4.6 Review

Viral Conjunctivitis

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Summary: This study aims to determine the characteristics of conjunctivitis associated with human adenovirus E4 (AdV E4). The results suggest that AdV E4 is the most frequently identified adenoviral type in conjunctivitis cases from the United States. The signs and symptoms at presentation are comparable to those of AdV D8, but the resolution is more rapid in the AdV E4 group and the risk for subepithelial infiltrates is lower.

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Summary: This study describes the clinical and virological characteristics of patients with herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) caused by acyclovir-resistant (ACV(R)) strains of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). The findings suggest that immunocompromised patients and those with longstanding disease may be at higher risk of developing resistance to antiviral treatments.

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Taito Kitano

Summary: Despite recent improvement in mumps vaccine coverage rates in Japan, the current rates are still below optimal levels to control the epidemic. Cost-effectiveness studies show that routine use of the domestically distributed vaccine would be highly beneficial.

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Summary: This case study highlights a rare instance of varicella transmission through airborne contact from a localised herpes zoster infection within a family. Routine vaccination of children against VZV is crucial in reducing varicella cases, and immunisation against VZV in middle-aged and elderly patients is also necessary to prevent further spread of the virus.

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Herpes Simplex Virus-Related Conjunctivitis Resistant to Aciclovir: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Nira Esra et al.

Summary: This report presents a rare case of ACV-resistant herpes virus type 2-related conjunctivitis in an HIV-positive patient, which showed improvement after 14 days of high-dose continuous intravenous infusion of ACV. The emergence of drug-resistant HSV emphasizes the need for new drugs with novel mechanisms of action in the future.

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Summary: The study revealed that approximately 10% of individuals with herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) may develop moderate or severe vision loss, primarily due to corneal scarring. Older age, immunosuppression, and uveitis are associated with severe permanent loss of vision secondary to HZO.

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Yutaka Omatsu et al.

Summary: This study analyzed the epidemiologic characteristics of a human adenovirus type 54 outbreak on Oki Island, Japan in 2017 and assessed the effectiveness of compartmentalization in controlling the incidence and spread. The majority of the infected individuals were children of nursery schools and their parents on the island. The study found that compartmentalization is an effective method for controlling HAdV-54 outbreaks and can provide earlier control of the infection.

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Yukiko Terada et al.

Summary: This study aimed to determine the clinical characteristics of anterior uveitis caused by HSV, VZV, and CMV, finding significant differences between CMV-associated AU and the other two types. Symptoms like ocular hyperemia, pain, blurring of vision, and signs like keratic precipitates were more common in HSV-AU and VZV-AU compared to CMV-AU.

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Summary: Seven immunocompetent patients over the age of 50 presented with herpes zoster infection within a median of 9 days (range 7-20) after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. The occurrence of herpes zoster within 1-21 days after vaccination and the involvement of T cell-mediated immunity suggest that COVID-19 vaccination may be a probable cause of herpes zoster. These cases highlight the need for ongoing assessment of vaccine safety during the massive COVID-19 vaccination campaign and emphasize the importance of reporting and communicating any vaccination-associated adverse events.

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Molecular and Clinical Characterization of Human Adenovirus E4-Associated Conjunctivitis

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Summary: AdV E4- associated conjunctivitis may present similarly to AdV D8-related disease, but with a faster resolution of viral load and a lower risk of subepithelial infiltrates. Multiple substrains of AdV E4 are circulating and appear to be equally pathogenic for conjunctivitis.

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Viral conjunctivitis: a retrospective study in an Australian hospital

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Ocular manifestations of herpes simplex virus

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Genomic foundations of evolution and ocular pathogenesis in human adenovirus species D

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Conjunctivitis A Systematic Review of Diagnosis and Treatment

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JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2013)

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Herpes Zoster Eye Complications: Rates and Trends

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MAYO CLINIC PROCEEDINGS (2013)

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NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2013)

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COLD SPRING HARBOR PERSPECTIVES IN BIOLOGY (2012)

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CURRENT OPINION IN OPHTHALMOLOGY (2011)

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Clinical features of adenoviral conjunctivitis at the early stage of infection

Koki Aoki et al.

JAPANESE JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (2011)

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Herpes simplex virus infects most cell types in vitro: clues to its success

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Cellular and Tissue Architecture of Conjunctival Membranes in Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis

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OCULAR IMMUNOLOGY AND INFLAMMATION (2010)

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Acute conjunctivitis: truth and misconceptions

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Monitoring of adenovirus from conjunctival scrapings in Japan during 2005-2006

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GRAEFES ARCHIVE FOR CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL OPHTHALMOLOGY (2003)

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Reactivation of presumed adenoviral keratitis after laser in situ keratomileusis

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