Low carbohydrate high fat ketogenic diets on the exercise crossover point and glucose homeostasis

Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Restricting sugar or carbohydrate intake does not impact physical activity level or energy intake over 24 h despite changes in substrate use: a randomised crossover study in healthy men and women

Aaron Hengist et al.

Summary: Restricting sugar or total dietary carbohydrate does not modulate physical activity level or energy intake when energy density is controlled for.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION (2023)

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Article Physiology

Metabolic and ruck performance effects of a novel, light-weight, energy-dense ketogenic bar

Alex Buga et al.

Summary: The central question of this study is whether a novel, energy-dense and lightweight ketogenic bar can improve performance in incline rucksack march compared to isocaloric carbohydrate bars. The main finding of the study is that both carbohydrate and lipid bars have similar effects on ruck performance. This study is important as it suggests that novel ketogenic nutrition bars may have military-relevant applications in reducing carry load without compromising exercise capacity.

EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY (2023)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Low and high carbohydrate isocaloric diets on performance, fat oxidation, glucose and cardiometabolic health in middle age males

Philip J. Prins et al.

Summary: Recent research challenges the notion that high carbohydrate, low fat (HCLF) diets are superior for athletic performance and highlights the potential health benefits of low carbohydrate, high fat (LCHF) diets. In this study, highly trained competitive middle-aged athletes followed either a HCLF or LCHF diet for 31 days and found that there were no significant differences in performance, body composition, or metabolic markers between the two groups. However, the LCHF diet resulted in higher rates of fat oxidation and improved glycemic control, especially in individuals at risk for diabetes.

FRONTIERS IN NUTRITION (2023)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

What Is the Evidence That Dietary Macronutrient Composition Influences Exercise Performance? A Narrative Review

Timothy David Noakes

Summary: The introduction of the needle muscle biopsy technique in the 1960s revolutionized the study of muscle tissue in exercising humans. The role of muscle glycogen content and blood glucose concentration in fatigue during prolonged exercise is still a matter of debate.

NUTRIENTS (2022)

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Article Physiology

Feeding Tolerance, Glucose Availability, and Whole-Body Total Carbohydrate and Fat Oxidation in Male Endurance and Ultra-Endurance Runners in Response to Prolonged Exercise, Consuming a Habitual Mixed Macronutrient Diet and Carbohydrate Feeding During Exercise

Christopher E. Rauch et al.

Summary: This study aimed to investigate the rates of carbohydrate and fat oxidation in endurance and ultra-endurance runners in different exercise conditions, as well as the feeding tolerance and glucose availability during different carbohydrate diets. The results showed that most participants were able to achieve high rates of fat oxidation before reaching exhaustion in the incremental exercise test. At the end of steady-state exercise, the overall fat oxidation rate was around 0.8 g/min, despite having blood glucose levels above the resting state. Higher carbohydrate intake was associated with greater gastrointestinal symptoms and feeding intolerance during exercise.

FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Physiology

The Association Between Physical Activity and Insulin Level Under Different Levels of Lipid Indices and Serum Uric Acid

Yajuan Lin et al.

Summary: The study reveals that increased intensities of physical activity can significantly lower insulin levels. The association between physical activity and insulin persists even after adjusting for confounding factors, and it is stronger in male individuals. High-intensity physical activity has a notable effect on reducing insulin levels, even in the presence of dyslipidemia and hyperuricemia.

FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Relationship Between Time in Range, Glycemic Variability, HbA1c, and Complications in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Anass El Malahi et al.

Summary: This study investigated the association between glycemic variability and time in range with chronic and acute diabetes complications. The results showed that lower time in range was associated with the presence of microvascular complications and hospitalization for hypoglycemia or ketoacidosis. However, glycemic variability was not associated with macrovascular complications.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2022)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Adolescents With Obesity: Monitoring of Glucose Profiles, Glycemic Excursions, and Adherence to Time Restricted Eating Programs

Monica N. Naguib et al.

Summary: This study aimed to assess the feasibility of using continuous glucose monitors (CGM) in time restricted eating (TRE) interventions in adolescents and to examine the changes in glycemic profiles. The results showed that CGM use was feasible in adolescents with obesity and did not significantly affect glycemic profiles in this study.

FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY (2022)

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Article Food Science & Technology

Use of a Continuous Glucose Monitor to Determine the Glycaemic Index of Rice-Based Mixed Meals, Their Effect on a 24 h Glucose Profile and Its Influence on Overweight and Obese Young Adults' Meal Preferences

Khadidja Chekima et al.

Summary: This study found that parboiled basmati rice had positive effects on 24-hour glucose levels and variability among overweight and obese young adults. Preferences for rice varieties changed significantly with real-time continuous glucose monitoring.

FOODS (2022)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Effects of an exogenous ketone ester using multi-omics in skeletal muscle of aging C57BL/6J male mice

Brandon M. Roberts et al.

Summary: Exogenous ketone ester supplementation can reduce weight and fat mass gains in aged mice, while improving transcriptional and proteomic characteristics of skeletal muscle.

FRONTIERS IN NUTRITION (2022)

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Article Sport Sciences

Factors Influencing Substrate Oxidation During Submaximal Cycling: A Modelling Analysis

Jeffrey A. Rothschild et al.

Summary: This study investigates the factors influencing respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during continuous exercise. It identifies exercise duration, dietary intake, and sex as the most influential factors on RER. The study also suggests that current models cannot fully explain the variability in RER and calls for further research on older subjects, females, and other factors that could explain additional variability.

SPORTS MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Effects of a Low-Carbohydrate Dietary Intervention on Hemoglobin A1c A Randomized Clinical Trial

Kirsten S. Dorans et al.

Summary: This randomized clinical trial found that a low-carbohydrate dietary intervention resulted in improvements in glycemia for individuals with elevated HbA(1c) not taking glucose-lowering medication. However, the independent effects of this intervention on HbA(1c) without weight loss could not be evaluated and further research is needed.

JAMA NETWORK OPEN (2022)

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Review Neurosciences

Ketogenic low-CHO, high-fat diet: the future of elite endurance sport?

Louise M. Burke

Summary: K-LCHF diets enhance muscle fat oxidation but may impair performance of higher-intensity exercise, with individual responsiveness being varied. Balancing risks and benefits is important for athletes considering K-LCHF.

JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON (2021)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Effects of real-time continuous glucose monitoring in type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

I. Dicembrini et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the impact of CGM and FGM on glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes, showing that CGM can reduce HbA1c levels and decrease the risk of severe hypoglycemia.

ACTA DIABETOLOGICA (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Adaptation to a low carbohydrate high fat diet is rapid but impairs endurance exercise metabolism and performance despite enhanced glycogen availability

Louise M. Burke et al.

Summary: Elite athletes adapting to a low carbohydrate high fat diet for a brief period showed increased exercise fat oxidation, but impaired high-intensity endurance performance and decreased CHO oxidation rates. Acute restoration of CHO availability did not improve performance.

JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON (2021)

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Review Nutrition & Dietetics

High-Fat Ketogenic Diets and Physical Performance: A Systematic Review

Nancy E. Murphy et al.

Summary: The use of high-fat, ketogenic diets to support physical performance has gained popularity, but the impact of such diets on performance remains controversial. A systematic review of 17 studies found that while ketogenic diets may have varying effects on endurance and power/strength performance, overall they do not significantly improve or impair physical performance compared to mixed macronutrient diets. Various factors such as duration of diet consumption, training status, performance tests, and sex differences may contribute to the conflicting results observed in different studies.

ADVANCES IN NUTRITION (2021)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Metabolic and Signaling Roles of Ketone Bodies in Health and Disease

Patrycja Puchalska et al.

Annual Review of Nutrition (2021)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

A digital lifestyle behaviour change intervention for the prevention of type 2 diabetes: a qualitative study exploring intuitive engagement with real-time glucose and physical activity feedback

Maxine E. Whelan et al.

Summary: The study explored how individuals engage with wearable devices feedback and found triggers of engagement, links between behavior and health, lack of confidence, changes in movement behaviors, changes in diet, and barriers to lifestyle behavior change as key themes. Training, educational support, and efforts to optimize feedback presentation are necessary to sustain engagement and behavior change. Extending the research to include people with diabetes could encourage better diabetes self-management through behavioral and physiological feedback.

BMC PUBLIC HEALTH (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Effect of a plant-based, low-fat diet versus an animal-based, ketogenic diet on ad libitum energy intake

Kevin D. Hall et al.

Summary: In an inpatient, randomized controlled crossover trial, participants consumed 550-700 fewer calories per day when following a plant-based, low-fat diet with a high glycemic load compared with an animal-based, low-carbohydrate diet with a low glycemic load; weight loss was comparable between the two diets and there were no significant differences in hunger or enjoyment of the meals.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

A ketogenic diet impacts markers of mitochondrial mass in a tissue specific manner in aged mice

Zeyu Zhou et al.

Aging-US (2021)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Combined effects of a ketogenic diet and exercise training alter mitochondrial and peroxisomal substrate oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle

Tai-Yu Huang et al.

Summary: Ketogenic diets with normal protein content (NPKD) increase body weight and fat mass, enhance intramuscular triglyceride storage, and upregulate pathways related to protein metabolism. When combined with exercise training, NPKD induces additive and/or synergistic activation of AMPK, PGC-1a, mitochondrial fission/fusion genes, and lipid oxidation pathways in skeletal muscle. These results provide mechanistic insight into adaptations in skeletal muscle relevant to keto-adaptation.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Excessive exercise training causes mitochondrial functional impairment and decreases glucose tolerance in healthy volunteers

Mikael Flockhart et al.

Summary: Exercise training positively affects metabolic health, but excess exercise may lead to reduced mitochondrial function and impaired glucose tolerance. Studies have shown that world-class endurance athletes have issues with glucose control compared to matched control groups.

CELL METABOLISM (2021)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Determinants of Peak Fat Oxidation Rates During Cycling in Healthy Men and Women

Oliver J. Chrzanowski-Smith et al.

Summary: This study examined the determinants of peak fat oxidation during cycle ergometry, finding that factors such as peak oxygen consumption, fat oxidation rate, body fat mass, and habitual physical activity level play a significant role. After accounting for day-to-day variation, it was shown that peak fat oxidation is influenced by biological factors like sex and fat mass.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORT NUTRITION AND EXERCISE METABOLISM (2021)

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Article Sport Sciences

The Effects of Exercise on β-Hydroxybutyrate Concentrations over a 36-h Fast: A Randomized Crossover Study

Landon S. Deru et al.

Summary: This study found that completing aerobic exercise at the beginning of a fast can accelerate the production of BHB without altering subjective feelings; insulin and the insulin/glucagon ratio experience a marked reduction within the first 12 hours, and exercise does not change this.

MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS & EXERCISE (2021)

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Review Sport Sciences

Muscle Glycogen Metabolism and High-Intensity Exercise Performance: A Narrative Review

Jeppe F. Vigh-Larsen et al.

Summary: Muscle glycogen is the primary substrate utilized during high-intensity exercise, with fast- and slow-twitch fibers both contributing to its depletion pattern. Additionally, the storage of muscle glycogen in specific subcellular compartments is important for muscle function.

SPORTS MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Re-Evaluating the Oxidative Phenotype: Can Endurance Exercise Save the Western World?

Filip Kolodziej et al.

Summary: Mitochondria, known as the powerhouses of the cell, play a crucial role in energy metabolism and are influenced by lifestyle and diet. Endurance training can enhance mitochondrial function and prevent metabolic diseases, highlighting the importance of exercise in maintaining mitochondrial health and overall well-being.

ANTIOXIDANTS (2021)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

The Effects of a 6-Week Controlled, Hypocaloric Ketogenic Diet, With and Without Exogenous Ketone Salts, on Body Composition Responses

Alex Buga et al.

Summary: This study investigated the effects of a low-calorie ketogenic diet and the addition of ketone salts (KS) on weight and body composition responses. The results showed that while the ketogenic diet had a positive impact on body composition, the addition of KS did not further enhance the effects.

FRONTIERS IN NUTRITION (2021)

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Article Engineering, Biomedical

Continuous glucose monitoring to measure metabolic impact and recovery in sub-elite endurance athletes

Diana G. Kulawiec et al.

Summary: The study reveals that glycemic variability and glycemic response to carbohydrate intake of athletes increase after endurance exercise, while overnight glucose levels remain elevated. These metabolic effects can be quantified using commercially available CGM devices, encouraging further research on monitoring athletic recovery after intense exercise events.

BIOMEDICAL SIGNAL PROCESSING AND CONTROL (2021)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Improvement in Glucose Regulation Using a Digital Tracker and Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Healthy Adults and Those with Type 2 Diabetes

Ashkan Dehghani Zahedani et al.

Summary: This study found that using CGM combined with a mobile app can significantly reduce hyperglycemia in non-insulin-treated individuals, including those in early stages of glucose dysregulation. Participants who had not been diagnosed with T2D and had lower BMIs showed better responses to the CGM intervention.

DIABETES THERAPY (2021)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Time in range-A1c hemoglobin relationship in continuous glucose monitoring of type 1 diabetes: a real-world study

Marina Valenzano et al.

Summary: The study confirmed a strong correlation between continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) using real-world data, but also noted statistical differences between different devices, suggesting the need for tailored models. Further investigations are needed to explore the predictive power of A1C as a TIR estimator.

BMJ OPEN DIABETES RESEARCH & CARE (2021)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Application of Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Assessment of Individual Carbohydrate Requirement during Ultramarathon Race

Kengo Ishihara et al.

NUTRIENTS (2020)

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Article Sport Sciences

Glycogen Utilization during Running: Intensity, Sex, and Muscle-Specific Responses

Samuel G. Impey et al.

MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE (2020)

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Meeting Abstract Endocrinology & Metabolism

Feasibility and Preliminary Effectiveness of Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Diabetes Prevention

Addie L. Fortmann et al.

DIABETES (2020)

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Article Physiology

The day-to-day reliability of peak fat oxidation and FATMAX

Oliver J. Chrzanowski-Smith et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY (2020)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Ketone Body, 3-Hydroxybutyrate: Minor Metabolite Major Medical Manifestations

Niels Moller

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2020)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

A ketogenic diet combined with exercise alters mitochondrial function in human skeletal muscle while improving metabolic health

Vincent J. Miller et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Crisis of confidence averted: Impairment of exercise economy and performance in elite race walkers by ketogenic low carbohydrate, high fat (LCHF) diet is reproducible

Louise M. Burke et al.

PLOS ONE (2020)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise

Mark Hargreaves et al.

NATURE METABOLISM (2020)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

A View Beyond HbA1c: Role of Continuous Glucose Monitoring

Haleh Chehregosha et al.

DIABETES THERAPY (2019)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Associations between HbA1c and continuous glucose monitoring-derived glycaemic variables

I. B. Hirsch et al.

DIABETIC MEDICINE (2019)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

HbA1c level as a risk factor for retinopathy and nephropathy in children and adults with type 1 diabetes: Swedish population based cohort study

Marcus Lind et al.

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2019)

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Review Sport Sciences

Impact Of Ketogenic Diet On Athletes: Current Insights

Fionn T. McSwiney et al.

OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE (2019)

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Article Physiology

A Carbohydrate Ingestion Intervention in an Elite Athlete Who Follows a Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet

Christopher C. Webster et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORTS PHYSIOLOGY AND PERFORMANCE (2018)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Reference values for peak oxygen uptake: cross-sectional analysis of cycle ergometry-based cardiopulmonary exercise tests of 10 090 adult German volunteers from the Prevention First Registry

Daniel Rapp et al.

BMJ OPEN (2018)

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Review Physiology

Contextualising Maximal Fat Oxidation During Exercise: Determinants and Normative Values

Ed Maunder et al.

FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY (2018)

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Editorial Material Endocrinology & Metabolism

Glucose Management Indicator (GMI): A New Term for Estimating A1C From Continuous Glucose Monitoring

Richard M. Bergenstal et al.

DIABETES CARE (2018)

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Article Sport Sciences

Peak Fat Oxidation is not Independently Related to Ironman Performance in Women

Stine Dahl Vest et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE (2018)

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Article Health Care Sciences & Services

Acceptability of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Free-Living Healthy Individuals: Implications for the Use of Wearable Biosensors in Diet and Physical Activity Research

Yue Liao et al.

JMIR MHEALTH AND UHEALTH (2018)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Ketogenic diet increases mitochondria volume in the liver and skeletal muscle without altering oxidative stress markers in rats

Hailey A. Parry et al.

HELIYON (2018)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Glycaemic control and excess risk of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke in patients with type 1 diabetes: a cohort study of 33 453 patients

C. Heden Stahl et al.

JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE (2017)

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Article Sport Sciences

Maximal Fat Oxidation is Related to Performance in an Ironman Triathlon

Jacob Frandsen et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE (2017)

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Article Neurosciences

Low carbohydrate, high fat diet impairs exercise economy and negates the performance benefit from intensified training in elite race walkers

Louise M. Burke et al.

JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON (2017)

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Article Sport Sciences

Maximal Fat Oxidation Rates in an Athletic Population

Rebecca K. Randell et al.

MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE (2017)

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Article Cell Biology

Ketogenic Diet Reduces Midlife Mortality and Improves Memory in Aging Mice

John C. Newman et al.

CELL METABOLISM (2017)

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Review Cell Biology

Multi-dimensional Roles of Ketone Bodies in Fuel Metabolism, Signaling, and Therapeutics

Patrycja Puchalska et al.

CELL METABOLISM (2017)

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Article Sport Sciences

Higher rate of fat oxidation during rowing compared with cycling ergometer exercise across a range of exercise intensities

B. Egan et al.

SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS (2016)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Energy expenditure and body composition changes after an isocaloric ketogenic diet in overweight and obese men

Kevin D. Hall et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION (2016)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 Diabetes

David M. Nathan et al.

DIABETES (2016)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Mortality in Type 1 Diabetes in the DCCT/EDIC Versus the General Population

John M. Lachin et al.

DIABETES CARE (2016)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Intensive Diabetes Treatment and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 1 Diabetes: The DCCT/EDIC Study 30-Year Follow-up

Rose A. Gubitosi-Klug et al.

DIABETES CARE (2016)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Self-Monitoring Using Continuous Glucose Monitors with Real-Time Feedback Improves Exercise Adherence in Individuals with Impaired Blood Glucose: A Pilot Study

Kaitlyn J. Bailey et al.

DIABETES TECHNOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (2016)

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Editorial Material Endocrinology & Metabolism

Basal insulin delivery reduction for exercise in type 1 diabetes: finding the sweet spot

Hood Thabit et al.

DIABETOLOGIA (2016)

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Article Physiology

Carbohydrate dependence during prolonged simulated cycling time trials

Samuel L. Torrens et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY (2016)

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Article Physiology

Altering fatty acid availability does not impair prolonged, continuous running to fatigue: evidence for carbohydrate dependence

Jill J. Leckey et al.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY (2016)

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Article Neurosciences

Gluconeogenesis during endurance exercise in cyclists habituated to a long-term low carbohydrate high-fat diet

Christopher C. Webster et al.

JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON (2016)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Metabolic characteristics of keto-adapted ultra-endurance runners

Jeff S. Volek et al.

METABOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL (2016)

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Article Sport Sciences

Athletes: Fit but Unhealthy?

Philip B. Maffetone et al.

SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN (2016)

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Article Physiology

Measuring the short-term substrate utilization response to high-carbohydrate and high-fat meals in the whole-body indirect calorimeter

Andrei Gribok et al.

PHYSIOLOGICAL REPORTS (2016)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Association Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and the Determinants of Glycemic Control Across the Entire Glucose Tolerance Continuum

Thomas P. J. Solomon et al.

DIABETES CARE (2015)

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Review Sport Sciences

Carbohydrate Dependence During Prolonged, Intense Endurance Exercise

John A. Hawley et al.

SPORTS MEDICINE (2015)

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Review Sport Sciences

Re-Examining High-Fat Diets for Sports Performance: Did We Call the 'Nail in the Coffin' Too Soon?

Louise M. Burke

SPORTS MEDICINE (2015)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Impact of HbA1c, Followed From Onset of Type 1 Diabetes, on the Development of Severe Retinopathy and Nephropathy: The VISS Study (Vascular Diabetic Complications in Southeast Sweden)

Maria Nordwall et al.

DIABETES CARE (2015)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study at 30 Years: Overview

David M. Nathan

DIABETES CARE (2014)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Glycemic Control and Excess Mortality in Type 1 Diabetes

Marcus Lind et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2014)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study at 30 Years: Advances and Contributions

David M. Nathan et al.

DIABETES (2013)

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Review Physiology

MECHANISMS OF DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS

Josephine M. Forbes et al.

PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS (2013)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) on glucose control in diabetes

Nalinee Poolsup et al.

DIABETOLOGY & METABOLIC SYNDROME (2013)

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Article Physiology

Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance: Underlying Causes and Modification by Exercise Training

Christian K. Roberts et al.

COMPREHENSIVE PHYSIOLOGY (2013)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

The Role of Mitochondria in the Pathophysiology of Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance

Ines Pagel-Langenickel et al.

ENDOCRINE REVIEWS (2010)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Four grams of glucose

David H. Wasserman

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM (2009)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes

Rury R. Holman et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2008)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Exercise calorimetry in sedentary patients:: procedures based on short 3 min steps underestimate carbohydrate oxidation and overestimate lipid oxidation

S. Bordenave et al.

DIABETES & METABOLISM (2007)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Impaired mitochondrial substrate oxidation in muscle of insulin-resistant offspring of type 2 diabetic patients

Douglas E. Befroy et al.

DIABETES (2007)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Substrate oxidation during exercise: type 2 diabetes is associated with a decrease in lipid oxidation and an earlier shift towards carbohydrate utilization

E. Ghanassia et al.

DIABETES & METABOLISM (2006)

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Article Geriatrics & Gerontology

Effects of exercise on mitochondrial content and function in aging human skeletal muscle

Elizabeth V. Menshikova et al.

JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES (2006)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Insulin signaling and glucose transport in skeletal muscle from first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients

HKR Karlsson et al.

DIABETES (2006)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Decline in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function with aging in humans

KR Short et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2005)

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Article Sport Sciences

Measurement of substrate oxidation during exercise by means of gas exchange measurements

AE Jeukendrup et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE (2005)

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Article Physiology

Determinants of fat oxidation during exercise in healthy men and women: a cross-sectional study

MC Venables et al.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY (2005)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Impaired mitochondrial activity in the insulin-resistant offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes

KF Petersen et al.

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