4.6 Article

Conversion of Glucose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Using Consortium Catalyst in a Biphasic System and Mechanistic Insights

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CATALYSTS
卷 13, 期 3, 页码 -

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MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/catal13030574

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biorefinery; niobium; calix[n]arenes

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An effective catalytic consortium consisting of a Lewis acid (NbCl5) and a Bronsted acid (p-sulfonic acid calix[4]arene (CX4SO(3)H)) was found to convert glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) with high yields (50%). The consortium catalyst, tested in a microwave-assisted reactor and biphasic system, achieved the best result using CX4SO(3)H/NbCl5 (5 wt%/7.5 wt%) with water/NaCl and MIBK (1:3) at 150 degrees C for 17.5 min. The recycling of the catalyst was successful for up to seven times without affecting the HMF yield.
We found an effective catalytic consortium capable of converting glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in high yields (50%). The reaction consists of a consortium of a Lewis acid (NbCl5) and a Bronsted acid (p-sulfonic acid calix[4]arene (CX4SO(3)H)), in a microwave-assisted reactor and in a biphasic system. The best result for the conversion of glucose to HMF (yield of 50%) was obtained with CX4SO(3)H/NbCl5 (5 wt%/7.5 wt%), using water/NaCl and MIBK (1:3), at 150 degrees C, for 17.5 min. The consortium catalyst recycling was tested, allowing its reuse for up to seven times, while maintaining the HMF yield constant. Additionally, it proposed a catalytic cycle by converting glucose to HMF, highlighting the following two key points: the isomerization of glucose into fructose, in the presence of Lewis acid (NbCl5), and the conversion of fructose into HMF, in the presence of CX4SO(3)H/NbCl5. A mechanism for the conversion of glucose to HMF was proposed and validated.

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