Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver and metabolic-associated fatty liver with COVID-19 outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Editorial Material Respiratory System

Impact of Chronic Respiratory Diseases on the Outcomes of COVID-19

Zhen-Feng He et al.

ARCHIVOS DE BRONCONEUMOLOGIA (2022)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Mendelian Randomization Analysis Reveals No Causal Relationship Between Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Severe COVID-19

Jiuling Li et al.

Summary: This study found that NAFLD is not a causal risk factor for severe COVID-19, and the previous observational associations between NAFLD and COVID-19 are likely attributed to the correlation between NAFLD and obesity.

CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY (2022)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

NAFLD determined by Dallas Steatosis Index is associated with poor outcomes in COVID-19 pneumonia: a cohort study

Paulina Moctezuma-Velazquez et al.

Summary: This study investigated the relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and liver steatosis with poor outcomes in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. The study found that high Dallas Steatosis Index (DSI) was significantly associated with invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and death, while liver steatosis by computed tomography (CT) and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) were not associated with poor outcomes.

INTERNAL AND EMERGENCY MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Impact of Metabolic Syndrome on Severity of COVID-19 Illness

Shannon Wu et al.

Summary: Metabolic syndrome is associated with higher hospitalization and mortality rates among patients with COVID-19, even after adjusting for other factors. Targeting modifiable risk factors such as obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension could help reduce mortality from COVID-19.

METABOLIC SYNDROME AND RELATED DISORDERS (2022)

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Article Immunology

Association of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease With COVID-19 Severity and Pulmonary Thrombosis: CovidFAT, a Prospective, Observational Cohort Study

Nina Vrsaljko et al.

Summary: The study found that patients with NAFLD have higher severity of COVID-19, worse clinical outcomes, and a higher likelihood of developing pulmonary thrombosis.

OPEN FORUM INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Impact of Fibrosis-4 Index Prior to COVID-19 on Outcomes in Patients at Risk of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Mohamed A. Elfeki et al.

Summary: This study found that elevated pre-infection FIB-4 index in patients at risk of NAFLD with COVID-19 infection was associated with worsened clinical outcomes, but age was the strongest predictor.

DIGESTIVE DISEASES AND SCIENCES (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Association between the fatty liver index and the risk of severe complications in COVID-19 patients: a nationwide retrospective cohort study

Yoonkyung Chang et al.

Summary: This study investigated the association between FLI and severe complications in COVID-19 patients, and found that FLI was positively associated with an increased risk of severe complications.

BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Prevalence and Prognostic Importance of High Fibrosis-4 Index in COVID-19 Patients

Nurhan Demir et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the association between FIB-4 index and risk factors for progression to critical illness in middle-aged patients hospitalized for COVID-19. The results showed that high FIB-4 scores were associated with male gender, advanced age, abnormal blood routine, and inflammatory markers, which were high-risk factors for critical illness. The study suggests that the FIB-4 index can be used as a simple and effective indicator to predict ICU requirement and/or death in COVID-19 patients.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PRACTICE (2022)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Liver Fibrosis Scores and Hospitalization, Mechanical Ventilation, Severity, and Death in Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis

Menglu Liu et al.

Summary: This study comprehensively assessed the relationship between liver fibrosis scores and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. The findings suggest that high liver fibrosis scores are associated with worse prognosis, including increased mechanical ventilation, severe COVID-19, and death.

CANADIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY (2022)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Association of Obesity With COVID-19 Severity and Mortality: An Updated Systemic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression

Romil Singh et al.

Summary: The study found a significant association between obesity and increased severity and higher mortality among COVID-19 patients, recommending the inclusion of obesity or its surrogate body mass index in prognostic scores and improvement of guidelines for patient care management.

FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY (2022)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Is Fatty Liver Associated with Increased Mortality and Morbidity in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia?

Kaushal Madan et al.

Summary: This study found that fatty liver may not be associated with increased mortality or clinical morbidity in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEPATOLOGY (2022)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Effect of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) on COVID-19: A Single-Center Study of 3983 Patients With Review of Literature

Preetam Nath et al.

Summary: This study assessed the impact of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) on the clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 infection. The results showed that NAFLD was not associated with mortality or hospital stay duration in COVID-19 patients. However, higher mortality rates were observed in males and elderly patients.

CUREUS JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE (2022)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Interaction of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with advanced fibrosis in the death and intubation of patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019

Martin Uriel Vazquez-Medina et al.

Summary: This study explores the implications of MAFLD and NAFLD in COVID-19 and the interaction between these diseases and AF in the death and intubation of patients hospitalized with COVID-19. The results show that the death rate was higher in the MAFLD group compared to the control group, and there was no significant difference in the death rate between the NAFLD and control groups. The intubation rates were higher in the NAFLD and MAFLD groups, suggesting that both could be associated with COVID-19 severity.

HEPATOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Independent Predictors of Mortality Among Patients With NAFLD Hospitalized With COVID-19 Infection

Zobair M. Younossi et al.

Summary: Patients with NAFLD infected with COVID-19 may present with more severe conditions upon admission and require increased hospital resource use. Independent predictors of mortality include higher FIB-4 and multimorbidity scores, morbid obesity, older age, and hypoxemia upon admission.

HEPATOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Metabolic associated fatty liver disease increases coronavirus disease 2019 disease severity in nondiabetic patients

Feng Gao et al.

Summary: The study found that metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is associated with COVID-19 severity in nondiabetic patients, with the presence of MAFLD increasing the risk of severe COVID-19 by fourfold. The risk increases with the number of metabolic risk factors, and this association persists after adjusting for other factors. Healthcare professionals should be aware of the increased likelihood of severe COVID-19 in nondiabetic patients with MAFLD.

JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Association of liver steatosis and fibrosis with clinical outcomes in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19)

Ivan Lopez-Mendez et al.

Summary: Liver function abnormalities are common in COVID-19 patients, with a high prevalence of liver steatosis and significant fibrosis, although they are not significantly associated with clinical outcomes.

ANNALS OF HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Predictors of Outcomes of COVID-19 in Patients With Chronic Liver Disease: US Multi-center Study

Donghee Kim et al.

Summary: The study identified that alcohol-related liver disease, decompensated cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma are risk factors predicting higher mortality in patients with chronic liver disease and COVID-19, while Hispanic ethnicity and decompensated cirrhosis are associated with severe COVID-19.

CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Hepatic Steatosis Is Associated with Increased Disease Severity and Liver Injury in Coronavirus Disease-19

Vincent L. Chen et al.

Summary: In a cohort study of 342 patients, metabolic diseases were highly prevalent with nearly 90% of patients being overweight. HS was associated with increased transaminitis and the need for intubation, dialysis, and vasopressors. However, there was no association between HS and jaundice or portal hypertensive complications. In sensitivity analysis including only patients with liver imaging > 30 days before onset of COVID-19, hepatic steatosis remained associated with disease severity and the risk of transaminitis.

DIGESTIVE DISEASES AND SCIENCES (2021)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

High Fibrosis-4 Index Is Related with Worse Clinical Outcome in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Diabetes Mellitus: A Multicenter Observational Study

Sung-Woo Kim et al.

Summary: In this study, it was found that diabetes mellitus and high FIB-4 index are independent and additive risk factors for COVID-19 mortality, with significantly higher mortality rates for patients with both conditions.

ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with chronic liver disease: An international registry study

Thomas Marjot et al.

Summary: This international registry study demonstrates that patients with cirrhosis are at increased risk of death from COVID-19. Mortality from COVID-19 was particularly high among patients with more advanced cirrhosis and those with alcohol-related liver disease.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Radiographic Hepatic Steatosis Is Not Associated With Key Clinical Outcomes Among Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19

Hirsh D. Trivedi et al.

Summary: The presence of hepatic steatosis assessed by radiography was not associated with worse outcomes for patients hospitalized with COVID-19, including length of stay, intensive care unit use, mechanical ventilation, and in-hospital mortality, according to a study of 319 patients.

GASTROENTEROLOGY RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Impact of cardiovascular disease and risk factors on fatal outcomes in patients with COVID-19 according to age: a systematic review and meta-analysis

SungA Bae et al.

Summary: This study found that cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its risk factors (hypertension and diabetes) were closely related to fatal outcomes in COVID-19 patients of all ages. While younger patients had lower prevalence rates of cardiovascular comorbidities than older patients, the relative risk of fatal outcomes was higher in younger patients with hypertension, diabetes, and CVD compared to older patients.

HEART (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with the susceptibility and outcome of COVID-19: A retrospective study

Guyi Wang et al.

Summary: This study found significant differences in blood parameters and comorbidities in COVID-19 patients with NAFLD. In patients with normal BMI, those with NAFLD were more likely to experience severe events.

JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Liver fibrosis in patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease is a risk factor for adverse outcomes in COVID-19

Alejandro Campos-Murguia et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the presence of MAFLD and fibrosis in patients with COVID-19 and its association with prognosis. The presence of liver fibrosis was associated with higher severity scores, inflammatory markers, mechanical ventilation requirement, AKI incidence, and mortality.

DIGESTIVE AND LIVER DISEASE (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

The liver in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection

Yana Davidov-Derevynko et al.

Summary: COVID-19 infection is associated with liver impairment in a significant number of patients, with mild abnormalities being more common. Higher FIB-4 levels upon admission are related to increased mortality, and patients with preexisting liver disease have a higher risk of death compared to those without liver disease.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Implications of liver injury in risk-stratification and management of patients with COVID-19

Jiaofang Shao et al.

Summary: Liver injury in COVID-19 patients, especially in cases of fatty liver disease and cirrhosis, is significantly associated with disease severity and mortality. A risk-score model has been developed to predict the occurrence and severity of liver injury during hospitalizations for COVID-19 patients.

HEPATOLOGY INTERNATIONAL (2021)

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Letter Gastroenterology & Hepatology

NAFLD is a predictor of liver injury in COVID-19 hospitalized patients but not of mortality, disease severity on the presentation or progression - The debate continues

Kamra Mushtaq et al.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Surgery

Metabolic surgery may protect against admission for COVID-19 in persons with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Christopher J. Tignanelli et al.

Summary: The study investigated the risk of hospitalization for COVID-19 in patients with NAFLD/NASH and found that they have significantly increased risks of admission and mortality. Various metabolic treatments play an important role in reducing the risk of hospitalization, but more research is needed to confirm the risk associated with visceral adiposity.

SURGERY FOR OBESITY AND RELATED DISEASES (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Liver stiffness is associated with disease severity and worse clinical scenarios in coronavirus disease 2019: A prospective transient elastography study

Coskun Ozer Demirtas et al.

Summary: This study aimed to investigate the association of liver stiffness measurement (LSM) with disease severity and clinical course of COVID-19. The presence of severe liver fibrosis was independently associated with disease severity and ICU requirement. Initial VCTE application might help physicians identify patients who are more likely to have severe illness or worse clinical outcomes.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PRACTICE (2021)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Role of hepatosteatosis in the prognosis of COVID 19 disease

Mahmut Corapli et al.

Summary: This study found that hepatic steatosis can be easily evaluated using non-contrast enhanced chest CT in COVID-19 patients and can be used as a prognostic marker. Patients with hepatic steatosis are more likely to require inpatient care and have higher pneumonia severity scores.

CLINICAL IMAGING (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Patients With Chronic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis: A National COVID Cohort Collaborative Study

Jin Ge et al.

Summary: The study used an electronic health record database to describe outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, finding that patients with cirrhosis infected with SARS-CoV-2 had an increased risk of mortality.

GASTROENTEROLOGY (2021)

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Article Medical Laboratory Technology

Risk of severe illness of COVID-19 patients with NAFLD and increased NAFLD fibrosis scores

Renling Yao et al.

Summary: NAFLD patients with NFS-determined advanced liver fibrosis are at higher risk of severe COVID-19. Concurrent diabetes and advanced liver fibrosis have been identified as independent risk factors for severe illness in COVID-19 patients with NAFLD.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY ANALYSIS (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Outcomes of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Covid Positive Diabetic Patients: Cross Sectional Study

Azhar Hussain et al.

Summary: A cross-sectional study showed that COVID-19 positive diabetic patients with NAFLD are more likely to experience severe disease and higher mortality rates. The need for mechanical ventilation is comparable between those with and without NAFLD in this group of patients.

PAKISTAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL & HEALTH SCIENCES (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and COVID-19 Susceptibility and Outcomes: a Korean Nationwide Cohort

Hae Won Yoo et al.

Summary: The study found that patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are more likely to test positive for SARS-CoV-2 and develop severe COVID-19 illness during the pandemic, especially in cases with liver fibrosis.

JOURNAL OF KOREAN MEDICAL SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Role of fatty liver in coronavirus disease 2019 patients' disease severity and hospitalization length: a case-control study

Arash Ziaee et al.

Summary: The study indicates a higher prevalence of pre-existing fatty liver among COVID-19 patients, who tend to have more severe disease and longer hospitalization periods than non-COVID-19 patients.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Possible unrecognised liver injury is associated with mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients

Mario Romero-Cristobal et al.

Summary: This study found that unrecognized liver fibrosis, assessed by serological tests prior to admission, is independently associated with a higher risk of death in patients with severe COVID-19 admitted to the ICU.

THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN GASTROENTEROLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

The Impact of Increased Fib-4 Score in Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus on COVID-19 Disease Prognosis

Ovidiu P. Calapod et al.

Summary: Patients with high FIB-4 scores have poor clinical outcomes and liver fibrosis may play a significant role in prognosis. Independent predictors for developing severe forms of COVID-19 include obesity, elevated ferritin levels, and FIB-4 >= 3.25.

MEDICINA-LITHUANIA (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

The role of liver steatosis as measured with transient elastography and transaminases on hard clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19

Isabel Campos-Varela et al.

Summary: Liver injury is common in patients with COVID-19, but mild damage usually does not impact severe clinical outcomes significantly. Elevated AST levels at admission are a strong predictor of ICU admission and/or death, especially in patients over 65 years old.

THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN GASTROENTEROLOGY (2021)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis

Ambrish Singh et al.

Summary: The study found that NAFLD patients are more likely to develop severe COVID-19 and require ICU admission, but there is no significant difference in mortality compared to non-NAFLD patients.

DIABETES & METABOLIC SYNDROME-CLINICAL RESEARCH & REVIEWS (2021)

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Editorial Material Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Redefining non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: what's in a name?

[Anonymous]

LANCET GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY (2020)

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Letter Immunology

Obesity in Patients Younger Than 60 Years Is a Risk Factor for COVID-19 Hospital Admission

Jennifer Lighter et al.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Letter Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Risk of severe illness from COVID-19 in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and increased fibrosis scores

Giovanni Targher et al.

GUT (2020)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome

Zhe Xu et al.

LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: An international expert consensus statement

Mohammed Eslam et al.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2020)

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Letter Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Younger patients with MAFLD are at increased risk of severe COVID-19 illness: A multicenter preliminary analysis

Yu-Jie Zhou et al.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2020)

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Letter Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective study

Dong Ji et al.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2020)

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Article Oncology

Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection

Zou Xin et al.

FRONTIERS OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Editorial Material Gastroenterology & Hepatology

From NAFLD to MAFLD: when pathophysiology succeeds

Herbert Tilg et al.

NATURE REVIEWS GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY (2020)

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Letter Endocrinology & Metabolism

Detrimental effects of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio on severity of COVID-19

G. Targher et al.

DIABETES & METABOLISM (2020)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Effect of COVID-19 on patients with compensated chronic liver diseases

Dong Ji et al.

HEPATOLOGY INTERNATIONAL (2020)

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Letter Critical Care Medicine

The negative impact of comorbidities on the disease course of COVID-19

Noemi Zadori et al.

INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

COVID-19 in people with diabetes: understanding the reasons for worse outcomes

Matteo Apicella et al.

LANCET DIABETES & ENDOCRINOLOGY (2020)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Comorbidities and the risk of severe or fatal outcomes associated with coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Yue Zhou et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Impact of chronic liver disease on outcomes of hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A multicentre United States experience

Nikroo Hashemi et al.

LIVER INTERNATIONAL (2020)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease is associated with severity of COVID-19

Yu-Jie Zhou et al.

LIVER INTERNATIONAL (2020)

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Editorial Material Endocrinology & Metabolism

Commentary: Obesity: The Achilles heel for COVID-19?

Giovanna Muscogiuri et al.

METABOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL (2020)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Obesity is a risk factor for developing critical condition in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Maria Foldi et al.

OBESITY REVIEWS (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

In-hospital mortality is associated with inflammatory response in NAFLD patients admitted for COVID-19

Roberta Forlano et al.

PLOS ONE (2020)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Clinical Features of Patients With COVID-19 With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Rui Huang et al.

HEPATOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Fibrosis-4 index as a predictor for mortality in hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a retrospective multicentre cohort study

Jung Gil Park et al.

BMJ OPEN (2020)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Liver stiffness by transient elastography accompanies illness severity in COVID-19

Maria Effenberger et al.

BMJ OPEN GASTROENTEROLOGY (2020)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Epidemiology of non-alcoholic and alcoholic fatty liver diseases

Souveek Mitra et al.

TRANSLATIONAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY (2020)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Modeling the epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease demonstrates an exponential increase in burden of disease

Chris Estes et al.

HEPATOLOGY (2018)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A vicious circle between insulin resistance and inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Zhonge Chen et al.

LIPIDS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE (2017)

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Article Health Care Sciences & Services

Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and/or interquartile range

Xiang Wan et al.

BMC MEDICAL RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (2014)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration

Alessandro Liberati et al.

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2009)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A manifestation of the metabolic syndrome

Chin Hee Kim et al.

CLEVELAND CLINIC JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2008)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Inflammation and insulin resistance

Carl de Luca et al.

FEBS LETTERS (2008)

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Article Pathology

Kupffer cell-dependent hepatitis occurs during influenza infection

NK Polakos et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY (2006)

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Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver and metabolic-associated fatty liver with COVID-19 outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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