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Article
Immunology
Tessa Kuehn et al.
Summary: Kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) have impaired immune response to COVID-19 vaccination. Withdrawing mycophenolic acid (MPA) can improve vaccine responsiveness, but the enhanced seroconversion rates disappear after three months.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Anders Krifors et al.
Summary: This study found that COVID-19 vaccination induces robust T-cell responses that remain for at least nine months.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Oncology
Camille Bigenwald et al.
Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic remains a threat to immunosuppressed and hematological malignancy patients. The prophylactic use of engineered anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies and the study of T cell responses are important for understanding and preventing infections in these patients.
Article
Immunology
Waasila Jassat et al.
Summary: Admission incidence risk and in-hospital mortality decreased in the Omicron BA.1/BA.2 and Omicron BA.4/BA.5 waves. Mortality risk was lower in those with natural infection and vaccination, declining further as the number of vaccine doses increased.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Vivek Naranbhai et al.
Summary: This study shows that T cell responses to the Omicron variant are largely preserved in individuals with prior infection, vaccination, or booster vaccination, although a subset of individuals may experience a reduction in T cell reactivity to the Omicron spike protein.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alison Tarke et al.
Summary: T cell responses induced by different vaccine platforms cross-recognize early SARS-CoV-2 variants, while memory B cells and neutralizing antibodies show significant decreases. The majority of memory T cell responses are preserved against variants, with lower recognition of Omicron by memory B cells.
Review
Infectious Diseases
Simon Galmiche et al.
Summary: This article systematically reviews the immunogenicity, efficacy, and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in immunocompromised populations. The results highlight the risk of low immunogenicity in solid organ transplant recipients and patients with hematological malignancy. Enhanced vaccine regimens may be necessary despite the lack of vaccine effectiveness data.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Martin J. Scurr et al.
Summary: Accurate assessment of SARS-CoV-2 immunity is crucial, with T-cell responses being a key feature for protection. A high-throughput assay was developed to determine T-cell responses, showing significant differences in previously infected individuals and vaccination recipients. IFN-gamma was more effective in identifying asymptomatic donors, but IL-2 had higher specificity in healthy donors.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jinyan Liu et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates that cellular immunity induced by current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is highly conserved to the Omicron spike protein. Individuals vaccinated with Ad26.COV2.S or BNT162b2 vaccines showed durable spike-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell responses that were cross-reactive to both the Delta and Omicron variants, including in central and effector memory cellular subpopulations.
Article
Cell Biology
Xavier Charmetant et al.
Summary: Transplant recipients treated with immunosuppression have a lower response to COVID-19 vaccines, but previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 provides some protection. A study found that neutralizing anti-RBD IgG antibodies were the primary correlate of protection for transplant recipients. Immunosuppressive drugs may affect the generation of virus-specific B and T follicular helper cells. Administration of a third dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine improved the RBD-specific responses in transplant patients who had not previously responded to two doses of the vaccine.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Virology
Xinjie Li et al.
Summary: This study aimed to investigate early factors at admission that may influence long-term neutralizing antibody (NAbs) levels in patients recovered from COVID-19. The results showed that factors such as corticosteroid and IVIG therapy, diabetes comorbidity were associated with high NAbs levels. A predictive model was constructed for long-term NAbs levels, which can provide guidance for clinical treatment and monitoring.
Article
Immunology
Corine H. GeurtsvanKessel et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates that vaccinated individuals retain T cell immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, despite low levels of neutralizing antibodies. Booster vaccinations can partially restore cross-neutralization of the Omicron variant.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Jennifer S. Chen et al.
Summary: This study found that both T-FH-dependent and -independent antibodies were induced against SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccination, and influenza A virus infection. The T-FH-independent antibodies had reduced somatic hypermutation but were still high affinity and capable of neutralizing diverse spike-derived epitopes and variants of concern.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Letter
Immunology
Chloe Dimeglio et al.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Meng-Li Cheng et al.
Summary: This cohort study investigated the cellular immune responses of COVID-19 patients over time. The results showed a strong SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell response in recovered patients, characterized by increased activation and biased expression of Th1 cytokines. The findings contribute to the understanding of immune responses and pathogenesis of COVID-19, as well as have implications for vaccine development and approval.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Briony Shaw et al.
Summary: The study evaluated the outcomes of COVID-19 infection in patients with haematological conditions following widespread vaccination, newer viral variants, and increasingly effective antiviral therapies. A mortality rate of 4% was found, and contemporary risk factors for hospitalization were identified.
INTERNAL MEDICINE JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Li Guo et al.
Summary: This study investigated the durability and functionality of the humoral and T-cell response to the original SARS-CoV-2 strain and variants in recovered patients 12 months after infection. The results showed that neutralising antibodies and T-cell responses were retained 12 months after initial infection. However, the neutralising antibody responses to the D614G, beta, and delta variants were reduced compared to the original strain, while T-cell responses were cross-reactive to the beta variant. This suggests that cross-reactive T-cell responses may be particularly important in protecting against severe disease caused by variants, while neutralising antibody responses seem to diminish over time.
Editorial Material
Medicine, General & Internal
Peter B. Gilbert et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Hye-Jin Kim et al.
Summary: This study examined the immunogenicity and safety of COVID-19 vaccination in lung transplant recipients. The results showed that lung recipients had lower antibody levels, especially after receiving the second dose of the vaccine. Antibody formation was associated with time since transplantation and medication levels.
TRANSPLANTATION PROCEEDINGS
(2022)
Review
Immunology
David Goldblatt et al.
Summary: Antibodies against S1 epitopes provide the most accurate prediction of infection by SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Binding antibody titers have the highest statistical correlation. Besides neutralization, antibodies also have multiple protective functions. Cellular responses, including CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) cells, play a significant role in antibody augmentation and viral replication control, especially in the presence of insufficient antibodies. More research is needed on mucosal responses.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Mohammad Tarique et al.
Summary: This review focuses on different subtypes of T cell responses in COVID-19 patients, including Th17, follicular helper T (TFH), regulatory T (Treg) cells, and less classical, invariant T cell populations, such as delta gamma T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, which could influence disease outcome.
FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Yutaro Ohki et al.
Summary: This study found that the long-term humoral response after the second dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine in Japanese KTRs was poor. In comparison with high-dose, low-dose mycophenolic acid was related to an appropriate humoral response. Five months is too long to wait for a third dose after the second dose of the vaccine in KTRs. In this cohort, there was no statistical difference in humoral response to the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1,273 vaccines. Additional large observational studies and meta-analyses are needed to clarify the factors related to an appropriate humoral immune response to COVID-19 vaccination.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Esther Moga et al.
Summary: Cellular immunity plays a crucial role in limiting disease severity and resolving SARS-CoV-2 infection. CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes and CD4+ T helper cells have been found to be correlated with disease severity. Although our understanding of the diversity of immune cells is still evolving, the importance of cellular immunity in infection control and long-term protection is known.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Kezhen Zong et al.
Summary: This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to identify factors contributing to poor antibody response in organ transplant recipients after receiving the 2-dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The results suggest that age, diabetes mellitus, low eGFR, MPA or MMF use, high-dose corticosteroids use, and triple immunosuppression therapy are possible independent risk factors for negative antibody response. Additionally, mTOR inhibitor may be a protective factor against weak antibody response.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Benjamin A. Krishna et al.
Summary: There is currently no consensus on the diagnosis, definition, symptoms, or duration of COVID-19 illness. Given the diagnostic challenges of Long COVID, this study investigated SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or Long COVID. The findings suggest that IL-2 release from T cells may be a sensitive and specific marker for previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, even in patients without detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
Article
Immunology
Cho-Chin Cheng et al.
Summary: Hemodialysis patients benefit from receiving a fourth COVID-19 vaccination, as it significantly increases their neutralization capacity against the Delta and Omicron variants.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Florina Regele et al.
Summary: Kidney transplant recipients are at high risk of severe COVID-19, but their vaccine response is impaired, especially for those on triple immunosuppression. Pausing of mycophenolic acid (MPA) or azathioprine (AZA) for two weeks around vaccination did not increase seroconversion rate, but one third of non-responders developed antibodies after an additional dose, supporting continued vaccination.
FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Andreas Heinzel et al.
Summary: A study found that for kidney transplant recipients who did not develop SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibodies after receiving two doses of mRNA vaccine, a third dose of heterologous Ad26COVS1 vaccination significantly increased antibody levels.
FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Tina Thomson et al.
Summary: Solid organ transplant recipients have attenuated immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. In this study, we observed immune responses to the third and fourth doses of heterologous and homologous vaccines in kidney transplant patients. The results showed that the majority of transplant patients developed immune responses after three doses of the vaccine, but some patients did not. After the fourth dose of the vaccine, some patients exhibited new immune responses.
Review
Immunology
Antonio Bertoletti et al.
Summary: This review summarizes the evidence supporting the role of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in disease protection and analyzes the different factors that may influence the magnitude, function, and anatomical localization of these T cells, as well as their impact on protecting the host from severe COVID-19 development.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Nicolas de Prost et al.
Summary: In this prospective study, it was found that the clinical phenotype of patients infected with the Omicron variant differs from those infected with the Delta variant. Immunocompromised patients infected with the Omicron variant have a significantly higher mortality rate compared to non-immunocompromised patients. However, no association was observed between specific sublineages or viral genome polymorphisms/mutational profiles of the Omicron variant and mortality.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
H. H. Webster et al.
Summary: In a large cohort study in England, it was found that COVID-19 cases with the Omicron sub-lineage BA.2 had lower or similar risks of death, hospital admission, and any hospital attendance compared to the BA.1 sub-lineage.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Emanuel Vogel et al.
Summary: This study compared the dynamics of humoral and cellular immune responses up to 180 days after homologous or heterologous vaccination. The results showed that antibody responses significantly waned after vaccination, and heterologous vaccination resulted in stronger neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 and longer-lasting humoral immunity. All vaccination regimens induced stable, polyfunctional T-cell responses.
Article
Immunology
Lucrezia Furian et al.
Summary: The antibody and T cell responses after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination were compared between kidney and liver transplant recipients. It was found that liver transplant recipients had a stronger immune response than kidney transplant recipients, which was not solely explained by differences in immunosuppression.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Cell Biology
Katherine Kedzierska et al.
Summary: This article discusses epitope-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, their persistence in long-term memory, and their role in limiting disease severity.
CELL REPORTS MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Johanna Erber et al.
Summary: This study investigated the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospital staff in Munich, Germany and found that staff engaged in direct patient care had a similar probability of being seropositive as non-patient-facing staff. Increased risk of infection was observed in staff who had interactions with infected coworkers or private contacts, as well as those who had exposure to COVID-19 patients without appropriate personal protective equipment. The study also identified that the infection hotspots for SARS-CoV-2-positive staff and patients only partially overlapped.
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Nina Koerber et al.
Summary: Anti-viral immunity declines over time after SARS-CoV-2 infection, but convalescents can achieve enhanced immune response through vaccination. Virus-specific antibody titers decline rapidly, while virus-specific polyfunctional T cells persist.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Monica Fung et al.
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has led to significant morbidity and mortality globally. The impact of the disease on immunosuppressed patients, such as cancer patients and transplant recipients, remains unclear. Further research is needed to determine the risk of COVID-19 severity and death in immunocompromised patients.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alessandro Sette et al.
Summary: The adaptive immune system, consisting of B cells, CD4(+) T cells, and CD8(+) T cells, plays varying roles in different viral infections and vaccines. Studies are showing that CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, and neutralizing antibodies all play a part in controlling SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 cases, emphasizing the importance of understanding adaptive immunity in combating the disease.
Article
Cell Biology
Anthony T. Tan et al.
Summary: This study found that early induction of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secreting SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells was present in patients with mild disease and accelerated viral clearance, while rapid induction and quantity of humoral responses were associated with an increase in disease severity. These findings highlight the importance of early functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in both vaccine design and immune monitoring.
Letter
Urology & Nephrology
Dominique Bertrand et al.
KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL
(2021)
Editorial Material
Urology & Nephrology
Sophie Caillard et al.
Summary: Kidney transplant recipients, due to therapeutic immunosuppression, have impaired immune responses to the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, necessitating a personalized intensified vaccination approach for better protection.
NATURE REVIEWS NEPHROLOGY
(2021)
Review
Surgery
Pascale Khairallah et al.
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted kidney transplantation, affecting patient and allograft survival, transplant referrals, organ donation rates, and clinical management decisions. Transplant centers and physicians have made critical decisions considering patient safety and resource utilization. New considerations have arisen with the administration of COVID vaccines.
TRANSPLANT INTERNATIONAL
(2021)
Letter
Surgery
Hani M. Wadei et al.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION
(2021)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Yi-Hao Chan et al.
Summary: This study comprehensively characterized the immune responses of asymptomatic COVID-19 patients, finding that they exhibit stronger protective mechanisms, lower levels of pro-inflammatory responses, and more effective immune responses compared to symptomatic patients. Additionally, asymptomatic patients had higher levels of growth factors associated with cellular repair in their bodies.
EMBO MOLECULAR MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
David S. Khoury et al.
Summary: The level of neutralizing antibodies is closely related to immune protection against COVID-19, playing a crucial role in protecting against detected infection and severe infection. Studies have shown that neutralizing titers will decline over time after vaccination, leading to decreased protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
William A. Werbel et al.
ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Karin Bok et al.
Summary: The US government's successful effort in developing COVID-19 vaccines involved integrating expertise and infrastructure from both the public and private sectors, resulting in the rapid advancement of multiple vaccine candidates being administered globally.
Editorial Material
Nursing
Ira Kantrowitz-Gordon
JOURNAL OF MIDWIFERY & WOMENS HEALTH
(2021)
Letter
Infectious Diseases
Matthias Tenbusch et al.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ugur Sahin et al.
Summary: The BNT162b2 vaccine shows 95% efficacy in preventing COVID-19 by boosting neutralizing antibody titres and activating specific T cell responses. The vaccine-induced immune response is broad and stable, lasting for a prolonged period, providing good coverage against various SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Tina Schmidt et al.
Summary: In healthy adults, vaccination with an mRNA vaccine as a booster, regardless of the initial vaccine, resulted in higher levels of spike-specific antibodies and T cells compared to booster vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCov-19. Heterologous vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 followed by an mRNA vaccine induced strong immune responses with acceptable reactogenicity, showing similar or better effects than homologous mRNA vaccine regimens.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Nassim Kamar et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Nina Koerber et al.
Summary: This study revealed higher frequencies of regulatory B cells (Breg) and lower IL-10 expression levels in second-generation hepatitis B vaccine non-responders, indicating a potential mechanism for the lack of protective antibody response following vaccination. Additionally, the decrease in Breg numbers after booster immunization with a third-generation hepatitis B vaccine suggests a positive effect of third-generation vaccines on Breg-mediated immunomodulation in non-responders.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
John Tyler Sandberg et al.
Summary: The study observed an increase in germinal centre activity, substantial expansion of antibody-secreting cells, and generation of neutralizing antibodies during acute COVID-19. Despite decreasing antibody levels, persistent neutralizing antibody titres and specific memory B cell responses along with polyfunctional T cell responses were still observed at 5 and 9 months after symptom onset in both moderate and severe COVID-19 patients.
CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Arne Sattler et al.
Summary: The study analyzed immune responses in kidney transplant recipients after receiving the BNT162b2 vaccine, finding weaker antibody responses in transplant patients compared to healthy individuals and most hemodialysis patients. Additionally, spike-specific T cell responses were significantly reduced in transplant patients, indicating a need for revised vaccination strategies in immunosuppressed individuals.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yunbao Pan et al.
Summary: Our study on COVID-19 convalescent individuals showed that the survival of neutralizing antibodies is significantly affected by IL-2, IL-8, and IFN-gamma responses, while the activation of T cells and NK cells stimulated by antigen peptide pools is correlated with the presence of neutralizing antibodies. These findings provide insights into protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2, the pathogenesis of COVID-19, and the development of an effective vaccine.
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Peng Zhou et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Andre Maia Chagas et al.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
The Lancet
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Takuya Sekine et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ugur Sahin et al.
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Najmul Haider et al.
Article
Cell Biology
Fredrik Terlutter et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Miloje Savic et al.
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Sylvia Janetzki et al.
Article
Immunology
Eva Van Braeckel et al.
Article
Rheumatology
Sebastian Eickenberg et al.
ARTHRITIS RESEARCH & THERAPY
(2012)
Article
Immunology
Thomas Lindenstrom et al.
JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY
(2009)
