Unmasking hidden disparities: a comparative observational study examining the impact of different rurality classifications for health research in Aotearoa New Zealand

Objectives Examine the impact of two generic-urban-rural experimental profile (UREP) and urban accessibility (UA)-and one purposely built-geographic classification for health (GCH)-rurality classification systems on the identification of rural-urban health disparities in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ). Design A comparative observational study. Setting NZ; the most recent 5 years of available data on mortality events (2013-2017), hospitalisations and non-admitted hospital patient events (both 2015-2019). Participants Numerator data included deaths (n=156 521), hospitalisations (n=13 020 042) and selected non-admitted patient events (n=44 596 471) for the total NZ population during the study period. Annual denominators, by 5-year age group, sex, ethnicity (Maori, non-Maori) and rurality, were estimated from Census 2013 and Census 2018. Primary and secondary outcome measures Primary measures were the unadjusted rural incidence rates for 17 health outcome and service utilisation indicators, using each rurality classification. Secondary measures were the age-sex-adjusted rural and urban incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for the same indicators and rurality classifications. Results Total population rural rates of all indicators examined were substantially higher using the GCH compared with the UREP, and for all except paediatric hospitalisations when the UA was applied. All-cause rural mortality rates using the GCH, UA and UREP were 82, 67 and 50 per 10 000 person-years, respectively. Rural-urban all-cause mortality IRRs were higher using the GCH (1.21, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.22), compared with the UA (0.92, 95% CI 0.91 to 0.94) and UREP (0.67, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.68). Age-sex-adjusted rural and urban IRRs were also higher using the GCH than the UREP for all outcomes, and higher than the UA for 13 of the 17 outcomes. A similar pattern was observed for Maori with higher rural rates for all outcomes using the GCH compared with the UREP, and 11 of the 17 outcomes using the UA. For Maori, rural-urban all-cause mortality IRRs for Maori were higher using the GCH (1.34, 95% CI 1.29 to 1.38), compared with the UA (1.23, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.27) and UREP (1.15, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.19). Conclusions Substantial variation in rural health outcome and service utilisation rates were identified with different classifications. Rural rates using the GCH are substantially higher than the UREP. Generic classifications substantially underestimated rural-urban mortality IRRs for the total and Maori populations.

Automated summary

This study found that the identification of rural-urban health disparities in Aotearoa New Zealand varied significantly depending on the classification system used. The rural population mortality rates were substantially higher when using the geographic classification system (GCH) compared to the generic-urban-rural experimental profile (UREP) and urban accessibility (UA) classifications. Overall, the rural-urban all-cause mortality incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were higher with the GCH compared to the UA and UREP. This pattern was also observed among the Maori population.