Nanovesicles loaded with a TGF-β receptor 1 inhibitor overcome immune resistance to potentiate cancer immunotherapy

Targeting the TGF-& beta; signaling pathway has been exploited to relieve immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Here the authors describe the design of a nanoplatform integrating the TGF-& beta; receptor 1 inhibitor LY2157299 and the ROS-responsive JQ1 pro-drug, promoting anti-tumor immune responses in preclinical cancer models. The immune-excluded tumors (IETs) show limited response to current immunotherapy due to intrinsic and adaptive immune resistance. In this study, it is identified that inhibition of transforming growth factor-& beta; (TGF-& beta;) receptor 1 can relieve tumor fibrosis, thus facilitating the recruitment of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes. Subsequently, a nanovesicle is constructed for tumor-specific co-delivery of a TGF-& beta; inhibitor (LY2157299, LY) and the photosensitizer pyropheophorbide a (PPa). The LY-loaded nanovesicles suppress tumor fibrosis to promote intratumoral infiltration of T lymphocytes. Furthermore, PPa chelated with gadolinium ion is capable of fluorescence, photoacoustic and magnetic resonance triple-modal imaging-guided photodynamic therapy, to induce immunogenic death of tumor cells and elicit antitumor immunity in preclinical cancer models in female mice. These nanovesicles are further armored with a lipophilic prodrug of the bromodomain-containing protein 4 inhibitor (i.e., JQ1) to abolish programmed death ligand 1 expression of tumor cells and overcome adaptive immune resistance. This study may pave the way for nanomedicine-based immunotherapy of the IETs.

Automated summary

In this study, a nanoplatform integrating the TGF-β receptor 1 inhibitor LY2157299 and the ROS-responsive JQ1 pro-drug was designed, promoting anti-tumor immune responses in preclinical cancer models. Inhibition of TGF-β receptor 1 was found to relieve tumor fibrosis and facilitate the recruitment of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes. This study may lead to nanomedicine-based immunotherapy of immune-excluded tumors (IETs).