Towards safe lithium-sulfur batteries from liquid-state electrolyte to solid-state electrolyte

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery has been considered as one of the most promising future batteries owing to the high theoretical energy density (2600 W center dot h center dot kg(-1)) and the usage of the inexpensive active materials (elemental sulfur). The recent progress in fundamental research and engineering of the Li-S battery, involved in electrode, electrolyte, membrane, binder, and current collector, has greatly promoted the performance of Li-S batteries from the laboratory level to the approaching practical level. However, the safety concerns still deserve attention in the following application stage. This review focuses on the development of the electrolyte for Li-S batteries from liquid state to solid state. Some problems and the corresponding solutions are emphasized, such as the soluble lithium polysulfides migration, ionic conductivity of electrolyte, the interface contact between electrolyte and electrode, and the reaction kinetics. Moreover, future perspectives of the safe and high-performance Li-S batteries are also introduced.

Automated summary

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are considered one of the most promising future batteries due to their high theoretical energy density (2600 W center dot h center dot kg(-1)) and use of inexpensive active materials (elemental sulfur). Recent advancements in fundamental research and engineering, particularly in electrode, electrolyte, membrane, binder, and current collector, have significantly improved the performance of Li-S batteries from the laboratory level to practical application. However, safety concerns still need attention in the upcoming stage of application. This review focuses on the development of electrolytes for Li-S batteries from liquid to solid state, and highlights issues such as soluble lithium polysulfide migration, electrolyte ionic conductivity, electrolyte-electrode interface contact, and reaction kinetics. Furthermore, future perspectives on safe and high-performance Li-S batteries are also discussed.