Editorial: Biofilms: multi-species community interactions

Summary: The rise of bacterial resistance to antibiotics has led to the exploration of alternative antimicrobial treatment strategies, with engineered nanoparticles becoming more common for efficient penetration into living systems. Microbial enzymes/proteins are increasingly being used as reducing agents for synthesizing nanoparticles due to their speed, environmental safety, and cost-effectiveness. Fungi and bacteria are preferred biogenic sources for their ability to produce high levels of reductase enzymes and regulate the size and morphology of synthesized nanoparticles, which can reduce manufacturing costs. The penetration of nanoparticles through biofilm matrix allows them to inhibit bacterial growth and disrupt cell-to-cell communication mechanisms, ultimately preventing biofilm formation and associated chronic diseases.