Sodium Stoichiometry Tuning of the Biphasic-NaxMnO2 Cathode for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are promising alternatives for large-scale energy storage owing to the rich resource and cost effectiveness. However, there are limitations of suitable low-cost, high-rate cathode materials for fast charging and high-power delivery in grid systems. Herein, a biphasic tunnel/layered 0.80Na(0.44)MnO(2)/0.20Na(0.70)MnO(2) (80T/20L) cathode delivering exceptional rate performance through subtly regulating the sodium and manganese stoichiometry is reported. It delivers a reversible capacity of 87 mAh g(-1) at 4 A g(-1) (33 C), much higher than that of tunnel Na0.44MnO2 (72 mAh g(-1)) and layered Na0.70MnO2 (36 mAh g(-1)). It proves that the one-pot synthesized 80T/20L is able to suppress the deactivation of L-Na0.70MnO2 under air-exposure, which improves the specific capacity and cycling stability. Based on electrochemical kinetics analysis, the electrochemical storage of 80T/20L is mainly based on pseudocapacitive surface-controlled process. The thick film of 80T/20L cathode (a single-side mass loading over 10 mg cm(-2)) also has superior properties of pseudocapacitive response (over 83.5% at a low sweep rate of 1 mV s(-1)) and excellent rate performance. In this sense, the 80T/20L cathode with outstanding comprehensive performance could meet the requirements of high-performance SIBs.

Automated summary

A biphasic tunnel/layered 0.80Na(0.44)MnO(2)/0.20Na(0.70)MnO(2) (80T/20L) cathode with controlled sodium and manganese stoichiometry exhibited exceptional rate performance and high reversible capacity. It suppressed the deactivation of L-Na0.70MnO2 under air-exposure and showed pseudocapacitive surface-controlled electrochemical storage. The thick film of 80T/20L cathode also demonstrated superior pseudocapacitive response and rate performance.