Experimental basis for determining contact angle in the ideal model of unsaturated soils

In an ideal unsaturated soil model, the contact angle (CA) is often determined by the sessile drop method (SDM), or assumed without any test. However, both approaches can lead to errors in the model calculation results. In this study, methods that combine models of unsaturated soil with CA measurement methods is presented. The characteristics of soil CA were studied using the sessile drop method (SDM) and the direct observation method (DOB). The results demonstrated that the CA values of soils and CA variation characteristics measured with SDM were significantly different from those measured with DOB. SDM measures the CA of a surface, which is a plane formed by many particles, whereas DOB measures the CA between soil particles on a smaller scale. The mea-surement results of SDM can determine the degree of soil hydrophobicity but may cause large errors when used as a parameter of an ideal unsaturated soil model. The DOB can simulate the natural drying-wetting cycles of soils, and its measurement results are closer to the natural conditions. Using the mean CA as a model parameter is reasonable, except when the CA value is 0. The hysteresis phenomenon caused by using CA hysteresis for the soil -water characteristic curve (SWCC) is likely to overestimate the effect of CA hysteresis on soil water retention behavior.

Automated summary

In this study, a method that combines models of unsaturated soil with contact angle measurement methods is presented. The characteristics of soil contact angle were studied using the sessile drop method (SDM) and the direct observation method (DOB). The results showed significant differences between the CA values measured with SDM and DOB, as SDM measures the CA of a surface while DOB measures the CA between soil particles at a smaller scale.