due to their endogenous characteristics, further bioengineering refinement is needed to overcome clinical and commercial limitations. Clinical applications of EV-based therapeutics are diverse, including immunomodulation, tissue regeneration, and delivery vectors for combination therapies. Technologies such as imaging, quantitative analyses, and use of biocompatible natural sources for producing EVs will play a key role in overcoming limitations and advancing the field.

FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

The Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Regenerative Medicine: Current Knowledge and Future Understandings

Makram Merimi et al.

Summary: Research on the therapeutic potential of progenitor cells, particularly mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), has significantly advanced in recent decades. MSCs have shown promise in regenerative medicine due to their ability to support tissue repair and regeneration through various therapeutic functions. The fate and behavior of MSCs are regulated by their microenvironment, and their therapeutic effects may be achieved through a paracrine pathway involving the release of various messengers.

FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

From Mesenchymal Stromal Cells to Engineered Extracellular Vesicles: A New Therapeutic Paradigm

Jancy Johnson et al.

Summary: MSCs, as a leading cell source for stem cell therapy, have regenerative and immunomodulatory properties, but face challenges in clinical applications. EVs and EEVs, as potential cell-free alternatives, may overcome these challenges in the clinical application of MSCs.

FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Extracellular Vesicles of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Therapeutic Properties Discovered with Extraordinary Success

Gabriella Racchetti et al.

Summary: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known for their various properties, but their therapeutic actions come with risks and defects, leading to their replacement by extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs), which offer comparable or even superior efficacy without the drawbacks of MSCs.

BIOMEDICINES (2021)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Designer Exosomes: Smart Nano-Communication Tools for Translational Medicine

Madhyastha Harishkumar et al.

Summary: Exosomes act as important transporters for various bio-molecules and have promising applications in major diseases and tissue regeneration. They serve not only as communication carriers between cells, but also as standard biomarkers in disease progression, playing a crucial role in translational medicine.

BIOENGINEERING-BASEL (2021)

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Review Oncology

A review of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune diseases: multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis and Crohn's disease. Position paper of the Brazilian Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation

Maria Carolina Oliveira et al.

Summary: Autoimmune diseases are an important field for the development of bone marrow transplantation or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Evidence-based indications for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are available for multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, and Crohn's disease, and professional transplant societies in America, Europe, and Brazil consider it a therapeutic modality for these diseases.

HEMATOLOGY TRANSFUSION AND CELL THERAPY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Local administration of stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in a thermoresponsive hydrogel promotes a pro-healing effect in a rat model of colo-cutaneous post-surgical fistula

Arthur Berger et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles from stem/stromal cells, when administered locally in a thermoresponsive gel, show therapeutic potential for managing challenging post-surgical colon fistulas.

NANOSCALE (2021)

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Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

Therapeutic Applications of Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles in Emergency Care: Futuristic Perspectives

Selcuk Ozturk et al.

Summary: Regenerative medicine focuses on repairing, replacing, or regenerating damaged tissues or organs, with stem cells and extracellular vesicles considered important therapeutic approaches. These techniques have been widely studied in preclinical and clinical settings, showing potential effectiveness in diseases requiring acute emergency care.

STEM CELL REVIEWS AND REPORTS (2021)

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Review Neurosciences

Strategies for the use of Extracellular Vesicles for the Delivery of Therapeutics

Susmita Sil et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY (2020)

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Review Neurosciences

Modern Techniques for the Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles and Viruses

Ryan P. McNamara et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY (2020)

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Review Cell & Tissue Engineering

Concise Review: Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Regenerative Therapy and Immune Modulation: Progress and Challenges Toward Clinical Application

David S. Allan et al.

STEM CELLS TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2020)

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Review Immunology

Common innate pathways to autoimmune disease

David Langan et al.

CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Advances in Analysis of Biodistribution of Exosomes by Molecular Imaging

Yong Weon Yi et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives on Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes as a New Therapeutic Agent

Hyeon Su Joo et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2020)

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Review Immunology

Innate immunity as the trigger of systemic autoimmune diseases

Victoria Saferding et al.

JOURNAL OF AUTOIMMUNITY (2020)

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Review Immunology

Natural and Induced Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells

Courtney A. Iberg et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes

Raghu Kalluri et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Proteomic and biological profiling of extracellular vesicles from Alzheimer's disease human brain tissues

Satoshi Muraoka et al.

ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Challenges, Progress, and Prospects of Developing Therapies to Treat Autoimmune Diseases

Lars Fugger et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and International Society for Cell and Gene Therapy statement on extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stromal cells and other cells: considerations for potential therapeutic agents to suppress coronavirus disease-19

Verena Boerger et al.

CYTOTHERAPY (2020)

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Article Immunology

Extracellular Vesicles Could Carry an Evolutionary Footprint in Interkingdom Communication

Ricardo Correa et al.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Genetics & Heredity

Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Human Gingival Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Transcriptomic Analysis

Serena Silvestro et al.

GENES (2020)

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Article Immunology

Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation in Patients With Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRD): A Primary Immune Deficiency Treatment Consortium (PIDTC) Survey

Alice Y. Chan et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Three Method-Combination Protocol for Improving Purity of Extracellular Vesicles

Thomas Simon et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2020)

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Review Cell Biology

Medicinal signaling cells: A potential antimicrobial drug store

Seyed Mahdi Hosseiniyan Khatibi et al.

JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY (2020)

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Review Virology

Repurposing Antiviral Protease Inhibitors Using Extracellular Vesicles for Potential Therapy of COVID-19

Santosh Kumar et al.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A live cell reporter of exosome secretion and uptake reveals pathfinding behavior of migrating cells

Bong Hwan Sung et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Article Immunology

Trypanosoma cruzi-Infected Human Macrophages Shed Proinflammatory Extracellular Vesicles That Enhance Host-Cell Invasion via Toll-Like Receptor 2

Andre Cronemberger-Andrade et al.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY (2020)

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Review Immunology

Prospects of the Use of Cell Therapy to Induce Immune Tolerance

Zhenkun Wang et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Immunology

Tolerizing Strategies for the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases: From ex vivo to in vivo Strategies

Anje Cauwels et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases with plant virus nanoparticles

Roberta Zampieri et al.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2020)

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Review Cell Biology

Targeting and Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier with Extracellular Vesicles

Julien Saint-Pol et al.

CELLS (2020)

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Review Cell Biology

Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell-Derived Exosomes for Immunomodulatory Therapeutics and Skin Regeneration

Dae Hyun Ha et al.

CELLS (2020)

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Review Cell Biology

Identifying the Therapeutic Significance of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Vineet Kumar Mishra et al.

CELLS (2020)

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Review Cell Biology

RNA delivery by extracellular vesicles in mammalian cells and its applications

Killian O'Brien et al.

NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

An Analysis of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Preclinical Use

Alvin Tieu et al.

ACS NANO (2020)

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Review Cell & Tissue Engineering

Challenges of manufacturing mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles in regenerative medicine

Elani F. Wiest et al.

CYTOTHERAPY (2020)

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Review Oncology

Designer Exosomes: A New Platform for Biotechnology Therapeutics

Davod Jafari et al.

BIODRUGS (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in the respiratory system

Joshua Holtzman et al.

EXPERIMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2020)

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Review Oncology

Extracellular vesicle-mediated nucleic acid transfer and reprogramming in the tumor microenvironment

Neha N. Parayath et al.

CANCER LETTERS (2020)

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Editorial Material Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SnapShot: Extracellular Vesicles

Federico Cocozza et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Transport of Extracellular Vesicles across the Blood-Brain Barrier: Brain Pharmacokinetics and Effects of Inflammation

William A. Banks et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Systematic Review: Allogenic Use of Stromal Vascular Fraction (SVF) and Decellularized Extracellular Matrices (ECM) as Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMP) in Tissue Regeneration

Pietro Gentile et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2020)

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Review Immunology

The Future of Regulatory T Cell Therapy: Promises and Challenges of Implementing CAR Technology

Yasmin R. Mohseni et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Biocompatible Membrane Vesicles Demonstrate Immunomodulatory Activity Inhibiting Activation and proliferation of Human Mononuclear Cells

Marina O. Gomzikova et al.

PHARMACEUTICS (2020)

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Review Cell Biology

Role of extracellular vesicles in tumour microenvironment

Shi-Cong Tao et al.

CELL COMMUNICATION AND SIGNALING (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Induce Ischemic Neuroprotection by Modulating Leukocytes and Specifically Neutrophils

Chen Wang et al.

STROKE (2020)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Technologies and Standardization in Research on Extracellular Vesicles

Srujan Gandham et al.

TRENDS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Cell Biology

Bioactive DNA from extracellular vesicles and particles

Ethan Z. Malkin et al.

CELL DEATH & DISEASE (2020)

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Review Cell & Tissue Engineering

Mesenchymal stromal cell therapies: immunomodulatory properties and clinical progress

Xiaomo Wu et al.

STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Extracellular Vesicles as Innovative Tool for Diagnosis, Regeneration and Protection against Neurological Damage

Pavle Andjus et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2020)

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Review Oncology

Extracellular microvesicles/exosomes: discovery, disbelief, acceptance, and the future?

Mariusz Z. Ratajczak et al.

LEUKEMIA (2020)

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Editorial Material Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Measurement and standardization challenges for extracellular vesicle therapeutic delivery vectors

Bryant C. Nelson et al.

NANOMEDICINE (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Engineered Extracellular Vesicles: Tailored-Made Nanomaterials for Medical Applications

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NANOMATERIALS (2020)

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Review Immunology

The Next Frontier of Regulatory T Cells: Promising Immunotherapy for Autoimmune Diseases and Organ Transplantations

Lauren V. Terry et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Cell motility and migration as determinants of stem cell efficacy

Lusine Danielyan et al.

EBIOMEDICINE (2020)

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Review Cell Biology

Uptake and Fate of Extracellular Membrane Vesicles: Nucleoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Late Endosomes as a New Gate to Intercellular Communication

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CELLS (2020)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Extracellular Vesicle-Based Nucleic Acid Delivery: Current Advances and Future Perspectives in Cancer Therapeutic Strategies

Crescenzo Massaro et al.

PHARMACEUTICS (2020)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Exploiting the Natural Properties of Extracellular Vesicles in Targeted Delivery towards Specific Cells and Tissues

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PHARMACEUTICS (2020)

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Review Cell Biology

Genetic Engineering as a Strategy to Improve the Therapeutic Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells in Regenerative Medicine

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FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (2020)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Exosome engineering: Current progress in cargo loading and targeted delivery

Shengyang Fu et al.

NANOIMPACT (2020)

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Review Cell Biology

Regulating the regulators: Is introduction of an antigen-specific approach in regulatory T cells the next step to treat autoimmunity?

Ibo Janssens et al.

CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Cell Biology

Building a CAR-Treg: Going from the basic to the luxury model

Isaac Rosado-Sanchez et al.

CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Editorial Material Cell Biology

Rigor and standardization of extracellular vesicle research: Paving the road towards robustness

Rienk Nieuwland et al.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Bioinspired Extracellular Vesicles: Lessons Learned From Nature for Biomedicine and Bioengineering

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NANOMATERIALS (2020)

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Review Cell Biology

Extracellular vesicles in the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system diseases

Alisa A. Shaimardanova et al.

NEURAL REGENERATION RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Cell Biology

Influence of species and processing parameters on recovery and content of brain tissue-derived extracellular vesicles

Yiyao Huang et al.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2020)

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Review Veterinary Sciences

Preservation techniques of stern cells extracellular vesicles: a gate for manufacturing of clinical grade therapeutic extracellular vesicles and long-term clinical trials

Mohamed M. Bahr et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND MEDICINE (2020)

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Review Biology

Mesenchymal stem cell derived extracellular vesicles: promising immunomodulators against autoimmune, autoinflammatory disorders and SARS-CoV-2 infection

Ozlem Bulut et al.

TURKISH JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Cell Biology

The future of Extracellular Vesicles as Theranostics - an ISEV meeting report

Carolina Soekmadji et al.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2020)

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Article Cell Biology

Small RNA fingerprinting of Alzheimer's disease frontal cortex extracellular vesicles and their comparison with peripheral extracellular vesicles

Lesley Cheng et al.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2020)

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Review Immunology

T-reg cell-based therapies: challenges and perspectives

Caroline Raffin et al.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Cell Biology

Live Tracking of Inter-organ Communication by Endogenous Exosomes In Vivo

Frederik J. Verweij et al.

DEVELOPMENTAL CELL (2019)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Exosomal Expression of CXCR4 Targets Cardioprotective Vesicles to Myocardial Infarction and Improves Outcome after Systemic Administration

Alessandra Ciullo et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2019)

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Review Immunology

Primary immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: A comprehensive review

Laura Amaya-Uribe et al.

JOURNAL OF AUTOIMMUNITY (2019)

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Review Oncology

The emerging role of epigenetics in human autoimmune disorders

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CLINICAL EPIGENETICS (2019)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Exosome origin determines cell targeting and the transfer of therapeutic nanoparticles towards target cells

Maria Sancho-Albero et al.

JOURNAL OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY (2019)

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Editorial Material Immunology

Regulation of Inflammation in Autoimmune Disease

Lihua Duan et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH (2019)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Enhanced wound healing promotion by immune response-free monkey autologous iPSCs and exosomes vs. their allogeneic counterparts

Meng Lu et al.

EBIOMEDICINE (2019)

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Article Engineering, Biomedical

Ultrasensitive detection of circulating exosomes with a 3D-nanopatterned microfluidic chip

Peng Zhang et al.

NATURE BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (2019)

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Article Cell Biology

Role of extracellular vesicles in stem cell biology

Stefania Bruno et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-CELL PHYSIOLOGY (2019)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Reassessment of Exosome Composition

Dennis K. Jeppesen et al.

CELL (2019)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Exosomes: composition, biogenesis, and mechanisms in cancer metastasis and drug resistance

Ladan Mashouri et al.

MOLECULAR CANCER (2019)

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Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

Mesenchymal stem cells transplanted into spinal cord injury adopt immune cell-like characteristics

Ramil Hakim et al.

STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY (2019)

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Article Cell Biology

Transfer of Functional Cargo in Exomeres

Qin Zhang et al.

CELL REPORTS (2019)

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The biology of extracellular vesicles: The known unknowns

Leonid Margolis et al.

PLOS BIOLOGY (2019)

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Review Immunology

Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapeutic Delivery: Translational Challenges to Clinical Application

Henry Caplan et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2019)

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Article Immunology

Allogeneic HSCT for Autoimmune Diseases: A Retrospective Study From the EBMT ADWP, IEWP, and PDWP Working Parties

Raffaella Greco et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2019)

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Editorial Material Oncology

Identification of the right cell sources for the production of therapeutically active extracellular vesicles in ischemic stroke

Bernd Giebel et al.

ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2019)

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Editorial Material Immunology

The rise of autologous HCT for autoimmune diseases: what is behind it and what does it mean for the future of treatment? An update on behalf of the EBMT Autoimmune Diseases Working Party

John A. Snowden et al.

EXPERT REVIEW OF CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2019)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Challenges in Exosome Isolation and Analysis in Health and Disease

Nils Ludwig et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2019)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Insights into the Secretome of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Its Potential Applications

Sharon Eleuteri et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2019)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Next-generation regulatory T cell therapy

Leonardo M. R. Ferreira et al.

NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY (2019)

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Editorial Material Rheumatology

Allogeneic HSCT for autoimmune disease: a shared decision

Keith M. Sullivan et al.

NATURE REVIEWS RHEUMATOLOGY (2019)

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Article Cell Biology

Adipose Mesenchymal Extracellular Vesicles as Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Physiological Delivery Systems for Lung Regeneration

Elia Bari et al.

CELLS (2019)

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Editorial Material Cell Biology

Extracellular vesicles or exosomes? On primacy, precision, and popularity influencing a choice of nomenclature

Kenneth W. Witwer et al.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2019)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Extracellular Vesicles As Nanomedicine: Hopes And Hurdles In Clinical Translation

Thierry Burnouf et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE (2019)

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Review Oncology

Mesenchymal stem cells and immune disorders: from basic science to clinical transition

Shihua Wang et al.

FRONTIERS OF MEDICINE (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

3D cell culture stimulates the secretion of in vivo like extracellular vesicles

Sirisha Thippabhotla et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2019)

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Review Cell & Tissue Engineering

Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: role in oncogenic processes, bioengineering potential, and technical challenges

Mujib Ullah et al.

STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY (2019)

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Review Immunology

Therapeutic Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Immunomodulation

Marina O. Gomzikova et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2019)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Extracellular Vesicles as Natural, Safe and Efficient Drug Delivery Systems

Federico Villa et al.

PHARMACEUTICS (2019)

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Review Cell Biology

Extracellular micro/nanovesicles rescue kidney from ischemia-reperfusion injury

Saeed Farzamfar et al.

JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY (2019)

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Article Cell Biology

Specificities of secretion and uptake of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles for cell-to-cell communication

Mathilde Mathieu et al.

NATURE CELL BIOLOGY (2019)

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Review Cell Biology

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes and Other Extracellular Vesicles as New Remedies in the Therapy of Inflammatory Diseases

Carl Randall Harrell et al.

CELLS (2019)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Noninvasive Assessment of Exosome Pharmacokinetics In Vivo: A Review

Do Hee Kim et al.

PHARMACEUTICS (2019)

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Review Immunology

Autoimmunity and immunological tolerance in autoimmune bullous diseases

Hayato Takahashi et al.

INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOLOGY (2019)

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Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Homing: Mechanisms and Strategies for Improvement

Mujib Ullah et al.

ISCIENCE (2019)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Methods and efficacy of extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stromal cells in animal models of disease: a preclinical systematic review protocol

Alvin Tieu et al.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS (2019)

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Review Oncology

Novel insights into MSC-EVs therapy for immune diseases

Peilong Lai et al.

BIOMARKER RESEARCH (2019)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Extracellular vesicle-based therapeutics: natural versus engineered targeting and trafficking

Daniel E. Murphy et al.

EXPERIMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2019)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Extracellular vesicle-based drug delivery systems for cancer treatment

Sierra Walker et al.

THERANOSTICS (2019)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Design strategies and application progress of therapeutic exosomes

Chunying Liu et al.

THERANOSTICS (2019)

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Review Chemistry, Medicinal

Serine protease inhibitors to treat inflammation: a patent review (2011-2016)

Feryel Soualmia et al.

EXPERT OPINION ON THERAPEUTIC PATENTS (2018)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

MSC exosome works through a protein-based mechanism of action

Wei Seong Toh et al.

BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY TRANSACTIONS (2018)

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Article Hematology

High Incidence of Autoimmune Disease after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Chronic Granulomatous Disease

Asaf D. Yanir et al.

BIOLOGY OF BLOOD AND MARROW TRANSPLANTATION (2018)

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Article Hematology

Mesenchymal stem cell deficiency influences megakaryocytopoiesis through the TNFAIP3/NF-B/SMAD pathway in patients with immune thrombocytopenia

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BRITISH JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY (2018)

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Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

Mesenchymal stromal cell exosome-enhanced regulatory T-cell production through an antigen-presenting cell-mediated pathway

Bin Zhang et al.

CYTOTHERAPY (2018)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Extracellular Vesicles as Conveyors of Membrane-Derived Bioactive Lipids in Immune System

Krizia Sagini et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2018)

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Review Rheumatology

Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in systemic lupus erythematous, a mesenchymal stem cell disorder

A. Fathollahi et al.

LUPUS (2018)

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Article Cell Biology

Identification of distinct nanoparticles and subsets of extracellular vesicles by asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation

Haiying Zhang et al.

NATURE CELL BIOLOGY (2018)

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Review Cell Biology

Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles

Guillaume van Niel et al.

NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY (2018)

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Review Cell Biology

Biogenesis and function of ESCRT-dependent extracellular vesicles

Thomas Juan et al.

SEMINARS IN CELL & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (2018)

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Review Cell & Tissue Engineering

Concise Review: Using Fat to Fight Disease: A Systematic Review of Nonhomologous Adipose-Derived Stromal/Stem Cell Therapies

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STEM CELLS (2018)

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Article Medical Laboratory Technology

Sphingosine-1-phosphate mediates the therapeutic effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived microvesicles on articular cartilage defect

Chuan Xiang et al.

TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH (2018)

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Review Cell & Tissue Engineering

Genetic contribution to mesenchymal stem cell dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus

Yantong Zhu et al.

STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY (2018)

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Review Immunology

Anti-Inflammatory MicroRNAs and Their Potential for Inflammatory Diseases Treatment

Alireza Tahamtan et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2018)

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Article Nursing

Immunosuppressive/Autoimmune Disorders

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NURSING CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA (2018)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Fetal Bovine Serum-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Persist within Vesicle-Depleted Culture Media

Brandon M. Lehrich et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2018)

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Article Genetics & Heredity

Intranasal administration of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells ameliorates autistic-like behaviors of BTBR mice

Nisim Perets et al.

MOLECULAR AUTISM (2018)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels as a Delivery Platform for MicroRNA and Extracellular Vesicle Therapeutics

Melissa J. Hernandez et al.

ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS (2018)

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Article Cell Biology

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines

Clotilde Thery et al.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2018)

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Review Cell Biology

Extracellular vesicles as a platform for membrane-associated therapeutic protein delivery

Yoosoo Yang et al.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2018)

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Article Cell Biology

Efficient ultrafiltration-based protocol to deplete extracellular vesicles from fetal bovine serum

Roman Kornilov et al.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Exosome as a Vehicle for Delivery of Membrane Protein Therapeutics, PH20, for Enhanced Tumor Penetration and Antitumor Efficacy

Yeonsun Hong et al.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2018)

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Article Rheumatology

Autologous tolerogenic dendritic cells for rheumatoid and inflammatory arthritis

G. M. Bell et al.

ANNALS OF THE RHEUMATIC DISEASES (2017)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Integration of stem cell-derived exosomes with in situ hydrogel glue as a promising tissue patch for articular cartilage regeneration

Xiaolin Liu et al.

NANOSCALE (2017)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Exosomes facilitate therapeutic targeting of oncogenic KRAS in pancreatic cancer

Sushrut Kamerkar et al.

NATURE (2017)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Intranasal MSC-derived A1-exosomes ease inflammation, and prevent abnormal neurogenesis and memory dysfunction after status epilepticus

Qianfa Long et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2017)

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Review Cell & Tissue Engineering

Effect of the Microenvironment on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Paracrine Signaling: Opportunities to Engineer the Therapeutic Effect

Gina D. Kusuma et al.

STEM CELLS AND DEVELOPMENT (2017)

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Review Cell Biology

Extracellular Vesicles: Unique Intercellular Delivery Vehicles

Sybren L. N. Maas et al.

TRENDS IN CELL BIOLOGY (2017)

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Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Time to Change the Name!

Arnold I. Caplan

STEM CELLS TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2017)

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Article Neurosciences

Plasma Extracellular Vesicles Enriched for Neuronal Origin: A Potential Window into Brain Pathologic Processes

Maja Mustapic et al.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROSCIENCE (2017)

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Review Immunology

Anti-Donor Immune Responses Elicited by Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Extracellular Vesicles: Are We Still Learning?

Paul Lohan et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2017)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Age-Related Changes in Plasma Extracellular Vesicle Characteristics and Internalization by Leukocytes

Erez Eitan et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2017)

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Review Cell Biology

Ribonucleic artefacts: are some extracellular RNA discoveries driven by cell culture medium components?

Juan Pablo Tosar et al.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2017)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Engineering exosomes as refined biological nanoplatforms for drug delivery

Xin Luan et al.

ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA SINICA (2017)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Re-Engineering Extracellular Vesicles as Smart Nanoscale Therapeutics

James P. K. Armstrong et al.

ACS NANO (2017)

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Review Engineering, Biomedical

Immune Tolerance for Autoimmune Disease and Cell Transplantation

Xunrong Luo et al.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, VOL 18 (2016)

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Review Immunology

Tolerogenic dendritic cells for reprogramming of lymphocyte responses in autoimmune diseases

Paulina Garcia-Gonzalez et al.

AUTOIMMUNITY REVIEWS (2016)

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Article Immunology

Immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stromal cells-derived exosome

Wancheng Chen et al.

IMMUNOLOGIC RESEARCH (2016)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Donor dendritic cell-derived exosomes promote allograft-targeting immune response

Quan Liu et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2016)

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Article Oncology

Lung tumor exosomes induce a pro-inflammatory phenotype in mesenchymal stem cells via NFκB-TLR signaling pathway

Xiaoxia Li et al.

JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY (2016)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Extracellular vesicles and viruses: Are they close relatives?

Esther Nolte-'t Hoen et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2016)

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Review Cell & Tissue Engineering

Illuminating the physiology of extracellular vesicles

Hongyoon Choi et al.

STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY (2016)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Recapitulating the Size and Cargo of Tumor Exosomes in a Tissue-Engineered Model

Aranzazu Villasante et al.

THERANOSTICS (2016)

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Review Immunology

Recent Developments in Cellular immunotherapy for HSCT-Associated Complications

Monica Reis et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2016)

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Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

Immunoregulatory Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on T Lymphocytes

Andrea Del Fattore et al.

CELL TRANSPLANTATION (2015)

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Review Cell Biology

Strategies to improve homing of mesenchymal stem cells for greater efficacy in stem cell therapy

Hojjat Naderi-Meshkin et al.

CELL BIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL (2015)

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Review Cell Biology

Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions

Maria Yanez-Mo et al.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2015)

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Article Cell Biology

Applying extracellular vesicles based therapeutics in clinical trials - an ISEV position paper

Thomas Lener et al.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2015)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Immunobiology of mesenchymal stem cells

S. Ma et al.

CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION (2014)

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Letter Cell Biology

Double-stranded DNA in exosomes: a novel biomarker in cancer detection

Caitlin Williams et al.

CELL RESEARCH (2014)

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Review Immunology

Immunosuppressive drugs for the treatment of autoimmune pancreatitis

Raffaele Pezzilli

IMMUNOTHERAPY (2014)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Biodistribution of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in a model of acute kidney injury monitored by optical imaging

Cristina Grange et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2014)

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Letter Oncology

MSC-derived exosomes: a novel tool to treat therapy-refractory graft-versus-host disease

L. Kordelas et al.

LEUKEMIA (2014)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Overcoming immunological barriers in regenerative medicine

Johannes L. Zakrzewski et al.

NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY (2014)

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Review Cell Biology

The role of the cytoskeleton and molecular motors in endosomal dynamics

Elizabeth Granger et al.

SEMINARS IN CELL & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (2014)

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Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

Microvescicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Are Not as Effective as Their Cellular Counterpart in the Ability to Modulate Immune Responses In Vitro

Antonella Conforti et al.

STEM CELLS AND DEVELOPMENT (2014)

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Review Oncology

The TAM family: phosphatidylserine-sensing receptor tyrosine kinases gone awry in cancer

Douglas K. Graham et al.

NATURE REVIEWS CANCER (2014)

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Article Cell Biology

Importance of exosome depletion protocols to eliminate functional and RNA-containing extracellular vesicles from fetal bovine serum

Ganesh Vilas Shelke et al.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2014)

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Review Cell Biology

Routes and mechanisms of extracellular vesicle uptake

Laura Ann Mulcahy et al.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2014)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

The exposure of autoantigens by microparticles underlies the formation of potent inflammatory components: the microparticle-associated immune complexes

Nathalie Cloutier et al.

EMBO MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2013)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Exosome Uptake Depends on ERK1/2-Heat Shock Protein 27 Signaling and Lipid Raft-mediated Endocytosis Negatively Regulated by Caveolin-1

Katrin J. Svensson et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2013)

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Review Immunology

The role of dendritic cells in autoimmunity

Dipyaman Ganguly et al.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2013)

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Article Immunology

Microvesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells: Potent organelles for induction of tolerogenic signaling

Aram Mokarizadeh et al.

IMMUNOLOGY LETTERS (2012)

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Article Allergy

Tissue factor-bearing exosome secretion from human mechanically stimulated bronchial epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo

Jin-Ah Park et al.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2012)

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Article Immunology

Dendritic Cell-Specific Disruption of TGF-β Receptor II Leads to Altered Regulatory T Cell Phenotype and Spontaneous Multiorgan Autoimmunity

Rajalakshmy Ramalingam et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2012)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Exosomes Released from Mycoplasma Infected Tumor Cells Activate Inhibitory B Cells

Chenjie Yang et al.

PLOS ONE (2012)

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Article Cell Biology

Polyclonal CD4Foxp3 Treg cells induce TGFβ-dependent tolerogenic dendritic cells that suppress the murine lupus-like syndrome

Qin Lan et al.

JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY (2012)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Detection of Mycoplasma in cell cultures

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NATURE PROTOCOLS (2010)

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Review Cell & Tissue Engineering

Topical delivery of mesenchymal stem cells and their function in wounds

J. Michael Sorrell et al.

STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY (2010)

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Article Rheumatology

Therapeutic Effect of Exosomes From Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-Positive Dendritic Cells in Collagen-Induced Arthritis and Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Disease Models

Nicole R. Bianco et al.

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM (2009)

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Review Cell & Tissue Engineering

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Homing: The Devil Is in the Details

Jeffrey M. Karp et al.

CELL STEM CELL (2009)

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Review Immunology

Membrane vesicles as conveyors of immune responses

Clotilde Thery et al.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2009)

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Article Cell Biology

Mycoplasma contaminants present in exosome preparations induce polyclonal B cell responses

Ben J. C. Quah et al.

JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY (2007)

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Article Immunology

Effective treatment of inflammatory disease models with exosomes derived from dendritic cells genetically modified to express IL-4

Seon Hee Kim et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2007)

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Article Rheumatology

Abnormality of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

L. Y. Sun et al.

LUPUS (2007)

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Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

Human bone marrow stromal cells express a distinct set of biologically functional chemokine receptors

Marek Honczarenko et al.

STEM CELLS (2006)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Exosomes derived from genetically modified DC expressing FasL are anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive

SH Kim et al.

MOLECULAR THERAPY (2006)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

In vivo tracking of stem cells for clinical trials in cardiovascular disease

JV Frangioni et al.

CIRCULATION (2004)

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Article Hematology

Human bone marrow stromal cells inhibit allogeneic T-cell responses by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-mediated tryptophan degradation

R Meisel et al.

BLOOD (2004)

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