Bioremoval efficiency and metabolomic profiles of cellular responses of Chlorella pyrenoidosa to phenol and 4-fluorophenol

We examined the growth tolerance, bioremoval efficacy, and metabolomic profiles of the cellular responses of Chlorella pyrenoidosa to phenol and 4-fluorophenol. We found that C. pyrenoidosa can tolerate exposure to 100 mg/L of phenol and 4-fluorophenol, and the growth of algal cells had a significant hormesis of inhibition first and then promotion. Up to 70% bioremoval of phenol and 4-fluorophenol may occur after 240 h of treatment. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and CAT activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in algal cells in the phenol-and 4-fluorophenol-treated groups were similar or lower than in the control group. Furthermore, photosynthetic pigment and glycerophospholipid contents were significantly upregulated in both phenol-and 4-fluorophenol-treated groups, as indicated by the metabolomic analysis of C. pyrenoidosa, resulting in the vigorous growth of algal cells compared to the control group. Therefore, C. pyrenoidosa can be an excellent biosorbent for phenol and 4-fluorophenol.

Automated summary

We investigated the tolerance, bioremoval efficacy, and cellular responses of Chlorella pyrenoidosa to phenol and 4-fluorophenol. The algae showed tolerance to 100 mg/L of both pollutants, with growth being initially inhibited and then promoted. After 240 hours of treatment, up to 70% removal of phenol and 4-fluorophenol was observed. The metabolomic analysis revealed upregulation of photosynthetic pigments and glycerophospholipids, leading to vigorous growth of the algal cells compared to the control group.