☆ 4.7 Review

Recent Trends in Continuum Modeling of Liquid Crystal Networks: A Mini-Review

POLYMERS (2023)

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Article Engineering, Multidisciplinary

Numerical modeling of nonlinear photoelasticity

Markus Mehnert et al.

Summary: When molecular photo-switches are embedded into a soft polymer matrix, they can undergo mechanical deformation induced by specific wavelength light. These photo-sensitive compounds have potential applications as soft actuators, especially in micro-scale robots and high-speed data transfer. However, the industrial applications of photo-sensitive polymers have been limited. This study presents a photo-mechanical modeling approach using constitutive equations and numerical simulation methods to increase the acceptance of these materials.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING (2023)

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Article Crystallography

New Liquid Crystalline Elastomeric Films Containing a Smectic Crosslinker: Chemical and Physical Properties

Andraz Resetic et al.

Summary: Side-chain liquid crystal elastomers (SC-LCEs) were designed using a new smectic crosslinker. Two types of monodomain films were prepared based on polysiloxane chains with different concentrations of crosslinker and mesogenic comonomers. Differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy were used to investigate the mesomorphic behavior of the two SC-LCE systems, revealing different mesophases. The physical-chemical properties of SC-LCEs were studied using various techniques, and their thermo-elastic and thermo-mechanic behaviors were discussed for potential practical applications.

CRYSTALS (2023)

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Article Engineering, Mechanical

Light-powered self-excited oscillation of a liquid crystal elastomer pendulum

Xiaodong Liang et al.

Summary: The light-powered self-oscillation of liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) has been widely used in designing opto-mechanical systems with diverse advantages. A nonlinear dynamic model for light-powered motion of an LCE pendulum is proposed, with self-excited oscillation triggered by longitudinal contraction and relaxation of LCE fiber. The self-sustained motion can be explained by positive linear damping and negative nonlinear damping mechanisms, with various critical conditions for self-excited oscillation quantitatively presented.

MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING (2022)

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Article Engineering, Civil

Inflation-induced torsion and bulging of a nematic elastomer balloon

Kai Li et al.

Summary: This paper investigates the torsion and bulging behaviors of a cylindrical nematic elastomer balloon under the combined action of axial tension and inflating pressure. The results deepen the understanding of the inflation behaviors of a nematic elastomer balloon and provide guidance for its applications in artificial muscles, soft robots, and other fields.

THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES (2022)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Programmable Mechanical Energy Absorption and Dissipation of Liquid Crystal Elastomers: Modeling and Simulations

Zhiyuan Zhang et al.

Summary: Liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) is a special polymer material that combines the properties of rubbers and liquid crystals, exhibiting soft elasticity with stress plateau and hysteresis. It can be utilized in mechanical energy absorption and dissipation.

ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS (2022)

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Article Engineering, Mechanical

Self-oscillating buckling and postbuckling of a liquid crystal elastomer disk under steady illumination

Dali Ge et al.

Summary: This paper introduces an innovative self-oscillating liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) disk that can buckle continuously and periodically under steady illumination. By controlling system parameters, the frequency and amplitude of the self-buckling can be triggered and modulated. This provides new ideas for design in the fields of new robots, energy conversion, and biomimetics.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCES (2022)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

A nonlinear viscoelasticity theory for nematic liquid crystal elastomers

Zheliang Wang et al.

Summary: This study investigates the large deformation viscoelastic behavior of liquid crystal elastomers (LCE) that respond to thermomechanical loads. A theory is developed to explain the stress response of monodomain nematic elastomers, taking into account the dissipation mechanisms of viscous mesogen rotation and viscoelastic network deformation.

JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS (2022)

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Article Robotics

A Programmable Liquid Crystal Elastomer Metamaterials With Soft Elasticity

Xudong Liang et al.

Summary: Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are a type of rubbery polymers with ordered liquid crystal mesogens, which exhibit exceptional mechanical properties. By integrating the semi-soft elasticity of LCEs into the framework of metamaterials, remarkable programmabilities can be achieved. The local stretch and stress in LCE metamaterials can be engineered using the geometry of building blocks and the semi-soft elasticity of LCEs, leading to unique mechanical responses.

FRONTIERS IN ROBOTICS AND AI (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Recent advances in molecular programming of liquid crystal elastomers with additive manufacturing for 4D printing

Yueping Wang et al.

Summary: Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are a unique material that can exhibit reversible mechanical deformation by controlling the molecular orientation. By utilizing additive manufacturing processes, LCEs can be fabricated into 3D objects that display programmable stimuli-responsive deformation, offering an alternative material solution that overcomes the limitations of traditional materials. The molecular orientation in LCEs can be controlled by various methods, enabling 4D printing with LCEs.

MOLECULAR SYSTEMS DESIGN & ENGINEERING (2022)

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Article Mechanics

Oblique wrinkling patterns on liquid crystal polymer core-shell cylinders under thermal load

Shichen Zhao et al.

Summary: By tuning the alignment of liquid crystal director, tunable wrinkling patterns in cylindrical core-shell systems under thermal load can be achieved. The ultimate wrinkling patterns depend on the anisotropy state of spontaneous strains and can exhibit different modes.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOLIDS AND STRUCTURES (2021)

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Article Mechanics

A micromechanical-based model of stimulus responsive liquid crystal elastomers

Roberto Brighenti et al.

Summary: This study introduces a micromechanical model focusing on the evolution of the chain distribution tensor of LCE network, providing a mesoscale description of their mechanical response to external thermal stimulus. The comparison with experimental observations of 3D printed LCE elements verifies the effectiveness of the model.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOLIDS AND STRUCTURES (2021)

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Article Physics, Applied

Actuation of cylindrical nematic elastomer balloons

Victoria Lee et al.

Summary: Research on another actuation mode of nematic elastomers, deformation under pressure, reveals the material's ability to undergo significant volume changes with temperature and suggests its potential application as a pump with extremely high ejection fraction.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS (2021)

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Review Polymer Science

Numerical Methods in Studies of Liquid Crystal Elastomers

Madjid Soltani et al.

Summary: Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are materials with specific properties that can change physical characteristics when exposed to external stimuli, making them suitable for various applications. Numerical models are necessary for better understanding and predicting their behavior in different scenarios.

POLYMERS (2021)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Accelerated computational micromechanics and its application to polydomain liquid crystal elastomers

Hao Zhou et al.

Summary: The approach presented in the study efficiently uses GPUs for massively parallel calculations to address the computationally expensive problem of nematic reorientation in the presence of realistic defects. By studying LCEs, insights into director distribution and reorientation in polydomain specimens are gained, revealing how they lead to soft behavior under multiaxial loading.

JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS (2021)

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Article Mathematics, Applied

Liquid crystal elastomers wrinkling

Alain Goriely et al.

Summary: The study examines wrinkling responses in bilayer systems consisting of a monodomain liquid crystal elastomer layer and a homogeneous isotropic incompressible hyperelastic layer, with one layer being thin compared to the other. Wrinkling is caused by a combination of mechanical forces and external stimuli, and a linear stability analysis is performed to determine the conditions for the onset of wrinkling. Additionally, it is demonstrated that a plate model is applicable when the thin layer is much stiffer than the substrate.

NONLINEARITY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Effect of stretching angle on the stress plateau behavior of main-chain liquid crystal elastomers

Suzuka Okamoto et al.

Summary: The study investigates the effects of angle theta (0) on the stress-stretch relationships of a monodomain main-chain nematic elastomer (MNE). The results show that theta (0) significantly impacts the ultimate elongation and width of the low stress plateau regime, while having minimal effect on the plateau stress. Additionally, the rotation behavior of the director in MNE varies with theta (0), with different deformation characteristics observed at different angles.

SOFT MATTER (2021)

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Article Physics, Fluids & Plasmas

Combined coarse-grained molecular dynamics and finite-element study of light-activated deformation of photoresponsive polymers

Junghwan Moon et al.

Summary: The study found that an azobenzene-containing crosslinked liquid crystalline polymer shows potential as a candidate for a stimuli-responsive soft robot, with the ability to achieve complex and predefined motions by tailoring its chemical structure. By developing a multiscale optomechanical simulation framework, the light-induced phase transition and photosoftening effects on mechanical properties were successfully demonstrated.

PHYSICAL REVIEW E (2021)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Nucleation and critical conditions for stripe domains in monodomain nematic elastomer sheets under uniaxial loading

Yang Zhang et al.

JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Three-dimensional printing of functionally graded liquid crystal elastomer

Zijun Wang et al.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Deuteron NMR investigation on orientational order parameter in polymer dispersed liquid crystal elastomers

Andraz Resetic et al.

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS (2020)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

A plate theory for nematic liquid crystalline solids

L. Angela Mihai et al.

JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS (2020)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Photomechanical coupling in photoactive nematic elastomers

Ruobing Bai et al.

JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS (2020)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Continuum mechanical modeling of liquid crystal elastomers as dissipative ordered solids

Yang Zhang et al.

JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS (2019)

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Article Mechanics

Mechanics of materials with embedded unstable molecules

Roberto Brighenti et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOLIDS AND STRUCTURES (2019)

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Article Physics, Fluids & Plasmas

Tunable wrinkling of thin nematic liquid crystal elastomer sheets

Madison S. Krieger et al.

PHYSICAL REVIEW E (2019)

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Article Engineering, Mechanical

Nonlinear light-induced vibration behavior of liquid crystal elastomer beam

Ahmad Mandian Parrany

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCES (2018)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

An adaptive relaxation algorithm for multiscale problems and application to nematic elastomers

Sergio Conti et al.

JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Dynamic investigations of liquid crystalline elastomers and their constituents by 2H NMR spectroscopy

Jerneja Milavec et al.

LIQUID CRYSTALS (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

New insights into the nature of semi-soft elasticity and mechanical-Freedericksz transitions'' in liquid crystal elastomers

Devesh Mistry et al.

SOFT MATTER (2018)

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Article Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications

Finite-element analysis of the optical-texture-mediated photoresponse in a nematic strip

Hayoung Chung et al.

COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS (2017)

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Article Mechanics

Multiscale modeling and its validation of the trans-cis-trans reorientation-based photodeformation in azobenzene-doped liquid crystal polymer

Jung-Hoon Yun et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOLIDS AND STRUCTURES (2017)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Microstructure-enabled control of wrinkling in nematic elastomer sheets

Paul Plucinsky et al.

JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS (2017)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

A statistically-based continuum theory for polymers with transient networks

Franck J. Vernerey et al.

JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS (2017)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Mathematics and liquid crystals

J. M. Ball

MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTALS (2017)

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Transverse vibration of nematic elastomer Timoshenko beams

Dong Zhao et al.

PHYSICAL REVIEW E (2017)

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Modeling of Light-Driven Bending Vibration of a Liquid Crystal Elastomer Beam

Kai Li et al.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME (2016)

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Molecular Dynamics Study on the Photothermal Actuation of a Glassy Photoresponsive Polymer Reinforced with Gold Nanoparticles with Size Effect

Joonmyung Choi et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2016)

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Plates with Incompatible Prestrain

Kaushik Bhattacharya et al.

ARCHIVE FOR RATIONAL MECHANICS AND ANALYSIS (2016)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Three-dimensional constitutive model for shape memory polymers using multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient and shape memory strains

Haedong Park et al.

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS (2016)

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Modeling Defects, shape evolution, and Programmed auto-Origami in liquid crystal elastomers

Andrew Konya et al.

FRONTIERS IN MATERIALS (2016)

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Nonlinear photomechanics of nematic networks: upscaling microscopic behaviour to macroscopic deformation

Hayoung Chung et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2016)

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Programmable and adaptive mechanics with liquid crystal polymer networks and elastomers

Timothy J. White et al.

NATURE MATERIALS (2015)

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Light and thermal responses of liquid-crystal-network films: A finite element study

Hayoung Chung et al.

PHYSICAL REVIEW E (2015)

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Article Polymer Science

Programmed liquid crystal elastomers with tunable actuation strain

T. H. Ware et al.

POLYMER CHEMISTRY (2015)

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Accordion- like Actuators of Multiple 3D Patterned Liquid Crystal Polymer Films

Laurens T. de Haan et al.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2014)

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Article Physics, Applied

Photo-isomerization effect of the azobenzene chain on the opto-mechanical behavior of nematic polymer: A molecular dynamics study

Joonmyung Choi et al.

APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS (2014)

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Computational analysis of liquid crystalline elastomer membranes: Changing Gaussian curvature without stretch energy

F. Cirak et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOLIDS AND STRUCTURES (2014)

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Programmed morphing of liquid crystal networks

Laurens T. de Haan et al.

POLYMER (2014)

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Topography from Topology: Photoinduced Surface Features Generated in Liquid Crystal Polymer Networks

Michael E. McConney et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2013)

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Sub-stripe pattern formation in liquid crystal elastomers: Experimental observations and numerical simulations

M. de Luca et al.

JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS (2013)

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Article Physics, Fluids & Plasmas

Nematic fluctuations and semisoft elasticity in liquid-crystal elastomers

Andrej Petelin et al.

PHYSICAL REVIEW E (2013)

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Shape and chirality transitions in off-axis twist nematic elastomer ribbons

Yoshiki Sawa et al.

PHYSICAL REVIEW E (2013)

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Engineering of Complex Order and the Macroscopic Deformation of Liquid Crystal Polymer Networks

Laurens T. de Haan et al.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2012)

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Constitutive model for the numerical analysis of phase transformation in polycrystalline shape memory alloys

Dimitris Lagoudas et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLASTICITY (2012)

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Quasi-soft opto-mechanical behavior of photochromic liquid crystal elastomer: Linearized stress-strain relations and finite element simulations

Yin Lin et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOLIDS AND STRUCTURES (2012)

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Atomistic simulation study on key factors dominating dislocation nucleation from a crack tip in two FCC materials: Cu and Al

Y. Cheng et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOLIDS AND STRUCTURES (2012)

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Elasticity of polydomain liquid crystal elastomers

J. S. Biggins et al.

JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS (2012)

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Mechanical frustration and spontaneous polygonal folding in active nematic sheets

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PHYSICAL REVIEW E (2012)

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Modelling elasticity and memory effects in liquid crystalline elastomers by molecular dynamics simulations

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Modeling and simulation of liquid-crystal elastomers

Wei Zhu et al.

PHYSICAL REVIEW E (2011)

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Thermomechanical modeling of the thermo-order-mechanical coupling behaviors in liquid crystal elastomers

Lihua Jin et al.

JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS (2010)

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Modeling elastic instabilities in nematic elastomers

Badel L. Mbanga et al.

PHYSICAL REVIEW E (2010)

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Disclination-mediated thermo-optical response in nematic glass sheets

Carl D. Modes et al.

PHYSICAL REVIEW E (2010)

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A Computational Design Methodology for Assembly and Actuation of Thin-Film Structures via Patterning of Eigenstrains

Micah Howard et al.

JOURNAL OF MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS (2009)

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A new approach to modeling liquid crystal elastomers using phase field methods

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Thermal and Mechanical Properties of New Main-Chain Liquid-Crystalline Elastomers

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Polydomain-Monodomain Transition of Randomly Disordered Nematic Elastomers with Different Cross-Linking Histories

Kenji Urayama et al.

MACROMOLECULES (2009)

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Photomechanics of blanket and patterned liquid crystal elastomer films

Martin L. Dunn et al.

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Supersoft Elasticity in Polydomain Nematic Elastomers

J. S. Biggins et al.

PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS (2009)

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Smectic-A elastomers with weak director anchoring

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PHYSICAL REVIEW E (2008)

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Linear and Nonlinear photoinduced deformations of cantilevers

D. Corbett et al.

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Photomechanics of mono - and polydomain liquid crystal elastomer films

Martin L. Dunn

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Photomechanics of liquid-crystalline elastomers and other polymers

Tomiki Ikeda et al.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2007)

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Artificial muscles based on liquid crystal elastomers

Min-Hui Li et al.

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Elasticity of smectic-A elastomers -: art. no. 021708

JM Adams et al.

PHYSICAL REVIEW E (2005)

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Photoinduced deformations of beams, plates, and films

M Warner et al.

PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS (2004)

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Mathematical models of martensitic microstructure

JM Ball

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Free-energy density functions for nematic elastomers

E Fried et al.

JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS (2004)

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Fast liquid-crystal elastomer swims into the dark

M Camacho-Lopez et al.

NATURE MATERIALS (2004)

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Semisoft elasticity and director reorientation in stretched sheets of nematic elastomers

S Conti et al.

PHYSICAL REVIEW E (2002)

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Symmetries and elasticity of nematic gels

TC Lubensky et al.

PHYSICAL REVIEW E (2002)

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Soft elastic response of stretched sheets of nematic elastomers: a numerical study

S Conti et al.

JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS (2002)

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uv manipulation of order and macroscopic shape in nematic elastomers

PM Hogan et al.

PHYSICAL REVIEW E (2002)

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Macroscopic response of nematic elastomers via relaxation of a class of SO(3)-invariant energies

A DeSimone et al.

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Effect of cross-linker geometry on equilibrium thermal and mechanical properties of nematic elastomers

SM Clarke et al.

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