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Evolving Management of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: A Personalized Approach to Preventing Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Across the Risk Continuum

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION (2023)

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Combining European and US risk prediction models with polygenic risk scores to refine cardiovascular prevention: the CoLaus|PsyCoLaus Study

Roxane de La Harpe et al.

Summary: This study aimed to determine whether using polygenic risk scores improves the prediction of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk when combined with clinical scores. The results showed that combining a polygenic risk score with clinical risk scores significantly improved risk reclassification for patients with intermediate risk for cardiovascular disease.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE CARDIOLOGY (2023)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Results of a Remotely Delivered Hypertension and Lipid Program in More Than 10 000 Patients Across a Diverse Health Care Network

Alexander J. Blood et al.

Summary: This study implemented and evaluated a remote hypertension and cholesterol management program in a diverse healthcare network. The program resulted in improved blood pressure and cholesterol control among patients, regardless of their race, ethnicity, or primary language.

JAMA CARDIOLOGY (2023)

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Letter Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Cluster Randomized Trial of a Personalized Clinical Decision Support Intervention to Improve Statin Prescribing in Patients With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

Salim S. S. Virani et al.

CIRCULATION (2023)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Inclisiran creates unique opportunities and challenges for patient access to therapy: early experience in a United States Lipid Clinic

Tommy T. Chiou et al.

Summary: We presented an early experience with inclisiran in an academic lipid clinic, administered by healthcare professionals. The study showed variations in approval rates among different insurance types, with Medicare beneficiaries having higher approval rates compared to non-Medicare insurance holders. The findings suggest the need for increased accessibility of inclisiran, particularly for younger patients with non-Medicare insurance.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY (2023)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

2022 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway for Integrating Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease and Multimorbidity Treatment: A Framework for Pragmatic, Patient-Centered Care

Kim K. Birtcher et al.

Summary: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a common chronic condition worldwide, often accompanied by other chronic diseases. The treatment of patients with ASCVD and multimorbidity can be complex and burdensome. Therefore, clinicians need guidance on how to manage ASCVD progression and adverse cardiovascular events, while considering other chronic conditions and patient preferences.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY (2023)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Phase 2b Randomized Trial of the Oral PCSK9 Inhibitor MK-0616

Christie M. Ballantyne et al.

Summary: MK-0616, an oral PCSK9 inhibitor, effectively reduces LDL-C levels and is well tolerated in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia according to a Phase 2b clinical trial.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY (2023)

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Bempedoic Acid and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Statin-Intolerant Patients

S. E. E. Nissen et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates that the ATP citrate lyase inhibitor Bempedoic acid can significantly reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and is associated with a low incidence of muscle-related adverse events. Among patients unable or unwilling to take statins, Bempedoic acid treatment significantly reduces the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2023)

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Review Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

The importance of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol measurement and control as performance measures: A joint clinical perspective from the National Lipid Association and the American Society for Preventive Cardiology

Salim S. Virani et al.

Summary: Despite the established role of LDL-C as a major risk factor for CVD, national quality assurance metrics no longer include LDL-C measurement as a required performance metric. This article reviews the history of LDL-C as a quality and performance metric and presents rationales for re-establishing LDL-C measurement to improve cholesterol control and reduce CVD morbidity and mortality, healthcare disparities, and costs.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE CARDIOLOGY (2023)

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Lipoprotein(a): A Genetically Determined, Causal, and Prevalent Risk Factor for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Gissette Reyes-Soffer et al.

Summary: High levels of Lp(a) are an independent and causal risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Genetic factors determine 70% to 90% of interindividual heterogeneity in Lp(a) levels. There is a lack of standardized assays, diagnostic guidelines, and targeted treatments for lowering Lp(a). Understanding the genetic and biological basis for variation in Lp(a) levels in different populations is crucial.

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Coronary artery calcium scores indicating secondary prevention level risk: Findings from the CAC consortium and FOURIER trial

Omar Dzaye et al.

Summary: This study aimed to determine the relationship between coronary artery calcium (CAC) scores and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) mortality rates. The study found that primary prevention individuals with increased CAC burden may have ASCVD mortality rates equivalent to persons with stable secondary prevention-level risk.

ATHEROSCLEROSIS (2022)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Influence of the LDL-Receptor Genotype on Statin Response in Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Insights From the Canadian FH Registry

Gabrielle Roy et al.

Summary: LDLR genotype is significantly associated with statin-induced reductions in LDL-C concentrations in HeFH, with the receptor-negative genotype having a weaker LDL-C-lowering effect.

CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2022 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

Connie W. Tsao et al.

Summary: This article introduces the latest statistics on heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors published by the American Heart Association in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health. The Statistical Update includes data on a range of clinical heart and circulatory disease conditions and their associated outcomes. It serves as a critical resource for the general public, policymakers, healthcare professionals, researchers, and others seeking the best available data.

CIRCULATION (2022)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Estimation of recurrent atherosclerotic cardiovascular event risk in patients with established cardiovascular disease: the updated SMART2 algorithm

Steven H. J. Hageman et al.

Summary: This study developed and validated a risk score tool, SMART2, for predicting recurrent ASCVD events in patients with established ASCVD. The tool was calibrated for different regions and demonstrated its clinical utility in treatment decision-making.

EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL (2022)

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Real-world utilization of bempedoic acid in an academic preventive cardiology practice

Bruce A. Warden et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the real-world use of bempedoic acid for lipid management in patients with cardiovascular disease. The results showed that bempedoic acid was effective in reducing LDL-C levels in patients at high risk for atherosclerotic events and statin intolerance. However, high rates of treatment-emergent adverse events and drug discontinuations were observed.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY (2022)

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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inclisiran, a small interfering RNA therapy, in patients with hepatic impairment

David Kallend et al.

Summary: This study investigated the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of Inclisiran in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment compared to those with normal hepatic function. The results showed that while there was an increase in pharmacokinetic exposure, the pharmacodynamic effects remained relatively unchanged. Inclisiran was found to be safe and well tolerated in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY (2022)

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Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer's disease

Benjamin R. Troutwine et al.

Summary: Genetic variation in the APOE gene is associated with the risk of Alzheimer's disease. The APOE epsilon 4 alleles are the strongest genetic risk factor for late onset sporadic AD, while the APOE epsilon 2 alleles have lower risk and the APOE epsilon 3 alleles have neutral risk.

ACTA PHARMACEUTICA SINICA B (2022)

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Cost Effectiveness of Inclisiran in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Patients with Elevated Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Despite Statin Use: A Threshold Analysis

Nihar R. Desai et al.

Summary: This study identified the price at which Inclisiran is cost effective for the US health system, based on generally accepted willingness-to-pay thresholds.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS (2022)

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Bempedoic acid and its role in contemporary management of hyperlipidemia in atherosclerosis

Ramyashree Tummala et al.

Summary: Atherosclerotic heart disease is a major cause of death and illness in the USA, and targeting LDL has been the focus of hypolipidemic agents. Bempedoic acid, a novel drug, inhibits enzymatic activity in the cholesterol synthesis pathway and has shown safety and effectiveness in reducing LDL-C and inflammatory markers. It has received FDA approval for use in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia or established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

ANNALS OF MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Effect of Vupanorsen on Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Statin-Treated Patients With Elevated Cholesterol: TRANSLATE-TIMI 70

Brian A. Bergmark et al.

Summary: The study found that vupanorsen significantly reduced non-HDL-C and triglyceride levels, and had an impact on ANGPTL3 levels. However, higher doses may lead to injection site reactions and elevated liver enzymes.

CIRCULATION (2022)

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Effect of Alirocumab Added to High-Intensity Statin Therapy on Coronary Atherosclerosis in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction The PACMAN-AMI Randomized Clinical Trial

Lorenz Raber et al.

Summary: Among patients with acute myocardial infarction, the addition of biweekly subcutaneous alirocumab to high-intensity statin therapy resulted in significantly greater regression of coronary plaques in non-infarct-related arteries after 52 weeks. Further research is needed to understand whether alirocumab improves clinical outcomes in this population.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2022)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

High-Intensity Statin Use Among Patients With Atherosclerosis in the US

Adam J. Nelson et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the patterns and predictors of statin use among patients with ASCVD. The results showed substantial underuse of statins among a large cohort of patients with ASCVD in the United States. Concerning gaps in appropriate statin use were observed among younger patients, women, and those with noncoronary ASCVD.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY (2022)

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Review Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Optical coherence tomography in coronary atherosclerosis assessment and intervention

Makoto Araki et al.

Summary: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been widely used in research on and clinical application of coronary atherosclerosis. It can accurately identify culprit plaque pathology and detect sequelae from percutaneous coronary interventions that might be missed by angiography, improving clinical outcomes.

NATURE REVIEWS CARDIOLOGY (2022)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Clinical efficacy and safety outcomes of bempedoic acid for LDL-C lowering therapy in patients at high cardiovascular risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Yingfeng Lin et al.

Summary: This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of bempedoic acid in high cardiovascular risk patients. The study found that bempedoic acid did not significantly affect major cardiovascular outcomes in the short-term follow-up. However, it was associated with increased risk of muscular disorders, worsening of renal function, and gout. Further long-term studies are needed to assess the risk/benefit ratio of this novel therapy.

BMJ OPEN (2022)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Rationale and design of a pragmatic trial aimed at improving treatment of hyperlipidemia in outpatients with very high risk atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: A pragmatic trial of messaging to providers about treatment of hyperlipidemia (PROMPT-LIPID)

Nimish N. Shah et al.

Summary: This study aims to test the effectiveness of an EHR-based LLT intensification alert to improve LLT utilization in outpatients with very high-risk ASCVD.

AMERICAN HEART JOURNAL (2022)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Cardiovascular Disease Projections in the United States Based on the 2020 Census Estimates

Reza Mohebi et al.

Summary: This study aims to project the number of people with cardiovascular risk factors and diseases in the future and uncover disparities based on sex, race, and ethnicity. It is projected that there will be significant increases in the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases by 2060, disproportionately affecting racial and ethnic minorities.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Lipid lowering effects of the CETP inhibitor obicetrapib in combination with high-intensity statins: a randomized phase 2 trial

Stephen J. Nicholls et al.

Summary: In a randomized clinical trial, obicetrapib, a CETP inhibitor, was found to effectively lower LDL-C levels when used in conjunction with high-intensity statins. The treatment also improved other lipid measurements and showed a favorable safety profile. These results indicate the potential of obicetrapib in addressing the medical needs of high-cardiovascular-risk patients.

NATURE MEDICINE (2022)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

New, Novel Lipid-Lowering Agents for Reducing Cardiovascular Risk: Beyond Statins

Kyuho Kim et al.

Summary: In addition to statins, there are many novel lipid-lowering agents in development, such as Inclisiran and Bempedoic acid, which have unique mechanisms of action for lowering LDL-C levels and improving associated dyslipidemias.

DIABETES & METABOLISM JOURNAL (2022)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Global Burden Attributable to High Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol From 1990 to 2019

Heyue Du et al.

Summary: This study reveals the global burden of high LDL-C and finds that while the overall burden of high LDL-C has been controlled in the past 30 years, it is still increasing in countries with moderate SDI and the decreasing trend is disappearing in high SDI countries.

FRONTIERS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

New Strategies for Lowering Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention

Sean Paul Gaine et al.

Summary: This review focuses on the recent FDA-approved medications for reducing LDL-C and ASCVD risk, including PCSK9 inhibitors, ATP citrate lyase inhibitors, and siRNA molecules.

CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS (2022)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Long-Term Evolocumab in Patients With Established Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

Michelle L. O'Donoghue et al.

Summary: Long-term use of evolocumab to lower LDL-C levels is associated with low rates of adverse events, which do not exceed those in the placebo group. Over time, the use of evolocumab also leads to further reduction in cardiovascular events.

CIRCULATION (2022)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

2022 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the Role of Nonstatin Therapies for LDL-Cholesterol Lowering in the Management of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Donald M. Lloyd -Jones et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Lipid treatment status and goal attainment among patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the United States: A 2019 update

Jing Gu et al.

Summary: This study updated the prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in the US and evaluated the utilization of lipid-lowering therapies (LLT) and goal attainment of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) among ASCVD patients. The findings showed that despite an increase in the use of high-intensity statins, LLT utilization remained low and the majority of ASCVD patients did not reach the recommended LDL-C goal.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE CARDIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk assessment: An American Society for Preventive Cardiology clinical practice statement

Nathan D. Wong et al.

Summary: The risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) varies significantly in both generally healthy individuals and those with known ASCVD. Preventive cardiology focuses on assessing baseline ASCVD risk and using lifestyle management and pharmacologic therapy to reduce risk based on risk scores. Additional factors like traditional risk factors, novel biomarkers, and inflammatory factors can further assess ASCVD risk, especially in borderline or intermediate risk cases. Accurate risk assessment is crucial in targeting preventive therapies for ASCVD.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE CARDIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Inclisiran in lipid management: A Literature overview and future perspectives

Pietro Scicchitano et al.

Summary: This article discusses different drug treatments for lipid disorders, including the use of statins, ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors, and small-interfering RNAs. Studies have shown that inclisiran can significantly reduce LDL-C levels and may play an important role in preventing cardiovascular events.

BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY (2021)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Alirocumab After Acute Coronary Syndrome According to Achieved Level of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis of the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES Trial

Gregory G. Schwartz et al.

Summary: This study found that patients treated with alirocumab who achieved LDL-C levels <25 mg/dL had a reduction in the risk of MACE that was similar to that of patients who achieved LDL-C levels of 25 to 50 mg/dL, after adjusting for baseline characteristics and adherence.

CIRCULATION (2021)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

The National Lipid Association scientific statement on coronary artery calcium scoring to guide preventive strategies for ASCVD risk reduction

Carl E. Orringer et al.

Summary: An expert panel reviewed the evidence related to the use of coronary artery calcium scoring in clinical practice for primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The panel provided recommendations for optimal use of this test in adults, including timing for repeat calcium scoring, use in patients taking statins, and its role in discussions on aspirin and anti-hypertensive drug therapy. The panel also discussed the future of coronary calcium scoring.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY (2021)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Treatment of high- and very high-risk patients for the prevention of cardiovascular events in Europe: baseline demographics from the multinational observational SANTORINI study

K K Ray et al.

EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Pooled Patient-Level Analysis of Inclisiran Trials in Patients With Familial Hypercholesterolemia or Atherosclerosis

R. Scott Wright et al.

Summary: Inclisiran, a double-stranded small interfering RNA, was shown to effectively lower LDL-C levels in adults with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, ASCVD, or ASCVD risk equivalents, with a good safety profile in a patient-level pooled analysis from three phase 3 studies.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Assessing the impact of PCSK9 inhibition on coronary plaque phenotype with optical coherence tomography: rationale and design of the randomized, placebo-controlled HUYGENS study

Stephen J. Nicholls et al.

Summary: The HUYGENS study aims to evaluate the impact of incremental lipid lowering using the PCSK9 inhibitor evolocumab on plaque features in ACS patients treated with statins. The study will use OCT imaging to assess the effects of evolocumab on coronary atherosclerotic plaques, with the primary endpoint being evaluated at baseline and week 50.

CARDIOVASCULAR DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY (2021)

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Editorial Material Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Shared Decision Making in Cardiovascular Patient Care to Address Cardiovascular Disease Disparities

Ruth-Alma N. Turkson-Ocran et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Fixed-dose combination of rosuvastatin and ezetimibe: treating hypercholesteremia according to cardiovascular risk

Vivencio Barrios et al.

Summary: The study discusses the benefits of using rosuvastatin and ezetimibe in combination for reducing LDL-C levels, especially in patients who do not achieve LDL-C targets with high-intensity statins alone. The combination therapy has shown to provide considerable reductions in LDL-C with a good safety profile in a broad spectrum of patients with hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

EXPERT REVIEW OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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SCORE2 risk prediction algorithms: new models to estimate 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease in Europe

Steven Hageman et al.

Summary: The study aimed to develop, validate, and demonstrate an updated prediction model (SCORE2) to estimate 10-year cardiovascular disease risk in individuals without previous history of CVD or diabetes in Europe. The new algorithm, SCORE2, enhances the identification of individuals at higher risk of developing CVD across Europe by predicting first-onset CVD risk in European populations.

EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

What Do US Physicians and Patients Think About Lipid-Lowering Therapy and Goals of Treatment? Results From the GOULD Registry

Suzanne V. Arnold et al.

Summary: The study revealed that many patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease lack understanding of their disease risk, reasons for medication, current LDL-C levels, and treatment goals. Inadequate education was identified as a major factor contributing to nonadherence, and improving education could enhance shared decision-making and treatment adherence.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION (2021)

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The effectiveness and value of bempedoic acid and inclisiran for heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and secondary prevention of ASCVD

Foluso Agboola et al.

JOURNAL OF MANAGED CARE & SPECIALTY PHARMACY (2021)

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Use of Lipid-Lowering Therapies Over 2 Years in GOULD, a Registry of Patients With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in the US

Christopher P. Cannon et al.

Summary: This study tracked LDL-C treatment patterns in US patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease over 2 years and found that only 17.1% of patients had lipid-lowering therapy intensification after 2 years, with most patients still having LDL-C levels greater than 70 mg/dL. Efforts are needed to achieve optimal LDL-C management in patients with ASCVD.

JAMA CARDIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Assessment of Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring to Guide Statin Therapy Allocation According to Risk-Enhancing Factors The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Jaideep Patel et al.

Summary: The study examined the association between risk-enhancing factors and incident ASCVD by CAC burden among individuals at intermediate risk of ASCVD. Results showed that the presence of risk-enhancing factors in participants with CAC scores of 0 was generally not associated with a higher ASCVD risk, while CAC scoring significantly improved the reclassification and discrimination of incident ASCVD.

JAMA CARDIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Association Between Cumulative Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Exposure During Young Adulthood and Middle Age and Risk of Cardiovascular Events

Yiyi Zhang et al.

Summary: This study found that cumulative LDL-C and TWA LDL-C during young adulthood and middle age were associated with the risk of incident coronary heart disease (CHD), independent of midlife LDL-C levels. These findings suggest that past levels of LDL-C may inform strategies for primary prevention of CHD and that maintaining optimal LDL-C levels at an earlier age may reduce the lifetime risk of developing atherosclerotic CVD.

JAMA CARDIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

EU-Wide Cross-Sectional Observational Study of Lipid-Modifying Therapy Use in Secondary and Primary Care: the DA VINCI study

Kausik K. Ray et al.

Summary: This study found persistent gaps between clinical guidelines and clinical practice for lipid management across Europe, which are likely to be exacerbated by the 2019 guidelines. Even with optimized statins, greater utilization of non-statin LLT may be needed to reduce these gaps for patients at highest risk.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE CARDIOLOGY (2021)

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Geographic variations in lipid-lowering therapy utilization, LDL-C levels, and proportion retrospectively meeting the ACC/AHA very high-risk criteria in a real-world population of patients with major atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events in the United States

Seth J. Baum et al.

Summary: The study revealed high rates of elevated LDL-C and underuse of LLT among health-insured patients with a history of major ASCVD events in the United States, with state-level geographic variations observed.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE CARDIOLOGY (2021)

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Bempedoic acid plus ezetimibe fixed-dose combination in patients with hypercholesterolemia and high CVD risk treated with maximally tolerated statin therapy

Christie M. Ballantyne et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE CARDIOLOGY (2020)

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Effects of Renal Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics, Efficacy, and Safety of Inclisiran: An Analysis of the ORION-7 and ORION-1 Studies

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Effect of Alirocumab on Lipoprotein(a) and Cardiovascular Risk After Acute Coronary Syndrome

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Lipoprotein(a) Reduction in Persons with Cardiovascular Disease

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Two Phase 3 Trials of Inclisiran in Patients with Elevated LDL Cholesterol

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Kunihiro Matsushita et al.

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Identification of female-specific risk enhancers throughout the lifespan of women to improve cardiovascular disease prevention

Petal Elder et al.

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Testosterone to oestradiol ratio reflects systemic and plaque inflammation and predicts future cardiovascular events in men with severe atherosclerosis

Ian D. van Koeverden et al.

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines

Donna K. Arnett et al.

CIRCULATION (2019)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Safety and Efficacy of Bempedoic Acid to Reduce LDL Cholesterol

Kausik K. Ray et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2019)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Efficacy and Safety of Bempedoic Acid in Patients With Hypercholesterolemia and Statin Intolerance

Ulrich Laufs et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION (2019)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

PCSK9 Inhibitor Use in the Real World: Data From the National Patient-Centered Research Network

Alanna M. Chamberlain et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION (2019)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

The patient journey with proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors in community practice

Corey K. Bradley et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY (2019)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage A prospective study

Chaoran Ma et al.

NEUROLOGY (2019)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Trajectories of Blood Lipid Concentrations Over the Adult Life Course and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality: Observations From the Framingham Study Over 35 Years

Meredith S. Duncan et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION (2019)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: Lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk

Francois Mach et al.

ATHEROSCLEROSIS (2019)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Ezetimibe Lipid-Lowering Trial on Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in 75 or Older (EWTOPIA 75) A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Yasuyoshi Ouchi et al.

CIRCULATION (2019)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Effect of Bempedoic Acid vs Placebo Added to Maximally Tolerated Statins on Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Patients at High Risk for Cardiovascular Disease: The CLEAR Wisdom Randomized Clinical Trial

Anne C. Goldberg et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2019)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Lipoprotein(a), PCSK9 Inhibition, and Cardiovascular Risk Insights From the FOURIER Trial

Michelle L. O'Donoghue et al.

CIRCULATION (2019)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Application of PCSK9 Inhibitors in Practice Part 2: The Patient Experience

Tina M. Kaufman et al.

CIRCULATION RESEARCH (2019)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

The Forgotten Lipids: Triglycerides, Remnant Cholesterol, and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Pratik B. Sandesara et al.

ENDOCRINE REVIEWS (2019)

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Editorial Material Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Achievement of Very Low Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels Is It Time to Unlearn Concern for Hemorrhagic Stroke?

Erin D. Michos et al.

CIRCULATION (2019)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Effect of Alirocumab on Stroke in ODYSSEY OUTCOMES

J. Wouter Jukema et al.

CIRCULATION (2019)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Use of Risk Assessment Tools to Guide Decision-Making in the Primary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

Donald M. Lloyd-Jones et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY (2019)

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Review Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

PCSK9 inhibitors: clinical evidence and implementation

Marc S. Sabatine

NATURE REVIEWS CARDIOLOGY (2019)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Changes in Coronary Plaque Composition in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated With High-Intensity Statin Therapy (IBIS-4) A Serial Optical Coherence Tomography Study

Lorenz Raeber et al.

JACC-CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING (2019)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Efficacy and safety of bempedoic acid added to ezetimibe in statin-intolerant patients with hypercholesterolemia: A randomized, placebo-controlled study

Christie M. Ballantyne et al.

ATHEROSCLEROSIS (2018)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Clinical Benefit of Evolocumab by Severity and Extent of Coronary Artery Disease: Analysis From FOURIER

Marc S. Sabatine et al.

CIRCULATION (2018)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Variation in Lipid-Lowering Therapy Use in Patients With Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol 190 mg/dL: Insights From the National Cardiovascular Data Registry-Practice Innovation and Clinical Excellence Registry

Salim S. Virani et al.

CIRCULATION-CARDIOVASCULAR QUALITY AND OUTCOMES (2018)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Clinical and pathophysiological evidence supporting the safety of extremely low LDL levels-The zero-LDL hypothesis

Luis Masana et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY (2018)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Variation in Lipid-Lowering Therapy Use in Patients With Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol 190 mg/dL: Insights From the National Cardiovascular Data Registry-Practice Innovation and Clinical Excellence Registry

Salim S. Virani et al.

CIRCULATION-CARDIOVASCULAR QUALITY AND OUTCOMES (2018)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Lowering With Evolocumab and Outcomes in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease: Insights From the FOURIER Trial (Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research With PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects With Elevated Risk)

Marc P. Bonaca et al.

CIRCULATION (2018)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Impact of Lipids on Cardiovascular Health JACC Health Promotion Series

Brian A. Ference et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY (2018)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Interpretation and Impact of Real-World Clinical Data for the Practicing Clinician

Lawrence Blonde et al.

ADVANCES IN THERAPY (2018)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Alirocumab and Cardiovascular Outcomes after Acute Coronary Syndrome

G. G. Schwartz et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2018)

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Review Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Eradicating the Burden of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease by Lowering Apolipoprotein B Lipoproteins Earlier in Life

Jennifer G. Robinson et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION (2018)

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Article Computer Science, Information Systems

Systematic Lab Knowledge Integration for Management of Lipid Excess in High-Risk Patients: Rationale and Design of the SKIM LEAN Project

Chiara Pavanello et al.

FRONTIERS IN BIG DATA (2018)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel

Brian A. Ference et al.

EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL (2017)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Coronary atherosclerosis in indigenous South American Tsimane: a cross-sectional cohort study

Hillard Kaplan et al.

LANCET (2017)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Cognitive Function in a Randomized Trial of Evolocumab

Robert P. Giugliano et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2017)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Evolocumab and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease

Marc S. Sabatine et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2017)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Inclisiran in Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk with Elevated LDL Cholesterol

Kausik K. Ray et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2017)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Long-term Safety and Efficacy of Achieving Very Low Levels of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol A Prespecified Analysis of the IMPROVE-IT Trial

Robert P. Giugliano et al.

JAMA CARDIOLOGY (2017)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Lipidmanagement in contemporary community practice: Results from the Provider Assessment of Lipid Management (PALM) Registry

Ann Marie Navar et al.

AMERICAN HEART JOURNAL (2017)

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Article Rheumatology

Cardiovascular disease risk profiles in inflammatory joint disease entities

Grunde Wibetoe et al.

ARTHRITIS RESEARCH & THERAPY (2017)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Distribution of Estimated 10-Year Risk of Recurrent Vascular Events and Residual Risk in a Secondary Prevention Population

Lotte Kaasenbrood et al.

CIRCULATION (2016)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Percent reduction in LDL cholesterol following high-intensity statin therapy: potential implications for guidelines and for the prescription of emerging lipid-lowering agents

Paul M. Ridker et al.

EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL (2016)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Rooted in risk: genetic predisposition for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level associates with diminished low-density lipoprotein cholesterol response to statin treatment

Roelof A. J. Smit et al.

PHARMACOGENOMICS (2016)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Effects of Telephone Counseling Intervention by Pharmacists (TeICIP) on Medication Adherence; Results of a Cluster Randomized Trial

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FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY (2016)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Understanding Statin Non-Adherence: Knowing Which Perceptions and Experiences Matter to Different Patients

Hans Wouters et al.

PLOS ONE (2016)

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Review Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Statin-associated muscle symptoms: impact on statin therapy-European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel Statement on Assessment, Aetiology and Management

Erik S. Stroes et al.

EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL (2015)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

10-Year Coronary Heart Disease Risk Prediction Using Coronary Artery Calcium and Traditional Risk Factors Derivation in the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) With Validation in the HNR (Heinz Nixdorf Recall) Study and the DHS (Dallas Heart Study)

Robyn L. McClelland et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY (2015)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Efficacy and Safety of Alirocumab in Reducing Lipids and Cardiovascular Events

Jennifer G. Robinson et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2015)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Ezetimibe Added to Statin Therapy after Acute Coronary Syndromes

Christopher P. Cannon et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2015)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Effect of Evolocumab or Ezetimibe Added to Moderate- or High-Intensity Statin Therapy on LDL-C Lowering in Patients With Hypercholesterolemia The LAPLACE-2 Randomized Clinical Trial

Jennifer G. Robinson et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2014)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Very Low Levels of Atherogenic Lipoproteins and the Risk for Cardiovascular Events A Meta-Analysis of Statin Trials

S. Matthijs Boekholdt et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY (2014)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Development and validation of a prediction rule for recurrent vascular events based on a cohort study of patients with arterial disease: the SMART risk score

Johannes A. N. Dorresteijn et al.

HEART (2013)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Adherence to Drugs That Prevent Cardiovascular Disease: Meta-analysis on 376,162 Patients

Sayed H. Naderi et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2012)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Evaluation of Newer Risk Markers for Coronary Heart Disease Risk Classification A Cohort Study

Maryam Kavousi et al.

ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE (2012)

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Review Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Lipid-altering efficacy of ezetimibe plus statin and statin monotherapy and identification of factors associated with treatment response: A pooled analysis of over 21,000 subjects from 27 clinical trials

Doralisa Morrone et al.

ATHEROSCLEROSIS (2012)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Comparison of Novel Risk Markers for Improvement in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Intermediate-Risk Individuals

Joseph Yeboah et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2012)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Effect of Long-Term Exposure to Lower Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Beginning Early in Life on the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease A Mendelian Randomization Analysis

Brian A. Ference et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY (2012)

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Review Peripheral Vascular Disease

Ezetimibe therapy: mechanism of action and clinical update

Binh An P. Phan et al.

VASCULAR HEALTH AND RISK MANAGEMENT (2012)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Community Outreach and Cardiovascular Health (COACH) Trial A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Nurse Practitioner/Community Health Worker Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction in Urban Community Health Centers

Jerilyn K. Allen et al.

CIRCULATION-CARDIOVASCULAR QUALITY AND OUTCOMES (2011)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

A Prospective Natural-History Study of Coronary Atherosclerosis.

Gregg W. Stone et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2011)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Coronary Risk Stratification, Discrimination, and Reclassification Improvement Based on Quantification of Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis The Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study

Raimund Erbel et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY (2010)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials

C. Baigent et al.

LANCET (2010)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events in four racial or ethnic groups

Robert Detrano et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2008)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Sequence variations in PCSK9, low LDL, and protection against coronary heart disease

JC Cohen et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2006)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Can low-density lipoprotein be too low? The safety and efficacy of achieving very low low-density lipoprotein with intensive statin therapy

SD Wiviott et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY (2005)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe co-administered with simvastatin compared with atorvastatin in adults with hypercholesterolemia

CM Ballantyne et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY (2004)

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Review Cell Biology

Statins: mechanism of action and effects

C Stancu et al.

JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2001)

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