Biomarkers for immunotherapy in esophageal cancer

The development of immunotherapy, especially immune-checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1/PD-L1, has improved the outcomes of patients with esophageal cancer. However, not all population derives benefit from the agents. Recently, kinds of biomarkers were introduced to predict the response to immunotherapy. However, the effects of these reported biomarkers are controversial and many challenges remain. In this review, we aim to summarize the current clinical evidence and provide a comprehensive understanding of the reported biomarkers. We also discuss the limits of the present biomarkers and propose our own opinions on which viewers' discretion are advised.

Automated summary

The development of immunotherapy has improved outcomes for esophageal cancer patients, especially with the use of PD-1/PD-L1 immune-checkpoint inhibitors. However, not all patients benefit from these agents. Various biomarkers have been introduced to predict the response to immunotherapy, but their effects are controversial and challenges remain. This review aims to summarize current clinical evidence and provide a comprehensive understanding of reported biomarkers, as well as discuss their limitations and propose caution in their use.