Capacity and Mechanisms of Pb(II) and Cd(II) Sorption on Five Plant-Based Biochars

China is a large agricultural country that produces a large amount of crop straw every year. Thus, the development of cost-effective and economic application of invasive plants is warranted. Biochars derived from crop straw have been proven to be promising for adsorbent materials. However, less studies have focused on biochar derived from different types of crop straw as adsorbent under the same conditions to compare their adsorption performance. Here, we characterized the five biochars in the same system (600 degrees C). In results, GBC has higher ash content, pH, CEC, specific surface area, mineral composition and oxygen-containing functional groups. The adsorption kinetics can be explained adequately by the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir model, indicating that the adsorption behavior of the biochar is both physical adsorption and chemical adsorption; the adsorption process includes complexation reaction, cationic pi bond, ion precipitation and electrostatic adsorption. In conclusion, GBC exhibited higher metal equilibrium adsorption capacities (125 mg.g(-1) for Pb2+, 29 mg.g(-1) for Cd2+). The solution pH, biochar dosing, pyrolysis temperature and the properties of these heavy metals were responsible for adsorption capacity, thus showing stronger affinity and better adsorption effect. Our results are important for the selection and utilization of plant-based biochar for different heavy metals.

Automated summary

China, as a large agricultural country, produces a significant amount of crop straw annually. Therefore, the development of cost-effective and economic application of invasive plants is necessary. Biochars derived from crop straw have shown promise as adsorbent materials, however, research comparing biochars derived from different types of crop straw under the same conditions is limited. This study characterized five different biochars and found that GBC exhibited higher adsorption capacities for heavy metals. The results highlight the importance of selecting and utilizing plant-based biochar for different heavy metals.