Pharmacogenomic-guided dosing of fluoropyrimidines beyond DPYD: time for a polygenic algorithm?

Fluoropyrimidines are chemotherapeutic agents widely used for the treatment of various solid tumors. Commonly prescribed FPs include 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and its oral prodrugs capecitabine (CAP) and tegafur. Bioconversion of 5-FU prodrugs to 5-FU and subsequent metabolic activation of 5-FU are required for the formation of fluorodeoxyuridine triphosphate (FdUTP) and fluorouridine triphosphate, the active nucleotides through which 5-FU exerts its antimetabolite actions. A significant proportion of FP-treated patients develop severe or life-threatening, even fatal, toxicity. It is well known that FP-induced toxicity is governed by genetic factors, with dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD), the rate limiting enzyme in 5-FU catabolism, being currently the cornerstone of FP pharmacogenomics. DPYD-based dosing guidelines exist to guide FP chemotherapy suggesting significant dose reductions in DPYD defective patients. Accumulated evidence shows that additional variations in other genes implicated in FP pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics increase risk for FP toxicity, therefore taking into account more gene variations in FP dosing guidelines holds promise to improve FP pharmacotherapy. In this review we describe the current knowledge on pharmacogenomics of FP-related genes, beyond DPYD, focusing on FP toxicity risk and genetic effects on FP dose reductions. We propose that in the future, FP dosing guidelines may be expanded to include a broader ethnicity-based genetic panel as well as gene*gene and gender*gene interactions towards safer FP prescription.

Automated summary

Fluoropyrimidines, including 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), capecitabine (CAP), and tegafur, are commonly used chemotherapeutic agents for solid tumors. Genetic factors, particularly dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD), play a crucial role in determining the toxicity of fluoropyrimidines. Additional variations in other genes involved in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fluoropyrimidines also contribute to the risk of toxicity. Expanding the genetic panel and considering gene*gene and gender*gene interactions may lead to safer prescription of fluoropyrimidines in the future.