Passive Exoskeletons to Enhance Workforce Sustainability: Literature Review and Future Research Agenda

Article Behavioral Sciences

Using a Back Exoskeleton During Industrial and Functional Tasks-Effects on Muscle Activity, Posture, Performance, Usability, and Wearer Discomfort in a Laboratory Trial

Tessy Luger et al.

Summary: Using a passive back-support exoskeleton can reduce muscle activity and posture demands during industrial tasks, but can slightly impair performance and is evaluated as mildly uncomfortable.

HUMAN FACTORS (2023)

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Review Engineering, Industrial

Benchmarking occupational exoskeletons: An evidence mapping systematic review

Sander De Bock et al.

Summary: The study identified 139 research studies investigating the effects of occupational exoskeletons on users, finding that device validation was mainly conducted through controlled tasks and collecting muscle activity and biomechanical data. As the concept of exoskeletons evolves, assessment tasks become more applied and experimental designs more representative, but also involve a trade-off between experimental control and user experience data.

APPLIED ERGONOMICS (2022)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

Harmonizing ergonomics and economics of assembly lines using collaborative robots and exoskeletons

Christian Weckenborg et al.

Summary: This article discusses the trade-offs between ergonomic and economic objectives in assembly line balancing, and evaluates the potential of using collaborative robots and exoskeletons to harmonize these conflicting objectives.

JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS (2022)

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Review Engineering, Industrial

An industrial exoskeleton user acceptance framework based on a literature review of empirical studies

Shirley A. Elprama et al.

Summary: Studying the acceptance of exoskeletons in industry and identifying the factors influencing their use is crucial for improving the quality of exoskeletons and accelerating their adoption. The framework proposed in this paper can be utilized in the design, development, and evaluation phases, as well as for studying ongoing introduction at work and policy decisions related to implementing exoskeletons.

APPLIED ERGONOMICS (2022)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

Exoskeletons for workers: A case series study in an enclosures production line

Ilaria Pacifico et al.

Summary: This case-series study investigated the effects of a passive shoulder support exoskeleton on experienced workers. Results showed that the use of the exoskeleton reduced shoulder muscular activity and perceived effort.

APPLIED ERGONOMICS (2022)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

Methodologies for evaluating exoskeletons with industrial applications

Niclas Hoffmann et al.

Summary: Industrial exoskeletons are globally developed and increasingly implemented in industrial workplaces, but there is a lack of consistent evaluation methodologies, highlighting the need for a more comprehensive and harmonised approach.

ERGONOMICS (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Analytical

A Systematic Review of Industrial Exoskeletons for Injury Prevention: Efficacy Evaluation Metrics, Target Tasks, and Supported Body Postures

Ali Golabchi et al.

Summary: This article proposes a framework based on evaluation metrics, target tasks, and supported body postures to guide the assessment and selection of exoskeletons in industrial workplaces. It highlights the importance of incorporating subjective and objective measures, considering various tasks and postures, and aims to enhance the acceptance and adoption of exoskeletons while reducing work-related musculoskeletal disorders.

SENSORS (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Analytical

Characterization and Evaluation of Human-Exoskeleton Interaction Dynamics: A Review

Stefano Massardi et al.

Summary: Exoskeletons and exosuits have experienced significant growth in recent years, particularly in the medical and industrial sectors. However, the study of physical human-exoskeleton interactions (pHEI) has been lacking. Understanding and identifying the technological means to assess pHEI is crucial for the acceptance and widespread use of these devices in the future. This review aims to assist the wearable robotics community in reaching consensus on interaction quality and safety assessment testing procedures.

SENSORS (2022)

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Article Ergonomics

Exploratory Field Testing of Passive Exoskeletons in Several Manufacturing Environments: Perceived Usability and User Acceptance

Diana Schwerha et al.

Summary: The results of this study suggest that workers are accepting of the use of exoskeletons in diverse manufacturing environments. The main factors influencing the intention to use exoskeletons are perceived comfort, task-technology fit, perceived safety, and perceived usefulness. However, further research is needed to improve comfort, task-technology fit, user acceptance, and to develop effective implementation processes for the sustainable use of exoskeletons.

IISE TRANSACTIONS ON OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS & HUMAN FACTORS (2022)

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Review Engineering, Biomedical

A Systematic Review on Evaluation Strategies for Field Assessment of Upper-Body Industrial Exoskeletons: Current Practices and Future Trends

P. R. A. N. A. V. M. A. D. H. A. V. KUBER et al.

Summary: This study conducted a systematic review of 31 studies to compare the approaches, techniques, and outcomes of field assessments for shoulder and back support i-EXOs. The findings showed that subjective approaches were more commonly reported than objective approaches, and there was high variability in experimental methodologies. A new guideline was proposed for field evaluation of i-EXOs, aiming to improve their testing and implementation.

ANNALS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Biomechanical Analysis of Stoop and Free-Style Squat Lifting and Lowering with a Generic Back-Support Exoskeleton Model

Mark Troester et al.

Summary: Musculoskeletal disorders induced by industrial manual handling tasks are a significant issue, and occupational exoskeletons can provide flexible ergonomic solutions to reduce body stress. Biomechanical models help us understand specific effects and are essential for effective implementation. The analysis shows that exoskeleton support can significantly decrease compression forces during heavy loaded tasks, with asymmetric motions being more relieved than symmetric ones.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH (2022)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

Influence of different passive shoulder exoskeletons on shoulder and torso muscle activation during simulated horizontal and vertical aircraft squeeze riveting tasks

Michael J. Jorgensen et al.

Summary: This study assessed the utilization of passive shoulder exoskeletons in aircraft manufacturing, finding that these exoskeletons can reduce muscle activation in the shoulder and torso during squeeze riveting. The participants felt that exoskeletons would be beneficial for squeeze riveting, although no preference was found among the exoskeletons used.

APPLIED ERGONOMICS (2022)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

The impact of passive shoulder exoskeletons during simulated aircraft manufacturing sealing tasks

Michael J. Jorgensen et al.

Summary: This study assessed the impact of shoulder exoskeletons on muscle activation during aircraft sealing tasks. The results showed that the exoskeletons significantly reduced muscle activation, particularly in the anterior and medial deltoids, at higher sealing heights.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS (2022)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

Towards industry 5.0: A multi-objective job rotation model for an inclusive workforce

Daria Battini et al.

Summary: The new Industry 5.0 paradigm aims to facilitate a transition to sustainable and human-centric industry by driving research and innovation. This research adopts a human-centric perspective and proposes a multi-objective job rotation scheduling model to address the challenges brought by diverse workers in the manufacturing context.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION ECONOMICS (2022)

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Article Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence

Analysis of Human Whole-Body Joint Torques During Overhead Work With a Passive Exoskeleton

Claudia Latella et al.

Summary: This study found that upper-limb exoskeletons can significantly reduce overall joint effort, provide support at the shoulders, and transfer part of the internal wrenches to the thighs and legs, increasing torques at the leg joints.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON HUMAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS (2022)

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Proceedings Paper Automation & Control Systems

Digital Twin and Human Factors in Manufacturing and Logistics Systems: State of the Art and Future Research Directions

Nicola Berti et al.

Summary: Digital Twin is an emerging topic in Manufacturing and Logistics systems, with applications in maintenance, production planning, and control. However, there is limited research on its role in evaluating and integrating ergonomic aspects in these systems.

IFAC PAPERSONLINE (2022)

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Article Ergonomics

A Passive Back-Support Exoskeleton for Manual Materials Handling: Reduction of Low Back Loading and Metabolic Effort during Repetitive Lifting

Thomas Schmalz et al.

Summary: The study results demonstrate that using the Paexo Back exoskeleton leads to reductions in oxygen consumption rate, decreases in activation levels of back and thigh muscles, and reductions in low back loading.

IISE TRANSACTIONS ON OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS & HUMAN FACTORS (2022)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

A passive back exoskeleton supporting symmetric and asymmetric lifting in stoop and squat posture reduces trunk and hip extensor muscle activity and adjusts body posture - A laboratory study

Tessy Luger et al.

Summary: The study assessed the influence of a passive exoskeleton during repetitive lifting, showing that the exoskeleton significantly reduced activity of some muscles and particularly supported hip extension. However, the impact on muscular responses was limited. Future research should further explore the potential of exoskeletons for preventing musculoskeletal disorders.

APPLIED ERGONOMICS (2021)

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Article Engineering, Biomedical

Development and testing of a wearable passive lower-limb support exoskeleton to support industrial workers

Zefeng Yan et al.

Summary: A lightweight and comfortable passive exoskeleton was proposed to reduce musculoskeletal disorders for industrial workers during prolonged squatting tasks. The exoskeleton showed effects in reducing muscle activity, improving plantar pressure, increasing endurance time, and enhancing comfort.

BIOCYBERNETICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (2021)

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Review Engineering, Industrial

Effects of industrial back-support exoskeletons on body loading and user experience: an updated systematic review

Tjasa Kermavnar et al.

Summary: This study presents an updated systematic review of recent studies on industrial back-support exoskeletons, revealing their efficiency in reducing back-load and pointing out the need for further research in real work situations. The results indicate improvements in user endurance during lifting and static bending tasks, but a decline in performance during tasks requiring increased agility. Some side effects, such as increased abdominal/lower-limb muscle activity and changes in joint angles, were observed. Future field studies involving industrial workers are recommended to provide more comprehensive insights.

ERGONOMICS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Effects of an industrial passive assistive exoskeleton on muscle activity, oxygen consumption and subjective responses during lifting tasks

Xishuai Qu et al.

Summary: The IPAE significantly reduced muscle activity of the lumbar erector spinae, thoracic erector spinae, middle deltoid, and labrum-biceps muscles during the 15-min lifting task. While there were no significant differences in oxygen consumption and perceived level of exertion, local pressure on specific body parts was noted. The exoskeleton demonstrated potential to reduce muscle activity but raised concerns about localized pressure.

PLOS ONE (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Analytical

Towards a Functional Performance Validation Standard for Industrial Low-Back Exoskeletons: State of the Art Review

Mattia Pesenti et al.

Summary: Research interest in exoskeletons is growing, but lacking standards for evaluation limit industrial adoption; exoskeletons can reduce productivity loss from work-related injuries, which researchers are beginning to address; the article provides a review of performance evaluation for low-back exoskeletons, highlighting the need for standardized criteria.

SENSORS (2021)

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Review Construction & Building Technology

Exoskeletons for manual material handling - A review and implication for construction applications

Zhenhua Zhu et al.

Summary: The construction industry is labor-intensive and physically demanding, with workers facing a great risk of injury. Exoskeleton technology has shown great potential in protecting workers from harm. This paper reviewed existing exoskeleton technologies and analyzed their potential in construction tasks, providing a map for different trades to suggest suitable exoskeleton types.

AUTOMATION IN CONSTRUCTION (2021)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

Adoption potential of occupational exoskeletons in diverse enterprises engaged in manufacturing tasks

Diana J. Schwerha et al.

Summary: This study investigated the perspectives of different sized enterprises in Ohio on adopting and using occupational exoskeletons, finding strong interest from both large companies and small to medium-sized enterprises in how exoskeletons could help employees with repetitive tasks. However, concerns still remain regarding specific benefits and costs, how to develop training programs, and potential adverse effects of exoskeleton use.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS (2021)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

Investigating the effect of a passive trunk exoskeleton on local discomfort, perceived effort and spatial distribution of back muscles activity

Ambra Giustetto et al.

Summary: This study found that passive exoskeletons are effective in reducing back load but can increase discomfort in non-targeted areas. Despite the reduction in back muscle activity, this may lead to an increase in perceived effort.

ERGONOMICS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Method and Test Course for the Evaluation of Industrial Exoskeletons

Lennart Ralfs et al.

Summary: This paper discusses the increasing trend of implementing exoskeletons in industrial workplaces in recent years. It presents a generic method and modular test course for evaluating the effectiveness of industrial exoskeletons. The lack of standardized evaluation procedures makes comparison between exoskeletons and their workplace applicability challenging.

APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL (2021)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

Consideration of workers' differences in production systems modelling and design: State of the art and directions for future research

Niloofar Katiraee et al.

Summary: Workforce differences have significant impact on production system performance and need to be considered in design and modelling. Classification and keyword definition of relevant literature help identify strengths and weaknesses for future research direction.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Systematic Review of Back-Support Exoskeletons and Soft Robotic Suits

Athar Ali et al.

Summary: Back support exoskeletons are being developed to support the spine and distribute the spine load, aiming to reduce lower back pain and musculoskeletal injuries for workers engaged in physical workload and manual material handling tasks. However, various technical challenges and a lack of established safety standards limit the widespread adoption of exoskeletons in industry.

FRONTIERS IN BIOENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews

Matthew J. Page et al.

Summary: The methods and results of systematic reviews should be reported in sufficient detail to allow users to assess trustworthiness. PRISMA 2020 aims to improve the transparency and completeness of systematic review reporting, in hopes of guiding more accurate and transparent reporting.

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Effects of an arm-support exoskeleton on perceived work intensity and musculoskeletal discomfort: An 18-month field study in automotive assembly

Sunwook Kim et al.

Summary: The study found that there was no significant difference in perceived work intensity and musculoskeletal discomfort scores between the EXO group and the control group in automotive manufacturing facilities. However, in some facilities, neck and shoulder MSD scores in the EXO group decreased over time, while wrist MSD scores remained unchanged and increased in the control group. Upper arm and low back MSD scores were similar between the experimental groups.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Engineering, Industrial

The influence of using exoskeletons during occupational tasks on acute physical stress and strain compared to no exoskeleton - A systematic review and meta-analysis

Mona Baer et al.

Summary: This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects of using an exoskeleton during occupational tasks on physical stress and strain, showing that using an exoskeleton can reduce acute physical stress and strain in the exoskeleton's target area. However, the impact on workers' health is still uncertain due to lack of long-term evaluations under real working conditions.

APPLIED ERGONOMICS (2021)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

Systematic usability evaluation on two harnesses for a wearable chairless exoskeleton

U. Ri Chae et al.

Summary: This study compared and analyzed the usability of two harnesses for the Hyundai chairless exoskeleton (CEX), finding that the latter harness scored higher in wearability and overall satisfaction compared to the previous harness. The results provide valuable insights for future improvements in harness design for wearable robots.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS (2021)

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Proceedings Paper Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence

How Workers Perceive LAEVO Exoskeleton Use in Non-cyclic Tasks

Raquel Flor et al.

Summary: Exoskeletons are being increasingly explored in various fields, particularly in industries where studies are being conducted to assess parameters such as ease of performing tasks, discomfort, acceptance, usability, and intention to use the exoskeletons in the workplace.

ADVANCES IN HUMAN FACTORS AND SYSTEM INTERACTIONS (2021)

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Proceedings Paper Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence

Exoskeletons in the Supermarket: Influences of Comfort, Strain Relief and Task-Technology Fit on Retail Workers' Post-Trial Intention to Use

Sandra Maria Siedl et al.

Summary: Many supermarket employees suffering from musculoskeletal disorders could benefit from exoskeletons, with the willingness to use them depending on perceived comfort and task-technology fit. Soft exoskeletons were preferred over rigid ones.

HRI '21: COMPANION OF THE 2021 ACM/IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HUMAN-ROBOT INTERACTION (2021)

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Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Industrial Upper-Limb Exoskeleton Characterization: Paving the Way to New Standards for Benchmarking

Vitor Neves Hartmann et al.

Summary: This study presents the design and construction of a controlled device to measure the torque of industrial exoskeletons, with the results of static and dynamic testing on an exoskeleton model. A step motor in the test bench moves the exoskeleton arm in a predefined path at a prescribed speed, while a beam load cell measures the force to derive the torque. The proposed test bench can be easily modified for testing different exoskeleton models under the same conditions.

MACHINES (2021)

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Article Ergonomics

Product ergonomics in industrial exoskeletons: potential enhancements for workforce efficiency and safety

Pranav Madhav Kuber et al.

Summary: The implementation of exoskeletons is seen as a solution to reduce work-related musculoskeletal disorders in industry. However, studies show mixed results due to a lack of standardized processes, and current exoskeletons could be improved to enhance user experience.

THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Engineering, Biomedical

Passive Shoulder Exoskeletons: More Effective in the Lab Than in the Field?

Sander De Bock et al.

Summary: The study evaluated the effectiveness of two passive shoulder exoskeletons in both laboratory and field settings. Results showed that the exoskeletons reduced upper trapezius activity and heart rate in isolated tasks, but their effects were limited in real-world situations. Improvement in exoskeleton interface for better comfort and usability is needed to enhance their practical application.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NEURAL SYSTEMS AND REHABILITATION ENGINEERING (2021)

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Review Engineering, Industrial

Exoskeletons Comprehensive, comparative and critical analyses of their potential to improve manufacturing performance

Stephen Fox et al.

JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT (2020)

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Article Behavioral Sciences

Biomechanical Evaluation of Passive Back-Support Exoskeletons in a Precision Manual Assembly Task: Expected Effects on Trunk Muscle Activity, Perceived Exertion, and Task Performance

Saman Madinei et al.

HUMAN FACTORS (2020)

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Article Behavioral Sciences

Evaluation of a Lower Leg Support Exoskeleton on Floor and Below Hip Height Panel Work

Minerva V. Pillai et al.

HUMAN FACTORS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Methodology of Employing Exoskeleton Technology in Manufacturing by Considering Time-Related and Ergonomics Influences

Christian Dahmen et al.

APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL (2020)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Physical Fatigue Detection Using Entropy Analysis of Heart Rate Signals

Farnad Nasirzadeh et al.

SUSTAINABILITY (2020)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

Ergonomics assessment of passive upper-limb exoskeletons in an automotive assembly plant

Sofia Iranzo et al.

APPLIED ERGONOMICS (2020)

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Proceedings Paper Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence

Palletising Support in Intralogistics: The Effect of a Passive Exoskeleton on Workload and Task Difficulty Considering Handling and Comfort

Semhar Kinne et al.

HUMAN SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND DESIGN II (2020)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

Assessing the potential for undesired effects of passive back-support exoskeleton use during a simulated manual assembly task: Muscle activity, posture, balance, discomfort, and usability

Sunwook Kim et al.

APPLIED ERGONOMICS (2020)

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Proceedings Paper Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence

Determination of the Subjective Strain Experiences During Assembly Activities Using the Exoskeleton Chairless Chair

Sandra Groos et al.

ADVANCES IN HUMAN FACTORS IN ROBOTS AND UNMANNED SYSTEMS (2020)

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Proceedings Paper Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence

Development of a Standardized Ergonomic Assessment Methodology for Exoskeletons Using Both Subjective and Objective Measurement Techniques

Michael Hefferle et al.

ADVANCES IN HUMAN FACTORS IN ROBOTS AND UNMANNED SYSTEMS (2020)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

Impact of two postural assist exoskeletons on biomechanical loading of the lumbar spine

Michael T. Picchiotti et al.

APPLIED ERGONOMICS (2019)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

Effects of exoskeleton design and precision requirements on physical demands and quality in a simulated overhead drilling task

Saad Alabdulkarim et al.

APPLIED ERGONOMICS (2019)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

Influence of a passive lower-limb exoskeleton during simulated industrial work tasks on physical load, upper body posture, postural control and discomfort

Tessy Luger et al.

APPLIED ERGONOMICS (2019)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

Influences of different exoskeleton designs and tool mass on physical demands and performance in a simulated overhead drilling task

Saad Alabdulkarim et al.

APPLIED ERGONOMICS (2019)

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Article Automation & Control Systems

A light-weight passive upper arm assistive exoskeleton based on multi-linkage spring-energy dissipation mechanism for overhead tasks

Dong Jin Hyun et al.

ROBOTICS AND AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS (2019)

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Proceedings Paper Computer Science, Cybernetics

Industrial Exoskeleton Technology: Classification, Structural Analysis, and Structural Complexity Indicator

A. Voilque et al.

2019 WEARABLE ROBOTICS ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE (WEARRACON) (2019)

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Proceedings Paper Computer Science, Cybernetics

Towards Standard Exoskeleton Test Methods for Load Handling

Roger Bostelman et al.

2019 WEARABLE ROBOTICS ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE (WEARRACON) (2019)

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Proceedings Paper Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence

Acceptability Beyond Usability: A Manufacturing Case Study

S. Gilotta et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE 20TH CONGRESS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ERGONOMICS ASSOCIATION (IEA 2018), VOL VII: ERGONOMICS IN DESIGN, DESIGN FOR ALL, ACTIVITY THEORIES FOR WORK ANALYSIS AND DESIGN, AFFECTIVE DESIGN (2019)

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Proceedings Paper Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence

Comprehensive modelling and simulation towards the identification of critical parameters for evaluation of exoskeleton-centred workplaces

Carmen Constantinescu et al.

12TH CIRP CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT COMPUTATION IN MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING (2019)

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Proceedings Paper Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence

Passive Upper Limb Exoskeletons: An Experimental Campaign with Workers

Stefania Spada et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE 20TH CONGRESS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ERGONOMICS ASSOCIATION (IEA 2018), VOL 8: ERGONOMICS AND HUMAN FACTORS IN MANUFACTURING, AGRICULTURE, BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND MINING (2019)

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Proceedings Paper Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence

Physical and Virtual Assessment of a Passive Exoskeleton

Stefania Spada et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE 20TH CONGRESS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ERGONOMICS ASSOCIATION (IEA 2018), VOL 8: ERGONOMICS AND HUMAN FACTORS IN MANUFACTURING, AGRICULTURE, BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND MINING (2019)

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Article Ergonomics

A Field Evaluation of Arm-Support Exoskeletons for Overhead Work Applications in Automotive Assembly

Marty Smets

IISE TRANSACTIONS ON OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS & HUMAN FACTORS (2019)

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Article Ergonomics

Potential of Exoskeleton Technologies to Enhance Safety, Health, and Performance in Construction: Industry Perspectives and Future Research Directions

Sunwook Kim et al.

IISE TRANSACTIONS ON OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS & HUMAN FACTORS (2019)

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Article Ergonomics

Subjective Evaluation of a Passive Lower-Limb Industrial Exoskeleton Used During simulated Assembly

Tessy Luger et al.

IISE TRANSACTIONS ON OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS & HUMAN FACTORS (2019)

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Review Ergonomics

Occupational Exoskeletons: Overview of Their Benefits and Limitations in Preventing Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders

Jean Theurel et al.

IISE TRANSACTIONS ON OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS & HUMAN FACTORS (2019)

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Review Ergonomics

Back-Support Exoskeletons for Occupational Use: An Overview of Technological Advances and Trends

Stefano Toxiri et al.

IISE TRANSACTIONS ON OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS & HUMAN FACTORS (2019)

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Proceedings Paper Computer Science, Theory & Methods

Towards methodology and metrics for assessing lumbar exoskeletons in industrial applications

Lorenzo Grazi et al.

2019 IEEE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON METROLOGY FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 AND INTERNET OF THINGS (METROIND4.0&IOT) (2019)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

Physiological consequences of using an upper limb exoskeleton during manual handling tasks

Jean Theurel et al.

APPLIED ERGONOMICS (2018)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

Assessing the influence of a passive, upper extremity exoskeletal vest for tasks requiring arm elevation: Part I - Expected effects on discomfort, shoulder muscle activity, and work task performance

Sunwook Kim et al.

APPLIED ERGONOMICS (2018)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

Exoskeletons - a review of industrial applications

Robert Bogue

INDUSTRIAL ROBOT-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ROBOTICS RESEARCH AND APPLICATION (2018)

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Article Robotics

Passive Back Support Exoskeleton Improves Range of Motion Using Flexible Beams

Matthias B. Nae et al.

FRONTIERS IN ROBOTICS AND AI (2018)

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Proceedings Paper Automation & Control Systems

Integrating mocap system and immersive reality for efficient human-centred workstation design

Battini Dania et al.

IFAC PAPERSONLINE (2018)

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Proceedings Paper Engineering, Industrial

Experimental study of the physical impact of a passive exoskeleton on manual sanding operations

Aurelie Moyon et al.

28TH CIRP DESIGN CONFERENCE 2018 (2018)

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Review Computer Science, Information Systems

Cross-industry standard test method developments: from manufacturing to wearable robots

Roger Bostelman et al.

FRONTIERS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING (2017)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

Exoskeletons for industrial application and their potential effects on physical work load

Michiel P. de Looze et al.

ERGONOMICS (2016)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

The effects of a passive exoskeleton on muscle activity, discomfort and endurance time in forward bending work

Tim Bosch et al.

APPLIED ERGONOMICS (2016)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Sustainable Wearables: Wearable Technology for Enhancing the Quality of Human Life

Jaewoon Lee et al.

SUSTAINABILITY (2016)

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Proceedings Paper Automation & Control Systems

The Integrated Assembly Line Balancing and Parts Feeding Problem with Ergonomics Considerations

Daria Battini et al.

IFAC PAPERSONLINE (2016)

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Proceedings Paper Engineering, Industrial

JackEx: the new digital manufacturing resource for optimization of Exoskeleton-based factory environments

Carmen Constantinescu et al.

26TH CIRP DESIGN CONFERENCE (2016)

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Proceedings Paper Engineering, Industrial

Exoskeleton-centered process optimization in advanced factory environments

Carmen Constantinescu et al.

RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN MANUFACTURING: KEY ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE FACTORIES OF THE FUTURE - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 48TH CIRP CONFERENCE ON MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS (2016)

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