4.5 Review

Results from InSight Robotic Arm Activities

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Article Geochemistry & Geophysics

Using Wind Dispersion Effects During the InSight Tether Burial Activities to Better Constrain the Regolith Grain Size Distribution

N. Verdier et al.

Summary: In an effort to improve the quality of seismic signals from the InSight mission's seismometer on Mars, the seismometer's tether was partially buried with regolith. The regolith was scooped and poured onto the tether from a height of about 50 cm, resulting in some of it being dispersed by the wind. The grain size distribution of the poured regolith was determined using simulations, showing a decrease in size downwind.

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS (2023)

Article Engineering, Aerospace

The InSight-HP3 mole on Mars: Lessons learned from attempts to penetrate to depth in the Martian soil

Tilman Spohn et al.

Summary: The NASA InSight lander mission to Mars includes the Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package HP3 for measuring surface heat flow. However, the small penetrator, nicknamed the mole, failed to penetrate as deep as expected due to a thick layer of cohesive duricrust and unexpected levels of penetration resistance from the Martian soil.

ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH (2022)

Article Astronomy & Astrophysics

Degradation at the InSight Landing Site, Homestead Hollow, Mars: Constraints From Rock Heights and Shapes

J. A. Grant et al.

Summary: By examining the rock shapes and heights around the InSight lander, the degradation history of the Homestead hollow can be refined. The results support previous models of ejecta deflation and hollow infilling, and indicate differences in the shapes of basalt rocks outside the hollow compared to terrestrial basalt rocks.

EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE (2022)

Review Astronomy & Astrophysics

The Martian Crustal Magnetic Field

Anna Mittelholz et al.

Summary: The crustal magnetic field of Mars is crucial for understanding the planet's interior evolution and the processes that have affected the crust over time. While current data sets have provided valuable insights, there are still many unanswered questions regarding the nature and origin of crustal magnetization. Future missions and advancements in laboratory analysis and modeling can help bridge the gap in spatial resolution and contribute to a better understanding of planetary crustal magnetic fields.

FRONTIERS IN ASTRONOMY AND SPACE SCIENCES (2022)

Review Astronomy & Astrophysics

The InSight HP3 Penetrator (Mole) on Mars: Soil Properties Derived from the Penetration Attempts and Related Activities

T. Spohn et al.

Summary: The NASA InSight Lander on Mars used the Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package HP3, which included a small penetrator called the mole, to measure the heat flow and physical properties of the Martian surface. However, the mole was unable to penetrate to the desired depth due to a lack of friction in the unexpectedly thick cohesive duricrust. Through a two-year long campaign, the mole was able to penetrate further with the assistance of friction applied by the robotic Instrument Deployment Arm. The data obtained from the mole's penetration record and other sensors provided valuable insights into the mechanical properties of the regolith and the structure of the Martian surface.

SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS (2022)

Article Geochemistry & Geophysics

In Situ Regolith Seismic Velocity Measurement at the InSight Landing Site on Mars

Nienke Brinkman et al.

Summary: By studying the seismic signals of a self-hammering probe on Mars, we were able to estimate the seismic wave velocities of the shallow regolith. A series of adaptations were implemented to improve the accuracy of the seismic measurements. The results obtained were consistent with estimates obtained by other methods.

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS (2022)

Article Geochemistry & Geophysics

Potential Pitfalls in the Analysis and Structural Interpretation of Seismic Data from the Mars InSight Mission

Doyeon Kim et al.

Summary: The SEIS experiment on Mars provides direct information on the planet's interior structure and dynamics. Ground-motion measurements on Mars are affected by unique signals and environmental conditions, which should be considered for accurate seismic analysis. Understanding the physical processes behind nonseismic signals is crucial for extracting high-fidelity waveforms.

BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA (2021)

Article Geochemistry & Geophysics

Seasonal seismic activity on Mars

M. Knapmeyer et al.

Summary: The rate of High Frequency marsquakes recorded by InSight at Homestead Hollow, Elysium Planitia, exhibits a seasonal variation, peaking near aphelion. Various factors such as the declination of the Sun, annual solar tides, and the annual CO2 cycle contribute to the seismic activity, with the declination of the Sun being the most likely driver.

EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS (2021)

Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Seasonal Variability of the Daytime and Nighttime Atmospheric Turbulence Experienced by InSight on Mars

A. Chatain et al.

Summary: The InSight mission has provided valuable data on Mars' active atmospheric turbulence, including daytime vortices, nighttime vortices, and intense nighttime local turbulence during the dusty season. Local turbulence, sensitive to ambient wind, contrasts with non-local turbulence and is influenced by a combination of factors during the night.

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2021)

Article Geochemistry & Geophysics

Vortex-Dominated Aeolian Activity at InSight's Landing Site, Part 2: Local Meteorology, Transport Dynamics, and Model Analysis

M. Baker et al.

Summary: Geologic and climatic processes on modern-day Mars are heavily influenced by aeolian surface activity, with InSight spacecraft uniquely positioned to study the relationship between atmospheric conditions and sediment mobilization. Surface activity on Mars correlates with abrupt pressure drops and transient wind gusts, driven by turbulent vortices that sporadically lift dust and redistribute coarser sediment without aiding in the development of organized aeolian bedforms.

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS (2021)

Article Geochemistry & Geophysics

A Study of Daytime Convective Vortices and Turbulence in the Martian Planetary Boundary Layer Based on Half-a-Year of InSight Atmospheric Measurements and Large-Eddy Simulations

A. Spiga et al.

Summary: Studying the atmospheric planetary boundary layer is essential for understanding planetary climates. The meteorological measurements by InSight provide a unique dataset to analyze the turbulent dynamics of the Martian daytime PBL. The turbulence at the InSight landing site is very active, with identified convective cells and a large population of recorded vortices.

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS (2021)

Article Astronomy & Astrophysics

Color Properties at the Mars InSight Landing Site

J. N. Maki et al.

Summary: Color properties observed at the InSight landing site are a mixture of gray-black rocky material and yellowish-brown dust, consistent with previous Mars missions. The measurements also revealed the chromaticity of Mars daylight and a small color difference between near and far field areas, believed to be caused by dust blown off by the lander rockets during landing. The measurements of the Martian sky also match previous missions with additional variability due to dust loading and the dynamic nature of the atmosphere.

EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE (2021)

Article Astronomy & Astrophysics

Lander and rover histories of dust accumulation on and removal from solar arrays on Mars

Ralph D. Lorenz et al.

Summary: The article reviews the degradation in electrical output of solar arrays on Mars landers and rovers, finding that typical losses amount to 0.2% per Sol. The frequency of cleaning events appears to be contingent upon local meteorological circumstances. Optical obscuration and removal have been observed, indicating a connection between dust deposition, cleaning events, and meteorological conditions.

PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

The shallow structure of Mars at the InSight landing site from inversion of ambient vibrations

M. Hobiger et al.

Summary: By analyzing seismic data, researchers have mapped the shallow subsurface of Mars and discovered a seismic low-velocity zone at around 30 to 75 meters, potentially a sedimentary layer sandwiched between basalt layers. Surface and orbital observations provide insight into the internal structure of Mars.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Geochemistry & Geophysics

A Comodulation Analysis of Atmospheric Energy Injection Into the Ground Motion at InSight, Mars

C. Charalambous et al.

Summary: A novel method is presented to partition observed signals into seismic and environmental contributions, with atmospheric pressure and wind fluctuations shown to exhibit temporal cross-frequency coupling across multiple bands. By working in the time-frequency domain, the relationship between comodulated signals is exploited to identify their sources, allowing for an understanding of the site's environmental sensitivity and quantification of wind and pressure injection.

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS (2021)

Article Astronomy & Astrophysics

Rock Size-Frequency Distributions at the InSight Landing Site, Mars

M. P. Golombek et al.

Summary: The study measured rocks around the InSight lander using images taken at different distances, and found that rock abundance varies in different areas with an overall abundance of around 3%. The measurements from orbit show similar exponential model rock abundance curves as those viewed from the surface.

EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE (2021)

Article Geochemistry & Geophysics

Vortex-Dominated Aeolian Activity at InSight's Landing Site, Part 1: Multi-Instrument Observations, Analysis, and Implications

C. Charalambous et al.

Summary: Observations from NASA's InSight lander during the first 400 sols of operations show infrequent and sporadic aeolian changes, occurring between noon to 3 p.m. on days with high vortex activity. These changes are linked to convective vortices and can occur at elevated locations with enhanced surface roughness, causing detachment of sand-scale and dust- and granule-scale particles. The InSight landing site shows a lack of saltation and bright dust-coated surfaces, indicating surface stability and possible suppression of particle motion by dust cushioning, distinguishing it from other areas on Mars with more aeolian activity.

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS (2021)

Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Near Surface Properties of Martian Regolith Derived From InSight HP3-RAD Temperature Observations During Phobos Transits

N. Mueller et al.

Summary: The study utilized Martian surface temperature response to Phobos transits to constrain the thermal properties of the uppermost layer of regolith. By modeling and varying parameters, a thermal inertia of 103-16+22Jm-2K-1s-1/2 in the top layer of 0.2-4 mm was derived, indicating smaller thermal properties compared to the diurnal temperature curve.

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2021)

Article Astronomy & Astrophysics

First Mars year of observations with the InSight solar arrays: Winds, dust devil shadows, and dust accumulation

Ralph D. Lorenz et al.

Summary: Solar array currents recorded on the InSight lander show faint transient current drops interpreted as shadows of passing dust devils, indicating a low density of visible vortices compared to previous missions. Variations in currents and temperatures near mid-day are likely related to boundary layer convection modifying dust opacity and wind speed. The evolution of daily peak currents over the Martian year is influenced by solar geometry, atmospheric dust opacity, and dust accumulation on the arrays.

ICARUS (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Thickness and structure of the martian crust from InSight seismic data

Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun et al.

Summary: The study analyzed marsquake recordings and ambient wavefields to determine the crustal structure beneath the InSight landing site on Mars. The average thickness of the Martian crust was found to be between 24 and 72 kilometers, with thicker models consistent with observed heat-producing elements at the shallow surface and thinner models requiring greater concentration at depth.

SCIENCE (2021)

Article Geochemistry & Geophysics

Thermal Conductivity of the Martian Soil at the InSight Landing Site From HP3 Active Heating Experiments

M. Grott et al.

Summary: The heat flow and physical properties package (HP3) of the InSight Mars mission was designed to determine the martian planetary heat flow by measuring thermal conductivity and geothermal gradient in the subsurface. Results showed low thermal conductivity in the Martian soil, indicating minimal soil cementation and distribution of cementing agents like salts in grain coatings. Soil densities compatible with the measurements suggest soil porosities in a certain range.

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS (2021)

Article Geochemistry & Geophysics

Soil Thermophysical Properties Near the InSight Lander Derived From 50 Sols of Radiometer Measurements

Sylvain Piqueux et al.

Summary: Measurements from the InSight lander radiometer are used to study the thermophysical properties of Martian soil, focusing on observations obtained before the arrival of a regional dust storm. Results show different thermophysical properties in near surface layers and deep layers of the soil.

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS (2021)

Proceedings Paper Engineering, Aerospace

InSight Mars Lander Instrument Deployment Arm Flight Software

Khaled S. Ali

Summary: The InSight lander successfully landed on Mars on November 26, 2018 and is still investigating the internal structure of the planet two years later. The Instrument Deployment Arm (IDA) has been utilized for deploying science instruments, taking images, instrument commissioning, data gathering, and troubleshooting.

2021 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE (AEROCONF 2021) (2021)

Proceedings Paper Engineering, Aerospace

InSight Robotic Arm Testing Activities for HP3 Mole Anomaly Recovery on Mars

Cristina Sorice et al.

Summary: The deployment of the InSight lander's HP3 package on Mars faced challenges with the mole's limited penetration. An Anomaly Response Team was formed to diagnose and assist the mole using the Instrument Deployment System. Through observations and experiments, the team worked towards understanding the root cause of the mole's lack of progress.

2021 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE (AEROCONF 2021) (2021)

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Penetration and performance testing of the HP3 Mole for the InSight Mars mission

T. Wippermann et al.

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The seismicity of Mars

D. Giardini et al.

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Constraints on the shallow elastic and anelastic structure of Mars from InSight seismic data

P. Lognonne et al.

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Crustal and time-varying magnetic fields at the InSight landing site on Mars

Catherine L. Johnson et al.

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Initial results from the InSight mission on Mars

W. Bruce Banerdt et al.

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The atmosphere of Mars as observed by InSight

Don Banfield et al.

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Geology of the InSight landing site on Mars

M. Golombek et al.

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Monitoring of Dust Devil Tracks Around the InSight Landing Site, Mars, and Comparison With In Situ Atmospheric Data

C. Perrin et al.

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Degradation of Homestead Hollow at the InSight Landing Site Based on the Distribution and Properties of Local Deposits

John A. Grant et al.

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Timing of the martian dynamo: New constraints for a core field 4.5 and 3.7 Ga ago

A. Mittelholz et al.

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Location and Setting of the Mars InSight Lander, Instruments, and Landing Site

M. Golombek et al.

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Image and Data Processing for InSight Lander Operations and Science

H. Abarca et al.

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A New Model of the Crustal Magnetic Field of Mars Using MGS and MAVEN

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A New Magnetic Field Activity Proxy for Mars From MAVEN Data

A. Mittelholz et al.

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Geology and Physical Properties Investigations by the InSight Lander

M. Golombek et al.

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The Bagnold Dunes in Southern Summer: Active Sediment Transport on Mars Observed by the Curiosity Rover

Mariah M. Baker et al.

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Sand Grain Sizes and Shapes in Eolian Bedforms at Gale Crater, Mars

Catherine M. Weitz et al.

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The Rotation and Interior Structure Experiment on the InSight Mission to Mars

William M. Folkner et al.

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The Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package (HP3) for the InSight Mission

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InSight Mars Lander Robotics Instrument Deployment System

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The Color Cameras on the InSight Lander

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Impact-Seismic Investigations of the InSight Mission

Ingrid Daubar et al.

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Seasonal Deposition and Lifting of Dust on Mars as Observed by the Curiosity Rover

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Evaluating the Wind-Induced Mechanical Noise on the InSight Seismometers

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C. N. Achilles et al.

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