Inflammation biomarkers IL-6 and IL-10 may improve the diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of currently authorized traumatic brain injury tools

Article Immunology

Extracellular vesicle-associated cytokines in sport-related concussion

Timothy B. Meier et al.

Summary: The study reveals that EV-associated cytokines are significantly increased following acute concussion and may serve as potential biomarkers for concussion.

BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY (2022)

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Article Emergency Medicine

Potential of heart fatty-acid binding protein, neurofilament light, interleukin-10 and S100 calcium-binding protein B in the acute diagnostics and severity assessment of traumatic brain injury

Pia Koivikko et al.

Summary: The study found that levels of biomarkers in patients with mTBI were significantly lower than in patients with moTBI and sTBI, but they were unable to distinguish mTBI patients from orthopaedic controls when used alone or in combination.

EMERGENCY MEDICINE JOURNAL (2022)

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Review Clinical Neurology

S100B, GFAP, UCH-L1 and NSE as predictors of abnormalities on CT imaging following mild traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy

Michael Amoo et al.

Summary: S100B showed optimal sensitivity and specificity at a threshold of 0.72 μg/L, while GFAP demonstrated 71% sensitivity and specificity at 626 pg/mL, with sensitivity peaking at 93% at 22 pg/mL. Further investigation is needed to explore the potential advantages of GFAP in the screening of mild TBI.

NEUROSURGICAL REVIEW (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Interleukin-8: An evolving chemokine

Kouji Matsushima et al.

Summary: This article introduces the research history and related findings of interleukin-8 (IL-8), including the role of IL-8 in inflammation and cancer, as well as its potential as a therapeutic target.

CYTOKINE (2022)

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Article Psychiatry

Plasma biomarkers associated with deployment trauma and its consequences in post-9/11 era veterans: initial findings from the TRACTS longitudinal cohort

Meghan E. Pierce et al.

Summary: This study explored the relationships between plasma biomarkers, clinical, and medical comorbidities in a sample of post-9/11 veterans. The findings suggest that close blast exposure is associated with increased inflammation and decreased GFAP levels, which may be related to deployment-related psychopathology.

TRANSLATIONAL PSYCHIATRY (2022)

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Review Clinical Neurology

GFAP and S100B: What You Always Wanted to Know and Never Dared to Ask

Damir Janigro et al.

Summary: Traumatic brain injury is a major global health issue with significant consequences. Early diagnosis of TBI through testing peripheral fluids has been the focus of research, leading to the development of clinical tools. However, unresolved issues still exist and further research and improvements are needed.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY (2022)

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Article Neurosciences

Prediction of early prognosis after traumatic brain injury by multifactor model

Bocheng Yang et al.

Summary: This study aimed to design a model for predicting the early prognosis of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients using parameters that can be quickly obtained in emergency conditions. The results showed that age, Glasgow coma scale score, Apolipoprotein E genotype, damage area, serum C-reactive protein and interleukin-8 levels, and Marshall computed tomography score were associated with the early prognosis of TBI patients. The prediction models based on these parameters provided a reliable and rapid method for evaluating and predicting the early prognosis of TBI patients.

CNS NEUROSCIENCE & THERAPEUTICS (2022)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Prognostic value of day-of-injury plasma GFAP and UCH-L1 concentrations for predicting functional recovery after traumatic brain injury in patients from the US TRACK-TBI cohort: an observational cohort study

Frederick K Korley et al.

LANCET NEUROLOGY (2022)

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Article Cell Biology

Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells inhibit neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury

Liang Wen et al.

Summary: Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can inhibit neuroinflammation by regulating microglial phenotypes and promoting nerve injury repair. This study found that these exosomes can promote the polarization of activated BV2 microglia to their anti-inflammatory phenotype and inhibit the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, the exosomes reduced cell apoptosis and neuroinflammation, and promoted microglial transformation to the anti-inflammatory phenotype when injected into the tail vein. Additionally, miR181b was found to be actively involved in this process by regulating the interleukin 10/STAT3 pathway.

NEURAL REGENERATION RESEARCH (2022)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Interleukin-6 as a prognostic biomarker of clinical outcomes after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review

Setthasorn Zhi Yang Ooi et al.

Summary: Traumatic brain injury is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, and there are currently no early biomarkers for prognosis in routine clinical use. This study suggests that interleukin-6 (IL-6) may serve as a useful biomarker for predicting clinical outcomes in TBI.

NEUROSURGICAL REVIEW (2022)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Advances in Traumatic Brain Injury Biomarkers

Kengo Nishimura et al.

Summary: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of disability worldwide. Current diagnostic methods and prognosis for TBI are inadequate. After 16 years of research, two brain-specific protein biomarkers have been approved by the FDA as blood-based indicators for TBI diagnosis.

CUREUS JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE (2022)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Interleukin-8 Predicts Fatigue at 12 Months Post-Injury in Children with Traumatic Brain Injury

Alison Crichton et al.

Summary: This study aimed to determine whether persisting fatigue in children with traumatic brain injury could be predicted by serum biomarker concentrations, particularly IL-8. The results showed that IL-8 was the best serum biomarker for estimating the likelihood of children experiencing fatigue at 12 months post-injury, and significantly improved predictive models of fatigue based on severity.

JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA (2021)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Early versus Late Profiles of Inflammatory Cytokines after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Their Association with Neuropsychological Outcomes

Aditya Vedantam et al.

Summary: This study explores the profile of plasma inflammatory cytokines in mTBI patients and their associations with neuropsychological outcomes. The results suggest that plasma cytokine levels post-injury are significantly associated with early and late post-concussive symptoms, PTSD, and depression scores after mTBI, highlighting the potential role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of post-traumatic symptoms.

JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

M-CSF, IL-6, and TGF-β promote generation of a new subset of tissue repair macrophage for traumatic brain injury recovery

Zhiqi Li et al.

Summary: TBI can lead to high mortality rate, and patients with better outcomes have higher concentrations of M6T. Treatment with M6T can accelerate tissue repair and improve neurological function, offering a potential therapeutic strategy for TBI.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Assessing Protein Biomarkers to Detect Lethal Acute Traumatic Brain Injuries in Cerebrospinal Fluid

Johann Zwirner et al.

Summary: This study investigated a combination of body fluid biomarkers to increase the accuracy of biochemical TBI detection, and identified IL-6 and GFAP in CSF as the most accurate biomarker combination for diagnosing acute lethal TBIs. The high inter-individual correlations of biomarkers may aid in estimating the CSF concentration of unknown biomarkers for forensic biochemistry analysis.

BIOMOLECULES (2021)

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Review Oncology

Blood biomarkers for mild traumatic brain injury: a selective review of unresolved issues

Daniel B. Hier et al.

Summary: Unresolved issues related to blood biomarkers after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) are mainly focused on the pathways of biomarkers entering and exiting the blood, the kinetics of blood biomarkers, and the predictive capacity of blood biomarkers after mTBI. Further research is needed to address these issues.

BIOMARKER RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Thorough overview of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein as tandem biomarkers recently cleared by US Food and Drug Administration for the evaluation of intracranial injuries among patients with traumatic brain injury

Kevin K. W. Wang et al.

Summary: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity across all ages, yet there is no FDA-approved drug for treatment. The heterogeneity and complexity of TBI make accurate assessment and prediction challenging. Biomarkers such as ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein have been identified to improve diagnostic accuracy, especially in mild TBI cases.

ACUTE MEDICINE & SURGERY (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Systematic Review of Serum Biomarkers in Traumatic Brain Injury

Khashayar Mozaffari et al.

Summary: TBI is a major cause of trauma-related deaths and disability, characterized by an inflammatory process in secondary brain injury progression. This study comprehensively evaluates serum biomarkers for TBI, highlighting GFAP, S100, and NSE as prominent markers, suggesting noninvasive panels should include these three for sensitivity and specificity optimization.

CUREUS JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption following traumatic brain injury: Pathophysiology and potential therapeutic targets

Suraj Sulhan et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Acute Inflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury and Polytrauma Patients Using Network Analysis

Bradley Rowland et al.

SHOCK (2020)

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Article Neurosciences

Microglial cell-derived interleukin-6 influences behavior and inflammatory response in the brain following traumatic brain injury

Paula Sanchis et al.

GLIA (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Traumatic Brain Injury An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Medical Management

Allison Capizzi et al.

MEDICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

A Prospective Study of Acute Blood-Based Biomarkers for Sport-Related Concussion

Timothy B. Meier et al.

ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY (2020)

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Article Behavioral Sciences

High IL-6 in military personnel relates to multiple traumatic brain injuries and post-traumatic stress disorder

Tamar Rodney et al.

BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Interleukin-6 is associated with acute concussion in military combat personnel

Katie A. Edwards et al.

BMC NEUROLOGY (2020)

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Review Immunology

Historical overview of the interleukin-6 family cytokine

Sujin Kang et al.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Systemic Inflammation Persists the First Year after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Results from the Prospective Trondheim Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Study

Viktoriia Chaban et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Interleukin 10 and Heart Fatty Acid-Binding Protein as Early Outcome Predictors in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury

Linnea Lagerstedt et al.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Blood biomarkers of traumatic brain injury and cognitive impairment in older veterans

Carrie B. Peltz et al.

NEUROLOGY (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

COVID-19, Mast Cells, Cytokine Storm, Psychological Stress, and Neuroinflammation

Duraisamy Kempuraj et al.

NEUROSCIENTIST (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Impact of Age on Plasma Inflammatory Biomarkers in the 6 Months Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Hilaire J. Thompson et al.

JOURNAL OF HEAD TRAUMA REHABILITATION (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Admission Levels of Interleukin 10 and Amyloid β 1-40 Improve the Outcome Prediction Performance of the Helsinki Computed Tomography Score in Traumatic Brain Injury

Jussi P. Posti et al.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY (2020)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Association of Very Early Serum Levels of S100B, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, Ubiquitin C-terminal Hydrolase-L1, and Spectrin Breakdown Product with Outcome in ProTECT III

Michael Frankel et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA (2019)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Correlation of Blood Biomarkers and Biomarker Panels with Traumatic Findings on Computed Tomography after Traumatic Brain Injury

Jussi P. Posti et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA (2019)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Prospective Validation of the Scandinavian Guidelines for Initial Management of Minimal, Mild, and Moderate Head Injuries in Adults

Mira Minkkinen et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA (2019)

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Article Cell Biology

Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing interleukin-10 induces autophagy response and promotes neuroprotection in a rat model of TBI

Panchanan Maiti et al.

JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2019)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Elevated inflammation and decreased platelet activity is associated with poor outcomes after traumatic brain injury

Cole T. Lewis et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE (2019)

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Article Emergency Medicine

Is IL-8 level an indicator of clinical and radiological status of traumatic brain injury?

Omer Polat et al.

ULUSAL TRAVMA VE ACIL CERRAHI DERGISI-TURKISH JOURNAL OF TRAUMA & EMERGENCY SURGERY (2019)

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Article Cell Biology

Interleukin-6 Family Cytokines

Stefan Rose-John

COLD SPRING HARBOR PERSPECTIVES IN BIOLOGY (2018)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Traumatic brain injury: classification, models, and markers

Dema Najem et al.

BIOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY (2018)

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Article Medical Laboratory Technology

Serum S100A12 as a prognostic biomarker of severe traumatic brain injury

Ma-Jing Feng et al.

CLINICA CHIMICA ACTA (2018)

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Review Pathology

An update on diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for traumatic brain injury

Kevin K. Wang et al.

EXPERT REVIEW OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS (2018)

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Article Medicine, Legal

Acute phase response after fatal traumatic brain injury

Benjamin Ondruschka et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEGAL MEDICINE (2018)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Combining H-FABP and GFAP increases the capacity to differentiate between CT-positive and CT-negative patients with mild traumatic brain injury

Linnea Lagerstedt et al.

PLOS ONE (2018)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Prognostic Value of Serum Levels of S100 Calcium-Binding Protein B, Neuron-Specific Enolase, and Interleukin-6 in Pediatric Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury

Seong-Hyun Park et al.

WORLD NEUROSURGERY (2018)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Traumatic brain injury: sex, gender and intersecting vulnerabilities

Tatyana Mollayeva et al.

NATURE REVIEWS NEUROLOGY (2018)

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Article Sport Sciences

Genetic polymorphisms associated with the risk of concussion in 1056 college athletes: a multicentre prospective cohort study

Thomas Roland Terrell et al.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE (2018)

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Review Cell Biology

Pathophysiology Associated with Traumatic Brain Injury: Current Treatments and Potential Novel Therapeutics

Matthew L. Pearn et al.

CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY (2017)

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Review Neurosciences

Neuroimmunology of Traumatic Brain Injury: Time for a ParadigmShift

Yasir N. Jassam et al.

NEURON (2017)

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Article Rehabilitation

Pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury

Kirsty J. Dixon

PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA (2017)

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Article Surgery

Acute Management of Traumatic Brain Injury

Michael A. Vella et al.

SURGICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA (2017)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Serial Sampling of Serum Protein Biomarkers for Monitoring Human Traumatic Brain injury Dynamics: A Systematic Review

Eric Peter Thelin et al.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY (2017)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Role of interleukin-10 in Acute Brain injuries

Joshua M. Garcia et al.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY (2017)

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Article Mathematical & Computational Biology

Defining an Optimal Cut-Point Value in ROC Analysis: An Alternative Approach

Ilker Unal

COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE (2017)

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Article Immunology

Moderate blast exposure results in increased IL-6 and TNFα in peripheral blood

Jessica Gill et al.

BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY (2017)

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Review Cell & Tissue Engineering

Traumatic Brain Injury: Current Treatment Strategies and Future Endeavors

Michael Galgano et al.

CELL TRANSPLANTATION (2017)

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Article Medical Laboratory Technology

Serum macrophage migration inhibitory factor concentrations correlate with prognosis of traumatic brain injury

Ding-Bo Yang et al.

CLINICA CHIMICA ACTA (2017)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

The contribution of astrocytes and microglia to traumatic brain injury

Ila P. Karve et al.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2016)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Decreased IL-8 levels in CSF and serum of AD patients and negative correlation of MMSE and IL-1β

Raphael Hesse et al.

BMC NEUROLOGY (2016)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Time course of cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory biomarkers and relationship to 6-month neurologic outcome in adult severe traumatic brain injury

Enyinna L. Nwachuku et al.

CLINICAL NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSURGERY (2016)

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Article Immunology

The effect of brain injury on the inflammatory response following severe trauma

T. Lustenberger et al.

IMMUNOBIOLOGY (2016)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Serum biomarkers as predictors of long-term outcome in severe traumatic brain injury: analysis from a randomized placebo-controlled Phase II clinical trial

Amol Raheja et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY (2016)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury

Melissa J. McGinn et al.

NEUROSURGERY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA (2016)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Ubiquitin C-Terminal Hydrolase-L1 as Outcome Predictors in Traumatic Brain Injury

Riikka S. K. Takala et al.

WORLD NEUROSURGERY (2016)

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Article Immunology

Emerging Roles for the Immune System in Traumatic Brain Injury

Celia A. Mckee et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2016)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Plasma cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 are associated with the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury

Imo P. Aisiku et al.

CRITICAL CARE (2016)

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Article Immunology

Acute CSF interleukin-6 trajectories after TBI: Associations with neuroinflammation, polytrauma, and outcome

R. G. Kumar et al.

BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY (2015)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Post-Traumatic Brain Injury: Genetic Susceptibility to Outcome

Jennilee Davidson et al.

NEUROSCIENTIST (2015)

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Article Neurosciences

Increased levels of interleukin-6,-8 and-10 are associated with fatal outcome following severe traumatic brain injury

Luiz Carlos Brasiliano Ferreira et al.

BRAIN INJURY (2014)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Oxidative Burst of Circulating Neutrophils Following Traumatic Brain Injury in Human

Yiliu Liao et al.

PLOS ONE (2013)

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Review Clinical Neurology

The role of markers of inflammation in traumatic brain injury

Thomas Woodcock et al.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY (2013)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Interleukin-10 Is an Independent Biomarker of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Prognosis

Flavia Mahatma Schneider Soares et al.

NEUROIMMUNOMODULATION (2012)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Differences in Cerebral Extracellular Response of Interleukin-1 beta, Interleukin-6, and Interleukin-10 After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage or Severe Head Trauma in Humans

Pekka Mellergard et al.

NEUROSURGERY (2011)

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Article Rehabilitation

Position Statement: Definition of Traumatic Brain Injury

David K. Menon et al.

ARCHIVES OF PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION (2010)

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Article Immunology

Serum IL-6: a candidate biomarker for intracranial pressure elevation following isolated traumatic brain injury

Georgene W. Hergenroeder et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION (2010)

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Review Chemistry, Medicinal

Serum Biochemical Markers of Brain Injury

S. Korfias et al.

MINI-REVIEWS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2009)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Serum IL-8 and MCP-1 Concentration Do Not Identify Patients With Enlarging Contusions After Traumatic Brain Injury

Jonathan Rhodes et al.

JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE (2009)

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Article Physiology

Correlation of Ultrastructural Changes of Endothelial Cells and Astrocytes Occurring during Blood Brain Barrier Damage after Traumatic Brain Injury with Biochemical Markers of Blood Brain Barrier Leakage and Inflammatory Response

D. Vajtr et al.

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH (2009)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Nerve growth factor expression correlates with severity and outcome of traumatic brain injury in children

Antonio Chiaretti et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY (2008)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury: practical prognostic models based on large cohort of international patients

Pablo Perel et al.

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2008)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Plasma interleukin-8 as a potential predictor of mortality in adult patients with severe traumatic brain injury

Aleksandar Gopcevic et al.

TOHOKU JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE (2007)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Serum S-100B protein monitoring in patients with severe traumatic brain injury

Stefanos Korfias et al.

INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE (2007)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Interleukin-8 secretion by fibroblasts induced by low density lipoproteins is p38 MAPK-dependent and leads to cell spreading and wound closure

I Dobreva et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2006)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Serum S-100B protein as a biochemical marker of brain injury: A review of current concepts

S. Korfias et al.

CURRENT MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2006)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Interleukin 1β and interleukin 6 relationship with paediatric head trauma severity and outcome

A Chiaretti et al.

CHILDS NERVOUS SYSTEM (2005)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Raised parenchymal interleukin-6 levels correlate with improved outcome after traumatic brain injury

CD Winter et al.

BRAIN (2004)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Changes in CSF S100B and cytokine concentrations in early-phase severe traumatic brain injury

T Hayakata et al.

SHOCK (2004)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Serum S-100B and interleukin-8 as predictive markers for comparative neurologic outcome analysis of patients after cardiac arrest and severe traumatic brain injury

T Mussack et al.

CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE (2002)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Association between cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 concentrations and outcome after severe human traumatic brain injury

A Singhal et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA (2002)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Early IL-6 plasma concentrations correlate with severity of brain injury and pneumonia in brain-injured patients

C Woiciechowsky et al.

JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE (2002)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

S-100β reflects the extent of injury and outcome, whereas neuronal specific enolase is a better indicator of neuroinflammation in patients with severe traumatic brain injury

UE Pleines et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA (2001)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Interleukin-8 is increased in cerebrospinal fluid of children with severe head injury

MJ Whalen et al.

CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE (2000)

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Inflammation biomarkers IL-6 and IL-10 may improve the diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of currently authorized traumatic brain injury tools

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