Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Extracellular Vesicle Therapy for Stroke: Scalable Production and Imaging Biomarker Studies

A major clinical hurdle to translate MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) is the lack of a method to scale-up the production of EVs with customized therapeutic properties. In this study, we tested whether EV production by a scalable 3D-bioprocessing method is feasible and improves neuroplasticity in animal models of stroke using MRI study. MSCs were cultured in a 3D-spheroid using a micro-patterned well. The EVs were isolated with filter and tangential flow filtration and characterized using electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and small RNA sequencing. Compared to conventional 2D culture, the production-reproduction of EVs (the number/size of particles and EV purity) obtained from 3D platform were more consistent among different lots from the same donor and among different donors. Several microRNAs with molecular functions associated with neurogenesis were upregulated in EVs obtained from 3D platform. EVs induced both neurogenesis and neuritogenesis via microRNAs (especially, miR-27a-3p and miR-132-3p)-mediated actions. EV therapy improved functional recovery on behavioral tests and reduced infarct volume on MRI in stroke models. The dose of MSC-EVs of 1/30 cell dose had similar therapeutic effects. In addition, the EV group had better anatomical and functional connectivity on diffusion tensor imaging and resting-state functional MRI in a mouse stroke model. This study shows that clinical-scale MSC-EV therapeutics are feasible, cost-effective, and improve functional recovery following experimental stroke, with a likely contribution from enhanced neurogenesis and neuroplasticity.

Automated summary

This study aimed to test the feasibility of producing MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) with customized therapeutic properties using a scalable 3D-bioprocessing method and evaluate their effects on neuroplasticity in stroke animal models using MRI. The results showed that EVs obtained from the 3D platform were more consistent in terms of production and reproduction compared to traditional 2D culture. Additionally, EVs induced neurogenesis and neuritogenesis through the actions of specific microRNAs and improved functional recovery and reduced infarct volume in stroke models. Furthermore, the EV group demonstrated better anatomical and functional connectivity on diffusion tensor imaging and resting-state functional MRI.