4.7 Article

Mapping the human oral and gut fungal microbiota in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease

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FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1157368

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metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease; oral mycobiome; gut mycobiome; oral-gut axis; metagenomics

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Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a liver disease phenotype associated with metabolic syndrome. This study aimed to characterize the alterations of oral and gut fungal communities in MAFLD and their potential roles in disease development. The findings revealed significant changes in the gut fungal composition of MAFLD patients and identified correlations between certain fungal species and clinical parameters, suggesting a possible oral-gut-liver axis. These findings provide insights into the potential correlation between the core mycobiome and the development of MAFLD and could suggest new therapeutic strategies.
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a phenotype of liver diseases associated with metabolic syndrome. The pathogenesis MAFLD remains unclear. The liver maintains is located near the intestine and is physiologically interdependent with the intestine via metabolic exchange and microbial transmission, underpinning the recently proposed oral-gut-liver axis concept. However, little is known about the roles of commensal fungi in the disease development. This study aimed to characterize the alterations of oral and gut mycobiota and their roles in MAFLD. Twenty-one MAFLD participants and 20 healthy controls were enrolled. Metagenomics analyses of saliva, supragingival plaques, and feces revealed significant alterations in the gut fungal composition of MAFLD patients. Although no statistical difference was evident in the oral mycobiome diversity within MAFLD and healthy group, significantly decreased diversities were observed in fecal samples of MAFLD patients. The relative abundance of one salivary species, five supragingival species, and seven fecal species was significantly altered in MAFLD patients. Twenty-two salivary, 23 supragingival, and 22 fecal species were associated with clinical parameters. Concerning the different functions of fungal species, pathways involved in metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, microbial metabolism in diverse environments, and carbon metabolism were abundant both in the oral and gut mycobiomes. Moreover, different fungal contributions in core functions were observed between MAFLD patients and the healthy controls, especially in the supragingival plaque and fecal samples. Finally, correlation analysis between oral/gut mycobiome and clinical parameters identified correlations of certain fungal species in both oral and gut niches. Particularly, Mucor ambiguus, which was abundant both in saliva and feces, was positively correlated with body mass index, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase, providing evidence of a possible oral-gut-liver axis. The findings illustrate the potential correlation between core mycobiome and the development of MAFLD and could propose potential therapeutic strategies.

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