4.6 Review

Smart Wearable Systems for Health Monitoring

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Wearable Pressure Sensors for Pulse Wave Monitoring

Keyu Meng et al.

Summary: This study provides an overview of wearable pressure sensors for monitoring human pulse waves, focusing on the sensor mechanisms, microengineering structures, and applications in cardiovascular condition assessment. The study also discusses the opportunities and challenges faced by wearable pressure sensors, highlighting their potential as a wearable intelligent system for personalized healthcare.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2022)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Electronic Textiles for Wearable Point-of-Care Systems

Guorui Chen et al.

Summary: This article summarizes the research progress and potential applications of e-textiles in wearable healthcare systems, including the working mechanisms and clinical application scenarios of textile sensors, therapeutic devices, and protective medical devices. The article also discusses the connection technologies of e-textiles and offers insights into the challenges and future directions in the field.

CHEMICAL REVIEWS (2022)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Exploring ternary organic photovoltaics for the reduced nonradiative recombination and improved efficiency over 17.23% with a simple large-bandgap small molecular third component

Huanran Feng et al.

Summary: The ternary strategy is an effective method to improve the power conversion efficiency of organic photovoltaic cells, by introducing a third component to reduce energy loss. The introduction of the simple molecule BR1 has been shown to enhance the performance of PM6:Y6-based OPVs and increase the PCE of the photovoltaic cells.

NANO RESEARCH (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A Self-Supporting, Conductor-Exposing, Stretchable, Ultrathin, and Recyclable Kirigami-Structured Liquid Metal Paper for Multifunctional E-Skin

Xing Li et al.

Summary: This article introduces a kind of liquid metal electrode called kirigami-structured LM paper (KLP), which is self-supporting, conductor-exposing, stretchable, ultrathin, and recyclable for multifunctional E-skin. The KLP can acquire high-quality electrophysiological signals and can operate as a self-powered E-skin when integrated with a triboelectric nanogenerator. The authors also developed a smart dialing communication system using the KLP on human skin to call a cellphone.

ACS NANO (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Breathable and Skin-Conformal Electronics with Hybrid Integration of Microfabricated Multifunctional Sensors and Kirigami-Structured Nanofibrous Substrates

Hegeng Li et al.

Summary: Skin-integrated soft electronics with multifunctional sensor platform, breathability, and conformability have been developed using stamp-based transferring techniques combined with electrospinning. These devices exhibit tissue-like mechanical properties, high permeability for vapor transport, and high stretchability and 3D conformability for large-area integration on the skin. They allow for spatiotemporal measurement of various physiological parameters and may create further opportunities for advanced wearable systems.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Piezoelectric Dynamics of Arterial Pulse for Wearable Continuous Blood Pressure Monitoring

Zhiran Yi et al.

Summary: This research investigates the correlation between piezoelectric pulse waves and blood pressure waves and develops a wireless wearable continuous blood pressure monitoring system. This system offers better portability compared to traditional systems and achieves the feasibility of wearable continuous blood pressure monitoring.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2022)

Article Engineering, Environmental

Highly sensitive, direction-aware, and transparent strain sensor based on oriented electrospun nanofibers for wearable electronic applications

Guang Yang et al.

Summary: This study reports a high-performance, direction-aware and transparent strain sensor based on antimony-doped tin oxide oriented nanofiber films. The sensor exhibits remarkable anisotropic sensing performance, high transparency, and excellent sensing properties including high sensitivity and durability. It has the potential for multi-degree-of-freedom applications in human motion monitoring and human-machine interaction.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2022)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Highly stretchable organic electrochemical transistors with strain-resistant performance

Jianhua Chen et al.

Summary: This study presents a novel design strategy for stretchable organic electrochemical transistors, utilizing a honeycomb semiconducting polymer morphology for high stretchability and stable charge transport, making it suitable for various stretchable bioelectronic applications.

NATURE MATERIALS (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Highly stretchable van der Waals thin films for adaptable and breathable electronic membranes

Zhuocheng Yan et al.

Summary: The conformal integration of electronic systems with irregular, soft objects is crucial for emerging technologies. This study presents the design of van der Waals thin films made of staggered two-dimensional nanosheets, which have bond-free interfaces. These films have sliding and rotation degrees of freedom among the nanosheets, ensuring mechanical stretchability and malleability, as well as a network of nanochannels for permeability and breathability. The films can adapt to the surface topography and seamlessly merge with living organisms, enabling electronic functions such as leaf-gate and skin-gate transistors.

SCIENCE (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Cuticular pad-inspired selective frequency damper for nearly dynamic noise-free bioelectronics

Byeonghak Park et al.

Summary: This study introduces a novel hydrogel material for removing artifacts in bioelectronic signals from patients. The hydrogel exhibits frequency-dependent phase transition, damping low-frequency noise and transmitting desired high-frequency signals.

SCIENCE (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Digitally-embroidered liquid metal electronic textiles for wearable wireless systems

Rongzhou Lin et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates the digital embroidery of robust liquid metal-based fibers to create electronic textiles with wireless functionalities for non-intrusive monitoring of human health during daily activities.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Two-stage amplification of an ultrasensitive MXene-based intelligent artificial eardrum

Guang-Yang Gou et al.

Summary: This study reports an artificial eardrum using MXene, which is highly sensitive and has a low detection limit. It can accurately classify voice signals and shows great potential for applications in wearable acoustical health care devices.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Geometrically engineered rigid island array for stretchable electronics capable of withstanding various deformation modes

Jun Chang Yang et al.

Summary: This study developed a geometric engineering method to effectively suppress crack propagation at the interface between soft and rigid materials by designing Ferris wheel-shaped islands. The optimized islands exhibited higher strain and fatigue life compared to conventional circle- and square-shaped structures. Stretchable electronics composed of various rigid components were demonstrated using intrinsically stretchable printed electrodes. The findings suggest that this approach enables the production of stretchable electronics with enhanced durability.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Stretchable Sponge Electrodes for Long-Term and Motion-Artifact-Tolerant Recording of High-Quality Electrophysiologic Signals

Li-Wei Lo et al.

Summary: This article introduces an elastomeric sponge electrode that significantly reduces electrode-skin contact impedance and improves signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), making it ideal for long-term and motion-artifact-tolerant recording of high-quality biopotential signals. The sponge electrode is made from a porous polydimethylsiloxane sponge and coated with a conductive polymer, and it shows great potential for wearable health monitoring applications.

ACS NANO (2022)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Continuous cuffless monitoring of arterial blood pressure via graphene bioimpedance tattoos

Dmitry Kireev et al.

Summary: Continuous monitoring of arterial blood pressure in non-clinical settings is crucial for understanding various health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases. This study introduces a wearable blood pressure monitoring platform that utilizes atomically thin graphene electronic tattoos as interfaces. The platform enables highly accurate and non-invasive continuous monitoring, with a longer monitoring period than previous studies.

NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Soft, bioresorbable coolers for reversible conduction block of peripheral nerves

Jonathan T. Reeder et al.

Summary: The study introduces an implantable microfluidic device that provides targeted and minimally invasive cooling power with real-time temperature feedback control in living tissues, allowing for the elimination of pain signals at arbitrary depths.

SCIENCE (2022)

Article Engineering, Biomedical

A wearable electrochemical biosensor for the monitoring of metabolites and nutrients

Minqiang Wang et al.

Summary: A wearable electrochemical biosensor has been developed to continuously detect trace levels of multiple metabolites and nutrients in sweat during physical exercise and at rest, providing real-time monitoring and assessment of health risks and nutritional status.

NATURE BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Chip-less wireless electronic skins by remote epitaxial freestanding compound semiconductors

Yeongin Kim et al.

Summary: Recent advances in flexible and stretchable electronics have led to the development of electronic skin (e-skin)based health monitoring platforms. Conventional wireless e-skins use rigid integrated circuit chips, while chip-less wireless e-skins use surface acoustic wave sensors made of piezoelectric materials, which offer highly sensitive, low-power, and long-term sensing capabilities for monitoring strain, ultraviolet light, and ion concentrations in sweat. These findings provide new routes for creating inexpensive and versatile wireless health monitoring devices.

SCIENCE (2022)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Stretchable One-Dimensional Conductors for Wearable Applications

Mingyu Nie et al.

Summary: This article summarizes the latest developments and applications of continuous, one-dimensional stretchable conductors. It discusses the materials, methodologies, fabrication processes, and challenges in this field, as well as presents perspectives for improving the performance of stretchable conductors.

ACS NANO (2022)

Review Materials Science, Biomaterials

Sprayable hydrogel for biomedical applications

Yingying Liao et al.

Summary: This review highlights the potential of polymeric hydrogels for biomedical applications, particularly focusing on sprayable hydrogel systems based on natural polymers. The recent advances and applications of sprayable hydrogels in wound management, postoperative adhesion, and cancer therapeutics are discussed. Future research directions and challenges are also addressed.

BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE (2022)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Skin bioelectronics towards long-term, continuous health monitoring

Yan Wang et al.

Summary: Skin bioelectronics, with its unique characteristics, have been widely applied in healthcare and precision medicine, especially in long-term, continuous health monitoring. It can effectively analyze a wide range of health conditions, providing an effective pathway for early disease diagnosis and treatment.

CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Artificial Skin Perception

Ming Wang et al.

Summary: Electronic skin (e-skin) replicates human skin to achieve artificial sensation through flexible and stretchable electronic components. While progress has been made in data collection and transmission, the perception functionality is still in its early stage. Integrating perception into flexible sensing systems, artificial skin perception is crucial for endowing systems with higher intelligence.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2021)

Article Psychology, Biological

Cerebrovascular function in hypertension: Does high blood pressure make you old?

J. Richard Jennings et al.

Summary: The majority of individuals over 60 years old have hypertension, which is associated with similar changes in brain structure and function as aging. Treatment of hypertension can improve brain changes but not reverse them completely, while factors such as stress, cardiovascular reactions, and diet/obesity may contribute to the effects of aging and increasing blood pressure on the brain.

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Highly Breathable and Stretchable Strain Sensors with Insensitive Response to Pressure and Bending

Zekun Liu et al.

Summary: This paper presents a novel wearable strain sensor with high sensitivity and wide sensing range, which is breathable and insensitive to pressure and bending stimuli. It offers a new route for achieving comfortable, high-performance, and anti-jamming strain sensors.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2021)

Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Non-invasive cuff-less blood pressure estimation using a hybrid deep learning model

Sen Yang et al.

Summary: Conventional blood pressure measurement methods have drawbacks, prompting the development of a hybrid deep learning model that utilizes both raw signals and physical characteristics for accurate BP measurement, achieving optimal results.

OPTICAL AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Multilayered electronic transfer tattoo that can enable the crease amplification effect

Lixue Tang et al.

Summary: This multilayer electronic tattoo is highly stretchable, conformal, and sticky, enabling the crease amplification effect for integrated strain sensors. It is easy to fabricate, scalable, and can be used for temperature adjustment, movement monitoring, and remote control of robots.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2021)

Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Strain-insensitive intrinsically stretchable transistors and circuits

Weichen Wang et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates an all-elastomer strain engineering approach to create strain-insensitive intrinsically stretchable transistor arrays, achieving stable performance by adjusting stiffness through patterned elastomer layers. This method is suitable for developing devices for monitoring physiological signals with intimate interfaces to the human body.

NATURE ELECTRONICS (2021)

Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

A wearable biosensing system with in-sensor adaptive machine learning for hand gesture recognition

Ali Moin et al.

Summary: Wearable devices utilizing surface electromyography to monitor muscle activity for hand gesture recognition applications can implement a neuro-inspired hyperdimensional computing algorithm locally with adaptive learning capabilities. The system can classify multiple hand gestures in real-time with high accuracy, and adapt to varying conditions without the need for additional computation on an external device.

NATURE ELECTRONICS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Bioinspired Conductive Silk Microfiber Integrated Bioelectronic for Diagnosis and Wound Healing in Diabetes

Zhanrong Jia et al.

Summary: Conductive silk microfibers were fabricated using a bioinspired method in this study, which were then used to make a conductive flexible silk fibroin patch for monitoring physiological signals and promoting chronic diabetic wound healing with excellent performance.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2021)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Skin Electronics: Next-Generation Device Platform for Virtual and Augmented Reality

Jae Joon Kim et al.

Summary: Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are emerging technologies that are overcoming physical limits in real life by leveraging advancements in devices and software. The COVID-19 pandemic has sparked increased interest in virtual experiences, leading to a need for more human-interactive and human-like devices to bridge the gap between artificial and natural perception. Skin electronics, utilizing the skin as a platform for functional devices and signal transmission, hold great potential for future VR and AR applications by enhancing human-computer interaction.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Giant magnetoelastic effect in soft systems for bioelectronics

Yihao Zhou et al.

Summary: The study found that dispersing micromagnets in a silicone matrix can achieve a highly efficient soft magnetoelastic generator, with a higher magnetomechanical coupling factor than rigid materials. This new type of flexible magnetic material can be used for stretchable, water-resistant magnetoelastic generators that can conform to human skin, opening up a new avenue for human-body-centered applications.

NATURE MATERIALS (2021)

Review Peripheral Vascular Disease

In-office and out-of-office blood pressure measurement

Kei Asayama et al.

Summary: Accurate blood pressure measurement is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. Validation of blood pressure measurement devices is crucial, and clinical guidelines should be region-specific. Out-of-office blood pressure measurements are widely recommended in global guidelines to ensure timely and accurate evidence for hypertension.

JOURNAL OF HUMAN HYPERTENSION (2021)

Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Textile-integrated metamaterials for near-field multibody area networks

Amirhossein Hajiaghajani et al.

Summary: Textile-integrated metamaterials can be used to drive long-distance near-field communication, creating secure and on-demand body area networks for wearable and implantable sensors, enabling the development of advanced healthcare monitoring technologies.

NATURE ELECTRONICS (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Self-powered ultraflexible photonic skin for continuous bio-signal detection via air-operation-stable polymer light-emitting diodes

Hiroaki Jinno et al.

Summary: The integration of ultraflexible optical sensors with power sources faces challenges due to the insufficient air operational stability of polymer light-emitting diodes. However, by combining air-operation-stable polymer light-emitting diodes, organic solar cells, and organic photodetectors, a self-powered organic optical system for photoplethysmogram monitoring has been developed. This system demonstrates high linearity and stability, making it suitable for long-term health monitoring applications.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

2D Layered Materials for Ultraviolet Photodetection: A Review

Shuchi Kaushik et al.

Summary: This review highlights the importance of wide bandgap 2DLMs for fabricating state-of-the-art ultraviolet photodetectors. It discusses the fundamentals of photodetectors, growth techniques, and the role of 2DLMs in ultraviolet photodetection. The review also provides a comprehensive overview of ultraviolet photodetectors based on various 2DLM families and concludes with insights on challenges and upcoming developments in the field.

ADVANCED OPTICAL MATERIALS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Near-Infrared Light Triggered Self-Powered Mechano-Optical Communication System using Wearable Photodetector Textile

Linlin Li et al.

Summary: This study introduces a self-powered, non-contact mechano-optical communication system based on a wearable Te@TeSe photodetector textile. The system modulates robotic manipulator actions by encoding near-infrared light, and the wearable Te@TeSe photodetector textile enhances photocurrent and responsivity compared to a pristine Te nanowire array.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Stretchable and Highly Permeable Nanofibrous Sensors for Detecting Complex Human Body Motion

Yehu David Horev et al.

Summary: A highly gas-permeable ultra-thin strain sensor has been developed by covalently grafting nanofibrous polyaniline (PANI) onto stretchable elastomer nanomeshes, demonstrating low weight, intimate connection with skin, stable performance, and continuous recording of complex movements.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Highly conductive and elastic nanomembrane for skin electronics

Dongjun Jung et al.

Summary: The float assembly method allows for the fabrication of nanomembranes with high conductivity, stretchability, and ultrathin thickness, enabling skin electronics to achieve high elasticity and patterning for multifunctional epidermal sensor arrays.

SCIENCE (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Profiles of Volatile Biomarkers Detect Tuberculosis from Skin

Rotem Vishinkin et al.

Summary: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease affecting over 10 million people annually, with diagnosis still posing challenges. A rapid, sputum-free, and cost-effective triage test for real-time detection of TB is urgently needed according to the World Health Organization.

ADVANCED SCIENCE (2021)

Article Chemistry, Physical

A flexible dual-structured MXene for ultra-sensitive and ultra-wide monitoring of anatomical and physiological movements

Lihao Guo et al.

Summary: This study presents the design and production of a multifunctional high-performance pressure sensor with dual microstructures of surface micro-bumps and internal hollow pores in a conductive material, an MXene. The sensor demonstrates ultra-high sensitivity, wide detection range, and stability in various human physiological and anatomical movement types. Data mining methods are used to extract gesture behavioral information and physiological information from the sensor signals, showing potential for motor function assessment and human-robot interaction applications.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A (2021)

Review Chemistry, Analytical

Wearable electrochemical flexible biosensors: With the focus on affinity biosensors

Saeed Takaloo et al.

Summary: The development and importance of stretchable biosensors in patient monitoring were studied, as well as a literature review on flexible electronics. The results suggest that while affinity flexible biosensors can perform wearable health monitoring for patients in the future, there is currently a significant research gap between affinity and stretchable biosensors.

SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH (2021)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Power generation for wearable systems†

Mingyuan Gao et al.

Summary: Wearable devices are gaining increasing attention for their potential to transform the digital world. This paper reviews cutting-edge power generation methodologies for wearables, discusses key factors such as sensor types and materials, and outlines future directions in wearable technology development.

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (2021)

Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Leveraging triboelectric nanogenerators for bioengineering

Songlin Zhang et al.

Summary: Global interest in wearable bioelectronics for monitoring human health status is rising, especially with the emergence of new diseases. While using wearable devices for personal health monitoring is becoming popular, finding practical healthcare solutions is becoming increasingly challenging with an aging population. Triboelectric nanogenerators show promise for sustainable power sources, active biomonitors, and electrical stimulation therapeutics in bioengineering applications, but there are challenges that need to be addressed in leveraging them for personalized healthcare.

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Lingyin Meng et al.

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Wei Weng et al.

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Jiaobing Tu et al.

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Blood pressure monitoring in sleep: time to wake up

Younghoon Kwon et al.

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A deep-learned skin sensor decoding the epicentral human motions

Kyun Kyu Kim et al.

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Zheng Lou et al.

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Cuffless Blood Pressure Monitoring Promises and Challenges

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Ultra-sensitive and resilient compliant strain gauges for soft machines

Oluwaseun A. Araromi et al.

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Xia Sun et al.

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Jayoung Kim et al.

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Limei Tian et al.

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Highly Aligned, Anisotropic Carbon Nanofiber Films for Multidirectional Strain Sensors with Exceptional Selectivity

Jeng-Hun Lee et al.

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Mechanically Flexible Conductors for Stretchable and Wearable E-Skin and E-Textile Devices

Binghao Wang et al.

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Takao Someya et al.

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Polymer-based flexible bioelectronics

Xiaoying Wu et al.

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Conductive MXene Nanocomposite Organohydrogel for Flexible, Healable, Low-Temperature Tolerant Strain Sensors

Hui Liao et al.

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Jipeng Yan et al.

IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL (2019)

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Alexander C. Flint et al.

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Genetic studies of accelerometer-based sleep measures yield new insights into human sleep behaviour

Samuel E. Jones et al.

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Adrian M. Nightingale et al.

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Energy storage: The future enabled by nanomaterials

Ekaterina Pomerantseva et al.

SCIENCE (2019)

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Advanced Carbon for Flexible and Wearable Electronics

Chunya Wang et al.

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Cuffless Blood Pressure Monitoring from an Array of Wrist Bio-Impedance Sensors Using Subject-Specific Regression Models: Proof of Concept

Bassem Ibrahim et al.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (2019)

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Kaichen Xu et al.

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Wei Gao et al.

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Soft Elastomers with Programmable Stiffness as Strain-Isolating Substrates for Stretchable Electronics

Min Cai et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2019)

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Soft, skin-interfaced wearable systems for sports science and analytics

Tyler Ray et al.

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High-performance flexible sensing devices based on polyaniline/MXene nanocomposites

Lianjia Zhao et al.

INFOMAT (2019)

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Naoji Matsuhisa et al.

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A wireless body area sensor network based on stretchable passive tags

Simiao Niu et al.

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Hyunwoo Yuk et al.

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Shanshan Yao et al.

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Kyoung-Yong Chun et al.

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Lie Wang et al.

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Regina Estevam Schmiedt et al.

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Carbonized Cotton Fabric for High-Performance Wearable Strain Sensors

Mingchao Zhang et al.

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